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Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4

Year 2016, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 125 - 138, 14.03.2016
https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.64281

Abstract

In this study, activated carbons were produced from pumpkin seed shell by chemical activation. In chemical activation, H3PO4 was used as chemical agent. The effects of impregnation ratio (IR) and activation temperature were investigated. Activation temperatures and impregnation ratios were selected in the range of 400–600 °C and 1–3, respectively. The surface area, pore volumes, pore size distribution and average pore diameter of the activated carbons were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K using the BET, t-plot and DFT methods. The highest BET surface area and total pore volume of the activated carbon was obtained as 1421 m2/g and 0.908 cm3/g at500 °C activation temperature and at an impregnation ratio of 2, respectively. The morphology and functional groups present were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the activation temperature and the impregnation ratio have a significant effect on the pore structure of the activated carbon and pumpkin seed shell seemed to be an alternative precursor for the commercial activated carbon productions.

References

  • Hayashi J, Kazehaya A, Muroyama K, Watkinson AP. Preparation of activated carbon from lignin by chemical activation. Carbon 2000; 38: 1873-1878.
  • Alslaibi TM, Abustan I, Ahmad MA, Foul AA. A review: production of activated carbon from agricultural byproducts via conventional and microwave heating. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2013; 88: 1183-1190.
  • Corcho-Corral B, Olivares-Marin M, Fernandez-Gonzalez C, Gomez-Serrano V, Macias-Garcia A. Preparation and textural characterisation of activated carbon from vine shoots (Vitis vinifera) by H3PO4- Chemical activation. Appl Surface Sci 2006; 252: 5961-5966.
  • Tiryaki B, Yağmur E, Banford A, Aktaş Z. Comparison of activated carbon produced from natural biomass and equivalent chemical compositions. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2014; 105: 276-283.
  • Lua AC, Yang T. Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions. J Colloid Interf Sci 2005; 290: 505-513.
  • Okoye AI, Ejikeme PM, Onukwuli OD. Lead removal from wastewater using fluted pumpkin seed shell activated carbon: Adsorption modeling and kinetics. Int J Environ Sci Tech 2010; 7(4): 793-800. [7] Olivares- Marin M, Gonzalez CF, Garcia AM, Serrano VG. Preparation of activated carbon from cherry stones by physical activation in air. Influence of the chemical carbonisation with H2SO4. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2012; 94: 131-137.
  • Balathanigaimani MS, Shim WG, Kim C, Lee JW, Moon H. Surface structural characterization of highly porous activated carbon prepared from corn grain. Surf Interface Anal 2009; 41: 484-488.
  • Gurten I, Ozmak M, Yagmur E, Aktaş Z. Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea using K2CO3. Biomass Bioenerg 2012; 37: 73-81.
  • Rosas JM, Bedia J, Mirasol JR, Cordero T. On the preparation and characterization of chars and activated carbons from orange skin. Fuel Process Technol 2010; 91: 1345-1354.
  • Yorgun S, Yıldız D. Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Paulownia wood by chemical activation with H3PO4. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015; 53: 122-131.
  • Cazetta AL, Vargas MM, Nogami EM, Kunita MH, Guilherme MR, Martins AC, Silva TS, Moraes JCG, Almeida VC. NaOH activated carbon of high surface area produced from coconut shell: Kinetics and equilibrium studies from the methylene blue adsorption. Chem Eng J 2011; 174: 117-125.
  • El-Hendawy ANA, Samra SE, Girgis BS. Adsorption characteristics of activated carbons obtained from corncobs. Colloids Surf 2001; 180: 209-221.
  • Demiral H, Demiral İ, Tümsek F, Karabacakoğlu B. Pore structure of activated carbon prepared from hazelnut bagasse by chemical activation. Surf Interface Anal 2008; 40: 616-619.
  • Hayashi J, Horikawa T, Takeda I, Muroyama K, Ani FN. Preparing activated carbon from various nutshells by chemical activation with K2CO3. Carbon 2002; 40: 2381-2386.
  • Tseng RL. Physical and chemical properties and adsorption type of activated carbon prepared from plum kernels by NaOH activation. J Hazard Mater 2007; 147: 1020-1027.
  • Uçar S, Erdem M, Tay T, Karagöz S. Removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from rapeseed oil cake by Na2CO3 activation. Clean Techn Environ Policy 2015; 17: 747-756.
  • Gerçel Ö, Gerçel HF. Adsorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from biomass plant material of Euphorbia rigida. Chem Eng J 2007; 132: 289-297.
