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British Foreign Policy Towards Syria

Year 2021, , 95 - 106, 07.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.842613

Abstract

This paper is about British Foreign Policy (BFP) towards the Syrian civil war since 2011. It seeks to put forward the main outlines of BFP. It starts with summarising political relations between Britain and Syria. Secondly, it is traced to the changing attitudes and policies of Britain throughout the civil war. Political relations between Britain, opposition groups, regime forces and other international actors, as well as their impacts on the BFP, are evaluated. Although British policy is based on “realist” principles and influenced mainly from the American perspective, it is observed that British policymakers are careful and adopt a symbolic approach to the use of force. It is likely to argue that developments at regional and international levels and domestic dynamics are powerful reasons behind their reluctances. Developments at regional and domestic levels have brought critical challenges against the BFP. Especially, rising of Daesh after 2015 led Britain to change her priorities in the foreign policy. Combating against terrorism and refugees start to be perceived as national security issues. Within this context, the British government has aimed to exercise flexible policies and increases its effectiveness and visibility among the international coalition through benefiting diplomatic tools, humanitarian and non-humanitarian aid programs.

References

  • SETA Yayınları, https://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2017/05/PYD_YPG_En.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • Arı, T. (2005). Geçmişten Günümüze Orta Doğu: Siyaset, Savaş ve Diplomasi. Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Barnes-Dacey, J. ve Levy, D. (2014). Three Goals Making the Most of Geneva II on Syria, European Council of Foreign Relations, https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/Making_the_most_of_Geneva_II.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 25 Kasım 2019.
  • Black, I. (28 Nisan 2011). Six Syrians who helped Bashar al Assad keep an iron grip after his father’s death, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/28/syria-bashar-assad-regime-members, Erişim Tarihi: 16 Kasım 2019.
  • Bou-Nacklie, N.E. The 1941 Invasion of Syria and Lebanon: The Role of the Local Paramilitary. Middle Eastern Studies, 30(3), 512-529
  • Cleveland, W. (2008). Modern Orta Doğu Tarihi. çev. Mehmet Harmancı. Agora Kitaplığı, İstanbul.
  • Demirtaş, S. (12 Kasım 2015). PYD’nin yaptıkları kabul edilemez, Hürriyet, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/pydnin-yaptiklari-kabul-edilemez-40013362, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2019.
  • DeYoung, K. (25 Ekim 1986). Britain Cuts Ties With Syria Over El Al Bombing Links, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/25/britain-cuts-ties-with-syria-over-el-al-bombing-links/8cf37ff9-4443-4025-8eb9-2e4aa7ce6754/, Erişim Tarihi 10 Ekim 2019.
  • Home Office. (2019). Proscribed Terrorist Organisations, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/849493/20191101_Proscription__SG_.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • House of Commons. (2015). Prime Minister’s Response to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee’s Second Report of Session 2015-16: The Extension of Offensive British Military Operations to Syria, https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/foreign-affairs/PM-Response-to-FAC-Report-Extension-of-Offensive-British-Military-Operations-to-Syria.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Kasım 2019.
  • İşyar, ÖG. (2017). Suriye İç Savaşı’nda PYD’nin Aktörleşmesinin Başlıca Nedenleri, Bilgi Strateji, 9(16), 33-67.
  • Kochavi, AJ. (2016). George Brown and British Policy in the Middle East following the 1967 War. The Middle East Journal, 70( 1), 91-110.
  • Lecarte, J. (2011). EU Sanctions on Syria, The Library of the European Parliment, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2011/110207/LDM_BRI(2011)110207_REV2_EN.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • Little, D. (1990). Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945-1958, Middle East Journal, 45(1), 51-75.
  • Louis, R.W. The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951 : Arab nationalism, the United States, and postwar imperialism. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Lund, A. (2019). “From Cold War to Civil War: 75 Years of Russian-Syrian Relations”, UI Papers, No. 7, 1-60, https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/ui-publications/2019/ui-paper-no.-7-2019.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ekim 2019.
  • Machairas, D. (2017). The Strategic and Political Consequences of The June 1967 War, Cogent Social Sciences, No. 3, 1-9.
  • MEE Staff, (10 Eylül 2015). Assad can be part of transitional government, says UK foreign secretary, Middle East Eye, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/assad-can-be-part-transitional-government-says-uk-foreign-secretary, Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ekim 2019.
  • Morgan, O.K, (2000). TwentiethCentury Britain-A Very Short Introduction., Oxford University Press, NewYork.
