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Assessing Climate Change within the Context of Small-Scale Farming

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 283 - 301, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1326236

Abstract

It is well acknowledged that agricultural production is affecting climate change and climate changes is affecting agricultural production. The impact of agricultural inputs such as energy and fertilizers on greenhouses gases emissions is evaluated in this study. Within this context, the economic politics of small-scale farming is also discussed. 2000-2020 OECD climate change data sets of 5 countries were used. Expansion of intensive farming caused by increasing international competition, has cut off the link between agriculture-ecology, forcing the farmers to increase their productivity. Those who have not been able to do so, and particularly small-scale farmers have been pushed out of the system. In this regard, to reduce the pressure on natural resources and to decrease the impact of agriculture on climate change, small-scale farmers must be protected and supported. The critical importance of sustainable small-scale farming is evident regarding agriculture and climate change interactions.

References

  • Ahmad, M., Zhao Z-Y, & Li, H. (2019). Revealing Stylized Empirical Interactions Among Const-ruction Sector, Urbanization, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissi-ons in China. Science of the Total Environment, 657.
  • Alcott, B. (2020). Jevons Paradoksu (Geri Sekme Etkisi - 27. Bölüm), Küçülme Yeni Bir Çağ İçin Kavram Dağarcığı, G. D’Alisa, F. Demaria ve G. Kallis, Çeviri: A.C. Sarı, B. Öktem, B. Gürden, Y. Kurtsal, Metis Yayınları, Mayıs 2020, s. 177-181, ISBN-13: 978-605-316-192-9.
  • Alavijeh, N. K., Salehnia,N., Salehnia, N., Koengkan, M. (2022). The Effect of Agricultural De-velopment on CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence From The Most Populous Developing Countires. Environment, Development and Sustainability. Springer.
  • Amate, J.I. & Molina, M.G., (2013). Sustainable de-Growth in Agriculture and Food: An Agro-Ecological Perspective on Spain’s Agri Food System (year 2000), Journal of Cleaner Pro-duction 38, 27-35.
  • Bonaiuti, M. (2020). Biyoiktisat (2. Bölüm), Küçülme Yeni Bir Çağ İçin Kavram Dağarcığı, G. D’Alisa, F. Demaria ve G. Kallis, Çeviri: A.C. Sarı, B. Öktem, B. Gürden, Y. Kurtsal, Me-tis Yayınları, Mayıs 2020, s. 48-51, ISBN-13: 978-605-316-192-9.
  • BP, (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2021/70th edition.
  • Chandio, A. A., Akram, W., Ozturk, I., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, F. (2021). Towards Long-Term Sus-tainable Environment: Does Agriculture and Renewable Energy Consumption Matter?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28.
  • Cohn, A. S., Newton, P., Gil, J. D. B., Kuhl, L., Samberg, L., Ricciardi, V., Manly, J.R., North-rop, S. (2017). Smallholder Agriculture and Climate Change, Annual Review of Environ-ment and Resources, 42, 347-275.
  • European Commission (EC), 2019.
  • Fageria, N, K. ve Baligar, V. C. (2005). Enhancing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants, Ad-vances in Agroeconomy, 88, 97-105.
  • FAO (2011). A Multiplication of Green Concepts in Agriculture: Building the Path Towards Wide Up-Scaling, (by Bockel, L., Tinlot, M. and Jonsson, M.), E-ISBN 978-92-5-106875-5.
  • FAO (2012). Greening The Economy with Agriculture, FAO/OECD Expert Meeting on Greening the Economy with Agriculture (GEA), Paris, France, 5-7 September 2011.
  • FAO (2016a). Energy, Agriculture and Climate Change Towards Energy-Smart Agriculture.
  • FAO (2016b). The State of Agriculture and Food: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Secu-rity.
  • Frost, C., Jayaram, K., Pais, G. (2023). What Climate-smart Agriculture Means for Smallholder Farmers, Mckinsey&Company, Agriculture Practice.
  • IEA(2019), Global Energy and CO2 Status Report, The Latest Report and Emissions in 2018.
  • IPCC (2022), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2022 Mitigation of Climate Change.
  • Gomiero, T., (2016). Soil degradation, land scarcity and food security: reviewing a complex chal-lenge. Sustainability 8 (3), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030281.
  • Gündüz, Z.Y. (2022). Yeni Şeyler Söylemek Lazım: “Ekonomik Büyüme” Fetişine Karşı “Kü-çülmek İyidir”. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 143, 10-17.
  • Kallis, G., Demaria, F., D'Alisia, G., (2015). Introduction: Degrowth. In: D'Alisia, G., Demaria, F., Kallis, G. (Eds.), Degrowth: a Vocabulary for a New Era (pp. 1-17). Routledge.
