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Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata

Year 2017, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 24 - 30, 30.03.2017

Abstract

In
this study, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus kept in the medium with
or without green algae, Cladophora glomerata was exposed to sublethal
concentrations of 0.1 mg/l and 1 mg/l Cd+2. At the end of 15 and 30
day periods, fish gills were removed to investigate histolopathological
alterations by light microscopy. As a result of cadmium application; in the
gills, changes were observed such as curling and fusion in secondary lamellae,
epithelial hypertrophy, epithelial hyperplasia, pillar cell breakage, edema,
swelling, aneurysm, necrosis and increased mucus secretion. The severity of the
alterations resulting from cadmium increased with dose-time dependent.
Histopathologic effects were observed to be lighter in the groups contained
algae. This suggests that algae-like organisms in the environment accumulate
some of the cadmium in their bodies, causing fish to be less affected.

References

  • Abdel-Warith A.A., Younis E.M., Al-Asgah N.A., Wahbi O.M. 2011. Effect of zinc toxicity on liver histology of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Scientific Research and Essays, 6: 3760-3769. Ahmed M.K., Parvin E., Islam M.M., Akter M.S., Khan S., Al-Mamun M.H. 2014. Lead-and cadmium-induced histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver tissue of freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Chemistry and Ecology, 30: 532-540. Almeida J.A., Novelli E.K.B., Silva M.D.P., Junior R.A. 2001. Environmental cadmium exposure and metabolic responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Environmental Pollution, 114: 169-175. Andrade S.A.L.D., Jorge R.A., Silveira A.P.D.D. 2005. Cadmium effect on the association of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Scientia Agricola, 62: 389-394. Begum A., Amin M.N., Kaneco S., Ohta K. 2005. Selected elemental composition of the muscle tissue of three species of fish, Tilapia nilotica, Cirrhina mrigala and Clarius batrachus, from the fresh water Dhanmondi Lake in Bangladesh. Food Chemistry, 93: 439-443. Chmielewská E., Medved J. 2001. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by green algae cladophora glomerata in a refinery sewage lagoon. Croatica Chemia Acta, 74: 135-145. Chovanec A., Hofer R., Schiemer F. 2003. Fish as bioindicators. Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment, 6: 639-676. Cogun H.Y., Yuzereroglu T.A., Kargin F. 2003. Accumulation of copper and cadmium in small and large Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71: 1265-1271. Dunnick J.K., Fowler B.A. 1988. Cadmium. In: H.G. Seller, H. Sigel, A. Sigel (Eds.). Handbook on toxicity of inorganic compounds, Marcel Dekker, INC, New York and Basel. pp: 155-174. Dutta T.K., Kaviraj A. 2001. Acute toxicity of cadmium to fish Labeo rohita and copepod Diaptomus forbesi pre-exposed to CaO and KMnO4. Chemosphere, 42: 955-958. Garcia-Santos S., Fontainhas-Fernandes A., Wilson J.M. 2006. Cadmium tolerance in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following acute exposure: Assessment of some ionoregulatory parameters. Environmental Toxicology, 21: 33-46. Gernhofer M., Pawet M., Schramm M., Müller E., Triebskorn R. 2001. Ultrastructural biomarkers tools to characterize the health status of fish in contaminated streams. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 8: 241-260. Heath A.C. 1995. Water pollution and fish physiology. 2nd Edn., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. pp: 125-140. Hinton D.E., Lauren D.J. 1993. Liver structural alterations accompanying chronic toxicity in fishes: potential biomarkers of exposure. In: J.F. Mc Carthy, L.R. Shugart (Eds.). Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers. pp: 51-65. Hook S.E., Gallagher E.P., Batley G.E. 2014. The role of biomarkers in the assessment of aquatic ecosystem health. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 10: 327-341. Jiraungkoorskul W., Sahaphong S., Kangwanrangsn N., Huk Kim M. 2006. Histopathologicphongal study: The effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in fish (Puntius altus). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 1: 191-199. John D.M. 2002. Order Cladophorales (= Siphonocladales). In: D.M. John, B.A. Whitton, A.J. Brook (Eds.). The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles. An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp: 468-470. Kalay M., Canli M. 2000. Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24: 429-436. Kaoud H.A., El-Dahshan A.R. 2010. Bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations of the heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus fish. Nature and Science, 8: 147-156. Kaoud H.A., Zaki M.M., El-Dahshan A.R., Saeid S., El Zorba H.Y. 2011. Amelioration the toxic effects of cadmium-exposure in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Life Science Journal, 8: 185-195. Karadede Akın H., Ünlü E. 2013. Cadmium accumulation by green algae Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. (Chlorophyta) in presence of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 95: 1565-1571. Kaviraj A., Das B.K. 1995. Cadmium accumulation in several tissues of common carp Cyprinius carpio, L. treated by potassium permanganate, cobalt chloride and vitamin B complex. Proceedings Indian National Science Academy, B61: 259-264. Keskinkan O., Goksu M.Z.L., Basibuyuk M., Forster C.F. 2004. Heavy metal adsorption properties of a submerged aquatic plant (Ceratophyllum demersum). Bioresource Technology, 9: 197-200. Kim S.G., Jee J.H., Kang J.C. 2004. Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub-chronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution, 127: 117-123. Kumada H., Kimura S., Yokote M. 1980. Accumulation and biological effects of cadmium in rainbow trout. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 46: 97-103. Laib E., Leghouchi E. 2012. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in Ulva lactuca, Codium fragile, Jania rubens, and Dictyota dichotoma from Rabta Bay, Jijel (Algeria). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 1711-1718. Lamas S., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. 2007. Testing the use of juvenile Salmo trutta L. as biomonitors of heavy metal pollution in freshwater. Chemosphere, 67: 221-228. McHardy B.M., George J.J. 1990. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of zinc in the green algae, Cladophora glomerata. Environmental Pollution, 66: 55-66. Mekkawy I.A., Mahmoud U.M., Wassif E.T., Naguib M. 2013. Effects of cadmium on some histopathological and histochemical characteristics of the kidney and gills tissues of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) dietary supplemented with tomato paste and vitamin E. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 8: 553. DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2013. Mehta S.K., Gaur J.P. 2005. Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: progress and prospects. Critical Review in Biotechnology, 25: 113-152. Peebua P., Kruatrachue M., Pokethitiyook P., Singhakaew S. 2008. Histopathological alterations of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus in acute and subchronic alachlor exposure. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29: 325-331. Pratap H.B., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. 1993. Effect of ambient and dietary cadmium on pavement ceils, chloride cells, and Na+/K+ Atpase activity in the gills of the freshwater teleost Oreochromis Mossombicus at normal and high calcium levels in the ambient water. Aquatic Toxicology, 26: 133-150. Rashed M.N. 2001. Monitoring of environmental heavy metals in fish from Nasser Lake. Environmen International, 27: 27-33. Saha N.C., Bhunia F., Kaviraj A. 2006. Comparative toxicity of three organic acids to freshwater organisms and their impact on aquatic ecosystems. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 12: 192-202. Omer S.A., Elobeid M.A., Fouad D., Daghestani M.H., Al-Olayan E.M., Elamin M.H., El-Mahassna A. 2012. Cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11: 1601-1606. Selvanathan J., Vincent S., Nirmala A. 2012. Histopathology Changes in Fresh Water Fish Clarias Batrachus (Linn.) Exposed to Mercury and Cadmium. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching and Practices, 3: 422-428. Singh A., Mehta S.K., Gaur J.P. 2007. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by common freshwater filamentous algae. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23: 1115-1120. Stentiford G.D., Longshaw M., Lyons B.P., Jones G., Green M., Feist, S.W. 2003. Histopathological biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants. Marine Environmental Research, 55: 137-159. Szczerbik P., Mikolajczyk T., Sokolowska-Mikolajczyk A., Socha M., Chyb J., Epler P. 2006. Influence of longterm exposure to dietary cadmium on growth, maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio B.). Aquatic Toxicology, 77: 126-135. Thophon S., Kruatrachue M., Upatham, E.S., Pokethitiyook P., Sahaphong S., Jaritkhuan S. 2003. Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure, Environonmental Pollution, 121: 307-320. Ünlü E., Karadede-Akin H., Akturk M.N., Yanar M. 2009. Bioaccumulation of cadmium by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in the presence of green algae Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. Fresenius Environmental Bullettin, 18: 2055-2059. Velkova-Jordanoska L., Kostoski G. 2005. Histopathological analysis of liver in fish (Barbus meridionalis petenyi Heckel) in reservoir Trebeništa. Natura Croatica, 14: 147-153. Visoottiviseth P., Thamamaruitkun T., Sahaphong S., Riengrojpitak S., Kruatrachue M. 1999. Histopathological effects of triphenyltin hydroxide on liver, kidney and gill of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 13: 749-763. Yalçın E., Çavuşoğlu K., Maraş M., Bıyıkoğlu M. 2008. Biosorption of lead (ii) and copper (ii) metal ions on Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. (Chlorophyta) algae: effect of algal surface modification. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 55: 228-232. Yılmaz M., Ersan Y., Koç E., Özen H., Karaman M. 2011. Toxic effects of cadmium sulphate on tissue histopathology and serum protein expression in European chub, Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17: 131-135.
Year 2017, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 24 - 30, 30.03.2017