  • Gerçel Ö, Özcan A, Özcan AS, Gerçel HF. Preparation of activated carbon from a renewable bio- plant of Euphorbia rigida by H2SO4 activation and its adsorption behavior in aqueous solutions. Appl Surface Sci 2007; 253: 4843-4852.
  • Angın D. Utilization of activated carbon produced from fruit juice industry solid waste for the adsorption of Yellow 18 from aqueous solutions. Bioresour Technol 2014; 168: 259-266.
  • Şahin Ö, Saka C, Ceyhan AA, Baytar O. Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from Elaeagnus angustifolia seeds by chemical activation with ZnCl2 in one-step treatment and its iodine adsorption. Sep Sci Technol 2015; 50: 886-891.
  • Diao Y, Walawender WP, Fan LT. Activated carbons prepared from phosphoric acid activation of grain sorghum. Bioresour Technol 2002; 81: 45-52.
  • Ahmed MJ, Theydan SK. Physical and chemical characteristics of activated carbon prepared by pyrolysis of chemically treated date stones and its ability to adsorb organics. Powder Technol 2012; 229: 237-245.
  • El Qada EN, Allen SJ, Walker EM. Influence of preparation conditions on the characteristics of activated carbons produced in laboratory and pilot scale systems. Chem Eng J 2008; 142: 1-13.
  • Danish M, Hashim R, Ibrahim MNM, Sulaiman O. Optimization study for preparation of activated carbon from Acacia mangium wood using phosphoric acid. Wood Sci Technol 2014; 48: 1069-1083.
  • Kunquan L, Zheng Z, Ye L. Characterization and lead adsorption properties of activated carbons prepared from cotton stalk by one-step of H3PO4 activation. J Hazard Mater 2010; 181: 440-447.
  • Stavropoulos GG, Zabaniotou AA. Production and characterization of activated carbons from olive- seed waste residue. Micropor Mesopor Mater 2005; 82: 79-85.
  • Chandra TC, Mirna MM, Sunarso J, Sudaryanto Y, Ismadji S. Activated carbon from durian shell: Preparation and characterization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009; 40: 457-462.
  • Prahas D, Kartika Y, Indraswati N, Ismadji S. Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation: Pore structure and surface chemistry characterization. Chem Eng J 2008; 140: 32-42.
  • Yağmur E, Özmak M, Aktaş Z. A novel method for production of activated carbon from waste tea by chemical activation with microwave energy. Fuel 2008; 87: 3278-3285.
  • Nahil MA, Williams PT. Pore characteristics of activated carbons from the phosphoric acid chemical activation of cotton stalks. Biomass Bioenergy 2012; 37: 142-149.
  • Aygün A, Yenisoy-Karakaş S, Duman I. Production of granular activated carbon from fruit stones and nutshells and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Micropor Mesopor Mater 2003; 66: 189-195.
  • Yang R, Liu G, Xu X, Li M, Zhang J, Hao X. Surface texture, chemistry and adsorption properties of acidblue 9 of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast-based activated carbon fibers prepared by phosphoric acid activation. Biomass Bioenergy 2011; 35: 437-445.
  • Guo Y, Rockstraw DA. Physical and chemical properties of carbons synthesized from xylan, cellulose, and kraft lignin by H3PO4 activation. Carbon 2006; 44: 1464-1475.
  • Patnukao P, Pavasant P. Activated carbon from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn bark using phosphoric acid activation. Bioresource Technol 2008; 99: 8540-8543.
  • Liu QS, Zheng T, Wang P, Guo L. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave induced phosphoric acid activation. Ind Crops Prod 2010; 31: 233-238.
  • Namane A, Mekarzia A, Benrachedi K, Belhaneche-Bensemra N, Helall A. Determination of the adsorption capacity of activated carbon made from coffee grounds by chemical activation with ZnCl2 and H3PO4. J Hazard Mater 2005; 119: 189-194.
  • Ibrahim TH, Babar ZB, Khamis MI. Removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solution using egg plant peels activated charcoal. Sep Sci Technol 2015; 50: 91-98.
  • Vijayalakshmi P, Sathya Selva Bala V, Thiruvengadaravi KV, Panneerselvam P, Palanichamy M, Sivanesan S. Removal of acid violet 17 from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from pistachio nut shell. Sep Sci Technol 2011; 46: 155-163.
  • Mahapatra K, Ramteke DS, Paliwal LJ. Production of activated carbon from sludge of food processing industry under controlled pyrolysis and its application for methylene blue removal. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2012; 95: 79-86.
  • Puziy AM, Poddubnaya OI, Martinez-Alonso A, Suarez-Garcia F, Tascon JMD. Surface chemistry of phosphorus-containing carbons of lignocellulosic origin. Carbon 2015; 43: 2857-2868.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM PUMPKIN SEED SHELL USING H3PO4