  • Khan, R., Alabsi, A. A. N., Muda, I. (2023). Comparing The Effects of Agricultural Instensifica-tion on CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption Developing ands Developed Countries. Frontiers in Environmental Sciences, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1065634
  • Motesharezadeh, B., Etesami, H., Bagheri-Novair, S., Amirmokri, H. (2017). Fertilizer Consump-tion Trend in Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189.
  • Nwanze, K. F. & Fan, S. (2016). Climate change and agriculture: Strengthening the role of small-holders, Global Food Policy Report , 2, 12-21. International Food Policy Research Institu-te (IFPRI)., http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896295827_02.
  • OECD (2023). Renewable energy (indicator). doi: 10.1787/aac7c3f1-en (Accessed on 07 June 2023).
  • Oxford Business Group (2019), https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/colombia/2019-report/economy/space-to-grow-a-number-of-developments-and-efforts-to-raise-financial-capacity-bode-well-for-sector-expansion-and-value-addition
  • Önal, N. E. (2012). Anadolu Tarımının 150 Yıllık Öyküsü. Yazılama Yayınevi:42, Türkiye Yazıla-rı:7, ISBN 978-605-5892-34-0, İstanbul.
  • Reza Anik, A., Rahman, S. ,Sarker, J.R (2020). Five Decades of Productivity and Efficiency Changes in World Agriculture (1969–2013). Agriculture , 10 (6), 200.
  • Scott, J. (2020). Devlet Gibi Görmek, Bazı Toplumsal Kalkınma Planlarının Başarısızlık Hikayele-ri. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları:220 (Çeviri: Ozan Karakaş). ISBN 9786057685476.
  • Sekovska, B. (2019). New Degrowth Idea and Its Significance for Agriculture, Economics Green Business, Sustainable Food Movement, Nature, Political Science, Agriculture Conference, Proceedings of The IAE Scientific Meetings, p. 68-86.
  • Stehle, S. & Schulz, R., (2015). Agricultural Insecticides Threaten Surface Waters at the Global Scale. PNAS 112 (18), 5750-5755.
  • Singh, A. & Tabatatai, H. (1993). Economic Crisis and Third World Agriculture. Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
  • TAGEM (2018). Gübre Sektör Politika Belgesi, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdür-lüğü.
  • Taylor, J. E. & Lybbert, T. J. (2015). Essentials of Development Economics (2nd eds.), University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt13x1gg1.
  • Talu, N. (2019). Avrupa Birliği İklim Politikaları, İklim Değişikliği Alanında Ortak Çabaların Des-teklenmesi Projesi (iklimİN).
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, (2021). BM Avrupa Ekonomik Komisyonu için Türkiye’nin Bilgilendirici Envanter Raporu (IIR). Rapor No.: AMD/AQAD, Teknik Rapor No: 2021001-1.
  • Turgut, E. & Gökten, Y.S. (2023). Jevons Paradoksu Hala Geçerli mi? Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomi-leri Örneği. Verimlilik Dergisi, Cilt / Volume 57 | Sayı / Issue 1 | 85-102.
  • Tunç, T. (2019). İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Sektörü Üzerinden Olası Etkileri. N. Algan (Eds.) İnsanların Doğayla Kenetlenmesi - Kentte ve Doğal Alanda, Kutuplardan Ekvatora (pp.161-175), Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 632,
  • TÜİK (2022a). Sera Gazı Emisyon İstatistikleri, 1990-2020, Toplam sera gazı emisyonu 2020 yı-lında 523,9 Mt CO2 eşdeğeri oldu, Haber Bülteni, Yayın Tarihi: 30 Mart 2022, Sayı: 45862.
  • TÜİK(2022b), Tarım Alanları, 2001-2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1.
  • TÜİK (2008), Tarım İstatistikleri Sorularla Resmi İstatistikler Dizisi-5.
  • Vermeulen, S.J., Campbell, B.M. & Ingram, J.S.I. (2012). Climate Change and food Systems, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(1):195-222, DOI:10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608.
  • Waheed, R., Chang, D., Sarwar, S., Chen, W. (2018), Forest, Agriculture, Renewable Energy and CO2 Emission, Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.287
  • Yasmeen, R., Tao, R., Shah, W. U. H., Padda, I. U. H., Tang, C. (2022), The Nexus Between Carbon Emissions, Agriculture Production Efficiency, Research and Development, and Government Effectiveness: Evidence From Major Agriculture-Producing Countries. Envi-ronmental Science and Pollution Research, Springer. https://doi.org /10.1007/s11356-022-19431-4.
  • URL 1. FAO. Developing Sustainable Food Systems and Value Chains for Climate-Smart Agri-culture. Retrieved June 7, 2023 from https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module- b10-value-chains/chapter-b10-1/en/.
  • URL 2. Energy Act for Ukraine Foundation, Retrieved June 23, 2023, from https://www.energyactua.com/.