Abstract

References

  • Abdel-Warith A.A., Younis E.M., Al-Asgah N.A., Wahbi O.M. 2011. Effect of zinc toxicity on liver histology of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Scientific Research and Essays, 6: 3760-3769. Ahmed M.K., Parvin E., Islam M.M., Akter M.S., Khan S., Al-Mamun M.H. 2014. Lead-and cadmium-induced histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver tissue of freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Chemistry and Ecology, 30: 532-540. Almeida J.A., Novelli E.K.B., Silva M.D.P., Junior R.A. 2001. Environmental cadmium exposure and metabolic responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Environmental Pollution, 114: 169-175. Andrade S.A.L.D., Jorge R.A., Silveira A.P.D.D. 2005. Cadmium effect on the association of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Scientia Agricola, 62: 389-394. Begum A., Amin M.N., Kaneco S., Ohta K. 2005. Selected elemental composition of the muscle tissue of three species of fish, Tilapia nilotica, Cirrhina mrigala and Clarius batrachus, from the fresh water Dhanmondi Lake in Bangladesh. Food Chemistry, 93: 439-443. Chmielewská E., Medved J. 2001. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by green algae cladophora glomerata in a refinery sewage lagoon. Croatica Chemia Acta, 74: 135-145. Chovanec A., Hofer R., Schiemer F. 2003. Fish as bioindicators. Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment, 6: 639-676. Cogun H.Y., Yuzereroglu T.A., Kargin F. 2003. Accumulation of copper and cadmium in small and large Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71: 1265-1271. Dunnick J.K., Fowler B.A. 1988. Cadmium. In: H.G. Seller, H. Sigel, A. Sigel (Eds.). Handbook on toxicity of inorganic compounds, Marcel Dekker, INC, New York and Basel. pp: 155-174. Dutta T.K., Kaviraj A. 2001. Acute toxicity of cadmium to fish Labeo rohita and copepod Diaptomus forbesi pre-exposed to CaO and KMnO4. Chemosphere, 42: 955-958. Garcia-Santos S., Fontainhas-Fernandes A., Wilson J.M. 2006. Cadmium tolerance in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following acute exposure: Assessment of some ionoregulatory parameters. Environmental Toxicology, 21: 33-46. Gernhofer M., Pawet M., Schramm M., Müller E., Triebskorn R. 2001. Ultrastructural biomarkers tools to characterize the health status of fish in contaminated streams. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 8: 241-260. Heath A.C. 1995. Water pollution and fish physiology. 2nd Edn., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. pp: 125-140. Hinton D.E., Lauren D.J. 1993. Liver structural alterations accompanying chronic toxicity in fishes: potential biomarkers of exposure. In: J.F. Mc Carthy, L.R. Shugart (Eds.). Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers. pp: 51-65. Hook S.E., Gallagher E.P., Batley G.E. 2014. The role of biomarkers in the assessment of aquatic ecosystem health. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 10: 327-341. Jiraungkoorskul W., Sahaphong S., Kangwanrangsn N., Huk Kim M. 2006. Histopathologicphongal study: The effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium exposure in fish (Puntius altus). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 1: 191-199. John D.M. 2002. Order Cladophorales (= Siphonocladales). In: D.M. John, B.A. Whitton, A.J. Brook (Eds.). The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles. An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp: 468-470. Kalay M., Canli M. 2000. Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24: 429-436. Kaoud H.A., El-Dahshan A.R. 2010. Bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations of the heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus fish. Nature and Science, 8: 147-156. Kaoud H.A., Zaki M.M., El-Dahshan A.R., Saeid S., El Zorba H.Y. 2011. Amelioration the toxic effects of cadmium-exposure in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Life Science Journal, 8: 185-195. Karadede Akın H., Ünlü E. 2013. Cadmium accumulation by green algae Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. (Chlorophyta) in presence of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 95: 1565-1571. Kaviraj A., Das B.K. 1995. Cadmium accumulation in several tissues of common carp Cyprinius carpio, L. treated by potassium permanganate, cobalt chloride and vitamin B complex. Proceedings Indian National Science Academy, B61: 259-264. Keskinkan O., Goksu M.Z.L., Basibuyuk M., Forster C.F. 2004. Heavy metal adsorption properties of a submerged aquatic plant (Ceratophyllum demersum). Bioresource Technology, 9: 197-200. Kim S.G., Jee J.H., Kang J.C. 2004. Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub-chronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution, 127: 117-123. Kumada H., Kimura S., Yokote M. 1980. Accumulation and biological effects of cadmium in rainbow trout. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 46: 97-103. Laib E., Leghouchi E. 2012. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in Ulva lactuca, Codium fragile, Jania rubens, and Dictyota dichotoma from Rabta Bay, Jijel (Algeria). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 1711-1718. Lamas S., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. 2007. Testing the use of juvenile Salmo trutta L. as biomonitors of heavy metal pollution in freshwater. Chemosphere, 67: 221-228. McHardy B.M., George J.J. 1990. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of zinc in the green algae, Cladophora glomerata. Environmental Pollution, 66: 55-66. Mekkawy I.A., Mahmoud U.M., Wassif E.T., Naguib M. 2013. Effects of cadmium on some histopathological and histochemical characteristics of the kidney and gills tissues of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) dietary supplemented with tomato paste and vitamin E. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 8: 553. DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2013. Mehta S.K., Gaur J.P. 2005. Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: progress and prospects. Critical Review in Biotechnology, 25: 113-152. Peebua P., Kruatrachue M., Pokethitiyook P., Singhakaew S. 2008. Histopathological alterations of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus in acute and subchronic alachlor exposure. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29: 325-331. Pratap H.B., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. 1993. Effect of ambient and dietary cadmium on pavement ceils, chloride cells, and Na+/K+ Atpase activity in the gills of the freshwater teleost Oreochromis Mossombicus at normal and high calcium levels in the ambient water. Aquatic Toxicology, 26: 133-150. Rashed M.N. 2001. Monitoring of environmental heavy metals in fish from Nasser Lake. Environmen International, 27: 27-33. Saha N.C., Bhunia F., Kaviraj A. 2006. Comparative toxicity of three organic acids to freshwater organisms and their impact on aquatic ecosystems. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 12: 192-202. Omer S.A., Elobeid M.A., Fouad D., Daghestani M.H., Al-Olayan E.M., Elamin M.H., El-Mahassna A. 2012. Cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11: 1601-1606. Selvanathan J., Vincent S., Nirmala A. 2012. Histopathology Changes in Fresh Water Fish Clarias Batrachus (Linn.) Exposed to Mercury and Cadmium. International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching and Practices, 3: 422-428. Singh A., Mehta S.K., Gaur J.P. 2007. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by common freshwater filamentous algae. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23: 1115-1120. Stentiford G.D., Longshaw M., Lyons B.P., Jones G., Green M., Feist, S.W. 2003. Histopathological biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants. Marine Environmental Research, 55: 137-159. Szczerbik P., Mikolajczyk T., Sokolowska-Mikolajczyk A., Socha M., Chyb J., Epler P. 2006. Influence of longterm exposure to dietary cadmium on growth, maturation and reproduction of goldfish (subspecies: Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio B.). Aquatic Toxicology, 77: 126-135. Thophon S., Kruatrachue M., Upatham, E.S., Pokethitiyook P., Sahaphong S., Jaritkhuan S. 2003. Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure, Environonmental Pollution, 121: 307-320. Ünlü E., Karadede-Akin H., Akturk M.N., Yanar M. 2009. Bioaccumulation of cadmium by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in the presence of green algae Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. Fresenius Environmental Bullettin, 18: 2055-2059. Velkova-Jordanoska L., Kostoski G. 2005. Histopathological analysis of liver in fish (Barbus meridionalis petenyi Heckel) in reservoir Trebeništa. Natura Croatica, 14: 147-153. Visoottiviseth P., Thamamaruitkun T., Sahaphong S., Riengrojpitak S., Kruatrachue M. 1999. Histopathological effects of triphenyltin hydroxide on liver, kidney and gill of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 13: 749-763. Yalçın E., Çavuşoğlu K., Maraş M., Bıyıkoğlu M. 2008. Biosorption of lead (ii) and copper (ii) metal ions on Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. (Chlorophyta) algae: effect of algal surface modification. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 55: 228-232. Yılmaz M., Ersan Y., Koç E., Özen H., Karaman M. 2011. Toxic effects of cadmium sulphate on tissue histopathology and serum protein expression in European chub, Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17: 131-135.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Birgül Otludil This is me