Year 2016, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 125 - 138, 14.03.2016
https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.64281

Abstract

Bu çalışmada kabak çekirdeği kabuğundan kimyasal aktivasyon ile aktif karbon üretilmiştir. Kimyasal aktivasyonda kimyasal olarak H3PO4 kullanılmıştır. Emdirme oranı ve aktivasyon sıcaklığının etkileri incelenmiştir. Aktivasyon sıcaklığı ve emdirme oranı sırasıyla 400-600 oC ve 1-3 olarak seçilmiştir. Aktif karbonun yüzey alanı, gözenek hacmi, gözenek boyut dağılımı ve ortalama gözenek çapı 77 K de azot adsorpsiyonu ile BET, t-plot ve DFT yöntemleri kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Aktif karbonun en yüksek BET yüzey alanı ve toplam gözenek hacmi 500 oC aktivasyon sıcaklığı ve emdirme oranı 2 de sırasıyla 1421 m/g ve 0.908 cm3/g olarak elde edilmiştir. Yüzey morfolojisi ve fonksiyonel grupları taramalı electron mikroskobu (SEM) ve Fourier transform infrared spektroskopisi (FTIR) ile incelenmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlar aktivasyon sıcaklığı ve emdirme oranının aktif karbonun gözenek yapısında önemli etkiye sahip olduğu ve kabak çekirdeği kabuğunun ticari aktif karbon üretimi için alternatif hammadde olduğunu göstermiştir