  • Mulholland, H vd., (27 Nisan 2011). Not too late for Syria to do the right thing, says Hague, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/27/not-too-late-syria-do-right-thing-hague, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • Pipes, D. (1989). Terrorism: the Syrian Connection, The National Interest, No.15, 15-28.
  • Rickman, D. (18 Ağustos 2011). Syria: David Cameron, Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel Statement on President Assad. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/18/syria-david-cameron-nicol_n_930298.html, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • Sandıklı, A. ve Semin, A. (2014). Bütün Boyutlarıyla Suriye Krizi ve Türkiye., (Der.) A. Sandıklı ve E. Kaya. Orta Doğu’da Değişim ve Türkiye. İstanbul, Bilgesam Yayınları, 193-255.
  • Scott, S. (2016). British Foreign Policy Towards Syria: Its Importance, Its Distinctiveness and Its Relations to The Policy of Other Actors in The Region (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University of St Andrews.
  • Seale, P. (11 Nisan 2011). If Assad falls, we will see all the region’s alliances unravel. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/11/assad-falls-region-alliances-unravel, Erişim Tarihi: 18 Kasım 2019.
  • Seale, P. (1965). The Struggle for Syria. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Smith, B. (2011). Unrest spreads to Syria, House of Commons, SN/IA/5928, https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05928, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • Smith, B. (2012a). Syria: no end in sight?, House of Commons, 12/48, https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP12-48, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • Smith, B. (2012b).The Syrian Crisis: Update May 2012”, House of Commons, SNIA/6271, https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06271, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • The Department of International Development. (2019). Syria Crisis Response Summary https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UK-Syria-Crisis-Response-Summary-Aug2019.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Editoral Team, (13 Aralık 2019). Election results 2019: Boris Johnson returned as PM with all constituencies declared, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2019/dec/12/uk-general-election-2019-full-results-live-labour-conservatives-tories, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign Affairs Committee. (2015). The extension of offensive British military operations to Syria, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmfaff/457/457a.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign Affairs Committee. (2017). The UK’s relations with Turkey, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/615/615.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign Affairs Committee. (2018). Kurdish Aspirations and the Interests of the UK, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/518/518.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Kasım 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2011). Foreign Secretary condemns ongoing violence in Syria, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-condemns-ongoing-violence-in-syria , Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2015). Uk Non-Humanitarian Aid in Response To The Syria Conflict, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/481277/Syria_UK_Non-Humanitarian_Support_-_Public_Document.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2019). Turkey military action in Syria Urgent Question: Foreign Secretary's opening statement, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/turkey-military-action-in-syria-urgent-question-opening-statement, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2011). London 11 meeting Syria, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/london-11-meeting-on-syria, Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2019.
  • Umar, Ö.O. (2004). Osmanlı Yönetimi ve Fransız Manda İdaresi Altında Suriye. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara.
  • UN Security Council, (2012). S/RES/2118, New York, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2118.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • UN Security Council, (2011). S/2011/612, New York, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2011%20612.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • UN Security Council, (2012). S/2012/77, New York, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2012%2077.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • Üstünel Yırcalı, A. (2017). Europe and the Syrian Conflict: Policies and Perceptions. Podem Yayınları, 1-50, http://podem.org.tr/en/researches/europe-and-the-syrian-conflict-policies-and-perceptions/, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Kasım 2019.
  • Yeşilbursa, K.B. (1999). Britain’s Post-War Defence Policy in the Middle East and Its Impact on Turkey, 1945-50. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Cilt: 15, Sayı: 45, 1121 – 1148.
  • Zengin, C. (2015). İngiltere’nin Suriye Krizindeki Tutumu. Bilgesam Analiz, No. 1274, 1-11, http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/2269/-ingiltere-nin-suriye-krizindeki-tutumu/#.XgHiVVUzYdU, Erişim Tarihi: 25 Eylül 2019.
  • Wilford, H. (2013). America’s Great Game. Basic Books, Newyork.

İngiltere'nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası

Year 2021, , 95 - 106, 07.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.842613