Hülya Karadede Akın

Erhan Ünlü

Publication Date March 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Otludil, B., Karadede Akın, H., & Ünlü, E. (2017). Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata. Acta Biologica Turcica, 30(1), 24-30.
AMA Otludil B, Karadede Akın H, Ünlü E. Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata. Acta Biologica Turcica. March 2017;30(1):24-30.
Chicago Otludil, Birgül, Hülya Karadede Akın, and Erhan Ünlü. “Effects of Sub-Lethal Exposure of Cadmium on Histopathology of Gills of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus and the Mitigating Effects of Cladophora Glomerata”. Acta Biologica Turcica 30, no. 1 (March 2017): 24-30.
EndNote Otludil B, Karadede Akın H, Ünlü E (March 1, 2017) Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata. Acta Biologica Turcica 30 1 24–30.
IEEE B. Otludil, H. Karadede Akın, and E. Ünlü, “Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata”, Acta Biologica Turcica, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 24–30, 2017.
ISNAD Otludil, Birgül et al. “Effects of Sub-Lethal Exposure of Cadmium on Histopathology of Gills of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus and the Mitigating Effects of Cladophora Glomerata”. Acta Biologica Turcica 30/1 (March 2017), 24-30.
JAMA Otludil B, Karadede Akın H, Ünlü E. Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata. Acta Biologica Turcica. 2017;30:24–30.
MLA Otludil, Birgül et al. “Effects of Sub-Lethal Exposure of Cadmium on Histopathology of Gills of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus and the Mitigating Effects of Cladophora Glomerata”. Acta Biologica Turcica, vol. 30, no. 1, 2017, pp. 24-30.
Vancouver Otludil B, Karadede Akın H, Ünlü E. Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata. Acta Biologica Turcica. 2017;30(1):24-30.