References

  • Hayashi J, Kazehaya A, Muroyama K, Watkinson AP. Preparation of activated carbon from lignin by chemical activation. Carbon 2000; 38: 1873-1878.
  • Alslaibi TM, Abustan I, Ahmad MA, Foul AA. A review: production of activated carbon from agricultural byproducts via conventional and microwave heating. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2013; 88: 1183-1190.
  • Corcho-Corral B, Olivares-Marin M, Fernandez-Gonzalez C, Gomez-Serrano V, Macias-Garcia A. Preparation and textural characterisation of activated carbon from vine shoots (Vitis vinifera) by H3PO4- Chemical activation. Appl Surface Sci 2006; 252: 5961-5966.
  • Tiryaki B, Yağmur E, Banford A, Aktaş Z. Comparison of activated carbon produced from natural biomass and equivalent chemical compositions. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2014; 105: 276-283.
  • Lua AC, Yang T. Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions. J Colloid Interf Sci 2005; 290: 505-513.
  • Okoye AI, Ejikeme PM, Onukwuli OD. Lead removal from wastewater using fluted pumpkin seed shell activated carbon: Adsorption modeling and kinetics. Int J Environ Sci Tech 2010; 7(4): 793-800. [7] Olivares- Marin M, Gonzalez CF, Garcia AM, Serrano VG. Preparation of activated carbon from cherry stones by physical activation in air. Influence of the chemical carbonisation with H2SO4. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2012; 94: 131-137.
  • Balathanigaimani MS, Shim WG, Kim C, Lee JW, Moon H. Surface structural characterization of highly porous activated carbon prepared from corn grain. Surf Interface Anal 2009; 41: 484-488.
  • Gurten I, Ozmak M, Yagmur E, Aktaş Z. Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea using K2CO3. Biomass Bioenerg 2012; 37: 73-81.
  • Rosas JM, Bedia J, Mirasol JR, Cordero T. On the preparation and characterization of chars and activated carbons from orange skin. Fuel Process Technol 2010; 91: 1345-1354.
  • Yorgun S, Yıldız D. Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Paulownia wood by chemical activation with H3PO4. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015; 53: 122-131.
  • Cazetta AL, Vargas MM, Nogami EM, Kunita MH, Guilherme MR, Martins AC, Silva TS, Moraes JCG, Almeida VC. NaOH activated carbon of high surface area produced from coconut shell: Kinetics and equilibrium studies from the methylene blue adsorption. Chem Eng J 2011; 174: 117-125.
  • El-Hendawy ANA, Samra SE, Girgis BS. Adsorption characteristics of activated carbons obtained from corncobs. Colloids Surf 2001; 180: 209-221.
  • Demiral H, Demiral İ, Tümsek F, Karabacakoğlu B. Pore structure of activated carbon prepared from hazelnut bagasse by chemical activation. Surf Interface Anal 2008; 40: 616-619.
  • Hayashi J, Horikawa T, Takeda I, Muroyama K, Ani FN. Preparing activated carbon from various nutshells by chemical activation with K2CO3. Carbon 2002; 40: 2381-2386.
  • Tseng RL. Physical and chemical properties and adsorption type of activated carbon prepared from plum kernels by NaOH activation. J Hazard Mater 2007; 147: 1020-1027.
  • Uçar S, Erdem M, Tay T, Karagöz S. Removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from rapeseed oil cake by Na2CO3 activation. Clean Techn Environ Policy 2015; 17: 747-756.
  • Gerçel Ö, Gerçel HF. Adsorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from biomass plant material of Euphorbia rigida. Chem Eng J 2007; 132: 289-297.
  • Gerçel Ö, Özcan A, Özcan AS, Gerçel HF. Preparation of activated carbon from a renewable bio- plant of Euphorbia rigida by H2SO4 activation and its adsorption behavior in aqueous solutions. Appl Surface Sci 2007; 253: 4843-4852.
  • Angın D. Utilization of activated carbon produced from fruit juice industry solid waste for the adsorption of Yellow 18 from aqueous solutions. Bioresour Technol 2014; 168: 259-266.
  • Şahin Ö, Saka C, Ceyhan AA, Baytar O. Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from Elaeagnus angustifolia seeds by chemical activation with ZnCl2 in one-step treatment and its iodine adsorption. Sep Sci Technol 2015; 50: 886-891.
  • Diao Y, Walawender WP, Fan LT. Activated carbons prepared from phosphoric acid activation of grain sorghum. Bioresour Technol 2002; 81: 45-52.
  • Ahmed MJ, Theydan SK. Physical and chemical characteristics of activated carbon prepared by pyrolysis of chemically treated date stones and its ability to adsorb organics. Powder Technol 2012; 229: 237-245.
  • El Qada EN, Allen SJ, Walker EM. Influence of preparation conditions on the characteristics of activated carbons produced in laboratory and pilot scale systems. Chem Eng J 2008; 142: 1-13.
  • Danish M, Hashim R, Ibrahim MNM, Sulaiman O. Optimization study for preparation of activated carbon from Acacia mangium wood using phosphoric acid. Wood Sci Technol 2014; 48: 1069-1083.