Abstract

Bu çalışma, İngiltere’nin 2011 yılında başlayan Suriye’deki iç savaş karşısında takip ettiği dış politika hakkındadır. Suriye’ye yönelik İngiliz dış politikasının ana hatlarını ortaya koymayı hedefleyen bu çalışma, ilk olarak iç savaşa kadar İngiltere ve Suriye arasındaki siyasi ilişkilere odaklanmaktır. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında ise 2011 yılında başlayan iç savaş süresince İngiltere’nin değişen bakış açısının izleri sürülmektedir. İngiltere’nin muhalefet, rejim ve diğer uluslararası aktörlerle ilişkisi ve bunların İngiliz dış politikasına olan etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu dönemde, İngiliz hükümeti tarafından geliştirilen dış politikada “realizm” ve Amerikan merkezli yaklaşımların ağırlıklı olarak hissedilmesine karşın doğrudan kuvvet kullanma açısından oldukça temkinli ve sembolik bir yaklaşım benimsediği görülmüştür. Bu ihtiyatlı tutumun arkasında bölgesel ve uluslararası alanda yaşanan gelişmelere ek olarak yerel siyasi dinamiklerin de etkili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bölgesel ve iç siyasette yaşanan gelişmeler İngiliz dış politikasına yönelik ciddi meydan okumaları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Özellikle 2015 sonrasında görünürlüğünü ve eylemlerini artıran DAEŞ terör örgütü İngiltere’nin Suriye politikasında önceliklerini değiştirmesine neden olurken, terörle mücadele ve mülteci meselesi doğrudan ulusal güvenlik meselesi olarak algılanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, İngiliz hükümetinin 2011-2019 yılları arasında sadece diplomatik araçları değil aynı zamanda insancıl (humanitarian) ve askeri (non-humanitarian) yardım programlarını da kullanarak, esnek bir politika takip ederek uluslararası koalisyonda etkinliğini ve görünürlüğünü artırmayı hedeflediği söylenebilir.