  • Kunquan L, Zheng Z, Ye L. Characterization and lead adsorption properties of activated carbons prepared from cotton stalk by one-step of H3PO4 activation. J Hazard Mater 2010; 181: 440-447.
  • Stavropoulos GG, Zabaniotou AA. Production and characterization of activated carbons from olive- seed waste residue. Micropor Mesopor Mater 2005; 82: 79-85.
  • Chandra TC, Mirna MM, Sunarso J, Sudaryanto Y, Ismadji S. Activated carbon from durian shell: Preparation and characterization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009; 40: 457-462.
  • Prahas D, Kartika Y, Indraswati N, Ismadji S. Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation: Pore structure and surface chemistry characterization. Chem Eng J 2008; 140: 32-42.
  • Yağmur E, Özmak M, Aktaş Z. A novel method for production of activated carbon from waste tea by chemical activation with microwave energy. Fuel 2008; 87: 3278-3285.
  • Nahil MA, Williams PT. Pore characteristics of activated carbons from the phosphoric acid chemical activation of cotton stalks. Biomass Bioenergy 2012; 37: 142-149.
  • Aygün A, Yenisoy-Karakaş S, Duman I. Production of granular activated carbon from fruit stones and nutshells and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Micropor Mesopor Mater 2003; 66: 189-195.
  • Yang R, Liu G, Xu X, Li M, Zhang J, Hao X. Surface texture, chemistry and adsorption properties of acidblue 9 of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast-based activated carbon fibers prepared by phosphoric acid activation. Biomass Bioenergy 2011; 35: 437-445.
  • Guo Y, Rockstraw DA. Physical and chemical properties of carbons synthesized from xylan, cellulose, and kraft lignin by H3PO4 activation. Carbon 2006; 44: 1464-1475.
  • Patnukao P, Pavasant P. Activated carbon from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn bark using phosphoric acid activation. Bioresource Technol 2008; 99: 8540-8543.
  • Liu QS, Zheng T, Wang P, Guo L. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave induced phosphoric acid activation. Ind Crops Prod 2010; 31: 233-238.
  • Namane A, Mekarzia A, Benrachedi K, Belhaneche-Bensemra N, Helall A. Determination of the adsorption capacity of activated carbon made from coffee grounds by chemical activation with ZnCl2 and H3PO4. J Hazard Mater 2005; 119: 189-194.
  • Ibrahim TH, Babar ZB, Khamis MI. Removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solution using egg plant peels activated charcoal. Sep Sci Technol 2015; 50: 91-98.
  • Vijayalakshmi P, Sathya Selva Bala V, Thiruvengadaravi KV, Panneerselvam P, Palanichamy M, Sivanesan S. Removal of acid violet 17 from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from pistachio nut shell. Sep Sci Technol 2011; 46: 155-163.
  • Mahapatra K, Ramteke DS, Paliwal LJ. Production of activated carbon from sludge of food processing industry under controlled pyrolysis and its application for methylene blue removal. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2012; 95: 79-86.
  • Puziy AM, Poddubnaya OI, Martinez-Alonso A, Suarez-Garcia F, Tascon JMD. Surface chemistry of phosphorus-containing carbons of lignocellulosic origin. Carbon 2015; 43: 2857-2868.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ilknur Demıral

Canan Aydın Şamdan

Publication Date March 14, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demıral, I., & Aydın Şamdan, C. (2016). Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, 17(1), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.64281
AMA Demıral I, Aydın Şamdan C. Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4. AUJST-A. June 2016;17(1):125-138. doi:10.18038/btda.64281
Chicago Demıral, Ilknur, and Canan Aydın Şamdan. “Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 17, no. 1 (June 2016): 125-38. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.64281.
EndNote Demıral I, Aydın Şamdan C (June 1, 2016) Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 17 1 125–138.
IEEE I. Demıral and C. Aydın Şamdan, “Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4”, AUJST-A, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 125–138, 2016, doi: 10.18038/btda.64281.
ISNAD Demıral, Ilknur - Aydın Şamdan, Canan. “Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 17/1 (June 2016), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.64281.
JAMA Demıral I, Aydın Şamdan C. Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4. AUJST-A. 2016;17:125–138.
MLA Demıral, Ilknur and Canan Aydın Şamdan. “Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, vol. 17, no. 1, 2016, pp. 125-38, doi:10.18038/btda.64281.
Vancouver Demıral I, Aydın Şamdan C. Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon From Pumpkin Seed Shell Using H3PO4. AUJST-A. 2016;17(1):125-38.

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