References

  • SETA Yayınları, https://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2017/05/PYD_YPG_En.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • Arı, T. (2005). Geçmişten Günümüze Orta Doğu: Siyaset, Savaş ve Diplomasi. Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Barnes-Dacey, J. ve Levy, D. (2014). Three Goals Making the Most of Geneva II on Syria, European Council of Foreign Relations, https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/Making_the_most_of_Geneva_II.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 25 Kasım 2019.
  • Black, I. (28 Nisan 2011). Six Syrians who helped Bashar al Assad keep an iron grip after his father’s death, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/28/syria-bashar-assad-regime-members, Erişim Tarihi: 16 Kasım 2019.
  • Bou-Nacklie, N.E. The 1941 Invasion of Syria and Lebanon: The Role of the Local Paramilitary. Middle Eastern Studies, 30(3), 512-529
  • Cleveland, W. (2008). Modern Orta Doğu Tarihi. çev. Mehmet Harmancı. Agora Kitaplığı, İstanbul.
  • Demirtaş, S. (12 Kasım 2015). PYD’nin yaptıkları kabul edilemez, Hürriyet, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/pydnin-yaptiklari-kabul-edilemez-40013362, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2019.
  • DeYoung, K. (25 Ekim 1986). Britain Cuts Ties With Syria Over El Al Bombing Links, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/25/britain-cuts-ties-with-syria-over-el-al-bombing-links/8cf37ff9-4443-4025-8eb9-2e4aa7ce6754/, Erişim Tarihi 10 Ekim 2019.
  • Home Office. (2019). Proscribed Terrorist Organisations, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/849493/20191101_Proscription__SG_.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • House of Commons. (2015). Prime Minister’s Response to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee’s Second Report of Session 2015-16: The Extension of Offensive British Military Operations to Syria, https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/foreign-affairs/PM-Response-to-FAC-Report-Extension-of-Offensive-British-Military-Operations-to-Syria.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Kasım 2019.
  • İşyar, ÖG. (2017). Suriye İç Savaşı’nda PYD’nin Aktörleşmesinin Başlıca Nedenleri, Bilgi Strateji, 9(16), 33-67.
  • Kochavi, AJ. (2016). George Brown and British Policy in the Middle East following the 1967 War. The Middle East Journal, 70( 1), 91-110.
  • Lecarte, J. (2011). EU Sanctions on Syria, The Library of the European Parliment, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2011/110207/LDM_BRI(2011)110207_REV2_EN.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • Little, D. (1990). Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945-1958, Middle East Journal, 45(1), 51-75.
  • Louis, R.W. The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951 : Arab nationalism, the United States, and postwar imperialism. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Lund, A. (2019). “From Cold War to Civil War: 75 Years of Russian-Syrian Relations”, UI Papers, No. 7, 1-60, https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/ui-publications/2019/ui-paper-no.-7-2019.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ekim 2019.
  • Machairas, D. (2017). The Strategic and Political Consequences of The June 1967 War, Cogent Social Sciences, No. 3, 1-9.
  • MEE Staff, (10 Eylül 2015). Assad can be part of transitional government, says UK foreign secretary, Middle East Eye, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/assad-can-be-part-transitional-government-says-uk-foreign-secretary, Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ekim 2019.
  • Morgan, O.K, (2000). TwentiethCentury Britain-A Very Short Introduction., Oxford University Press, NewYork.
  • Mulholland, H vd., (27 Nisan 2011). Not too late for Syria to do the right thing, says Hague, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/27/not-too-late-syria-do-right-thing-hague, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • Pipes, D. (1989). Terrorism: the Syrian Connection, The National Interest, No.15, 15-28.
  • Rickman, D. (18 Ağustos 2011). Syria: David Cameron, Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel Statement on President Assad. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/18/syria-david-cameron-nicol_n_930298.html, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • Sandıklı, A. ve Semin, A. (2014). Bütün Boyutlarıyla Suriye Krizi ve Türkiye., (Der.) A. Sandıklı ve E. Kaya. Orta Doğu’da Değişim ve Türkiye. İstanbul, Bilgesam Yayınları, 193-255.
  • Scott, S. (2016). British Foreign Policy Towards Syria: Its Importance, Its Distinctiveness and Its Relations to The Policy of Other Actors in The Region (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University of St Andrews.
  • Seale, P. (11 Nisan 2011). If Assad falls, we will see all the region’s alliances unravel. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/11/assad-falls-region-alliances-unravel, Erişim Tarihi: 18 Kasım 2019.
  • Seale, P. (1965). The Struggle for Syria. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Smith, B. (2011). Unrest spreads to Syria, House of Commons, SN/IA/5928, https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05928, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • Smith, B. (2012a). Syria: no end in sight?, House of Commons, 12/48, https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP12-48, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • Smith, B. (2012b).The Syrian Crisis: Update May 2012”, House of Commons, SNIA/6271, https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06271, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • The Department of International Development. (2019). Syria Crisis Response Summary https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UK-Syria-Crisis-Response-Summary-Aug2019.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Editoral Team, (13 Aralık 2019). Election results 2019: Boris Johnson returned as PM with all constituencies declared, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2019/dec/12/uk-general-election-2019-full-results-live-labour-conservatives-tories, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign Affairs Committee. (2015). The extension of offensive British military operations to Syria, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmfaff/457/457a.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign Affairs Committee. (2017). The UK’s relations with Turkey, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/615/615.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign Affairs Committee. (2018). Kurdish Aspirations and the Interests of the UK, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/518/518.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Kasım 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2011). Foreign Secretary condemns ongoing violence in Syria, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-condemns-ongoing-violence-in-syria , Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2015). Uk Non-Humanitarian Aid in Response To The Syria Conflict, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/481277/Syria_UK_Non-Humanitarian_Support_-_Public_Document.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Aralık 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2019). Turkey military action in Syria Urgent Question: Foreign Secretary's opening statement, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/turkey-military-action-in-syria-urgent-question-opening-statement, Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2019.
  • The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2011). London 11 meeting Syria, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/london-11-meeting-on-syria, Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2019.
  • Umar, Ö.O. (2004). Osmanlı Yönetimi ve Fransız Manda İdaresi Altında Suriye. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara.
  • UN Security Council, (2012). S/RES/2118, New York, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2118.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • UN Security Council, (2011). S/2011/612, New York, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2011%20612.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • UN Security Council, (2012). S/2012/77, New York, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Syria%20S2012%2077.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2019.
  • Üstünel Yırcalı, A. (2017). Europe and the Syrian Conflict: Policies and Perceptions. Podem Yayınları, 1-50, http://podem.org.tr/en/researches/europe-and-the-syrian-conflict-policies-and-perceptions/, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Kasım 2019.
  • Yeşilbursa, K.B. (1999). Britain’s Post-War Defence Policy in the Middle East and Its Impact on Turkey, 1945-50. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Cilt: 15, Sayı: 45, 1121 – 1148.
  • Zengin, C. (2015). İngiltere’nin Suriye Krizindeki Tutumu. Bilgesam Analiz, No. 1274, 1-11, http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/2269/-ingiltere-nin-suriye-krizindeki-tutumu/#.XgHiVVUzYdU, Erişim Tarihi: 25 Eylül 2019.
  • Wilford, H. (2013). America’s Great Game. Basic Books, Newyork.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Tayfun Üstün 0000-0002-9562-8911

Publication Date May 7, 2021
Submission Date December 18, 2020
Acceptance Date March 18, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Üstün, M. T. (2021). İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 21(1), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.842613
AMA Üstün MT. İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. May 2021;21(1):95-106. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.842613
Chicago Üstün, Mustafa Tayfun. “İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 21, no. 1 (May 2021): 95-106. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.842613.
EndNote Üstün MT (May 1, 2021) İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 21 1 95–106.
IEEE M. T. Üstün, “İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 95–106, 2021, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.842613.
ISNAD Üstün, Mustafa Tayfun. “İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 21/1 (May 2021), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.842613.
JAMA Üstün MT. İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2021;21:95–106.
MLA Üstün, Mustafa Tayfun. “İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 1, 2021, pp. 95-106, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.842613.
Vancouver Üstün MT. İngiltere’nin Suriye’ye Yönelik Dış Politikası. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2021;21(1):95-106.
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