İklim Değişikliğinin Küçük Ölçekli Çiftçilik Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 283 - 301, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1326236

Abstract

Tarımsal üretimin iklim değişikliğini, iklim değişikliğinin de tarımsal üretimi etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada; tarımsal faaliyetlerin gerçekleştirilmesinde kullanılan temel girdilerinden enerji ve gübrenin, sera gazı emisyonlarına etkisinin ortaya konulması; paradoks olan küçük ölçekli çiftlik sisteminin dönüşmesine neden olan iklim değişikliğinin etkisinin azaltılmasında, küçük ölçekli çiftçiliğin ekonomi politiğinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, 2000-2020 dönemi OECD veri seti (5 ülke) kullanılmıştır. Uluslararası rekabetin artması ile entansif tarımın yaygınlaşması, tarım-ekoloji arasındaki bağlantıyı koparmış; çiftçileri üretkenliğini artırmaya zorlamıştır. Bunu başaramayan özellikle küçük ölçekli çiftçiler, sistemin dışına itilmektedir. Bu bağlamda; doğal kaynaklar üzerindeki baskıyı ve tarım sektörünün iklim değişikliği üzerindeki etkisini azaltmak için küçük ölçekli çiftçilerin korunması ve desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Çalışmada tarımsal üretim ve iklim değişikliği ilişkisi çerçevesinde, küçük ölçekli çiftçiliğin sürdürülebilirliğinin önemi anlaşılmaktadır.

References

  • Ahmad, M., Zhao Z-Y, & Li, H. (2019). Revealing Stylized Empirical Interactions Among Const-ruction Sector, Urbanization, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissi-ons in China. Science of the Total Environment, 657.
  • Alcott, B. (2020). Jevons Paradoksu (Geri Sekme Etkisi - 27. Bölüm), Küçülme Yeni Bir Çağ İçin Kavram Dağarcığı, G. D’Alisa, F. Demaria ve G. Kallis, Çeviri: A.C. Sarı, B. Öktem, B. Gürden, Y. Kurtsal, Metis Yayınları, Mayıs 2020, s. 177-181, ISBN-13: 978-605-316-192-9.
  • Alavijeh, N. K., Salehnia,N., Salehnia, N., Koengkan, M. (2022). The Effect of Agricultural De-velopment on CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence From The Most Populous Developing Countires. Environment, Development and Sustainability. Springer.
  • Amate, J.I. & Molina, M.G., (2013). Sustainable de-Growth in Agriculture and Food: An Agro-Ecological Perspective on Spain’s Agri Food System (year 2000), Journal of Cleaner Pro-duction 38, 27-35.
  • Bonaiuti, M. (2020). Biyoiktisat (2. Bölüm), Küçülme Yeni Bir Çağ İçin Kavram Dağarcığı, G. D’Alisa, F. Demaria ve G. Kallis, Çeviri: A.C. Sarı, B. Öktem, B. Gürden, Y. Kurtsal, Me-tis Yayınları, Mayıs 2020, s. 48-51, ISBN-13: 978-605-316-192-9.
  • BP, (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2021/70th edition.
  • Chandio, A. A., Akram, W., Ozturk, I., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, F. (2021). Towards Long-Term Sus-tainable Environment: Does Agriculture and Renewable Energy Consumption Matter?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28.
  • Cohn, A. S., Newton, P., Gil, J. D. B., Kuhl, L., Samberg, L., Ricciardi, V., Manly, J.R., North-rop, S. (2017). Smallholder Agriculture and Climate Change, Annual Review of Environ-ment and Resources, 42, 347-275.
  • European Commission (EC), 2019.
  • Fageria, N, K. ve Baligar, V. C. (2005). Enhancing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants, Ad-vances in Agroeconomy, 88, 97-105.
  • FAO (2011). A Multiplication of Green Concepts in Agriculture: Building the Path Towards Wide Up-Scaling, (by Bockel, L., Tinlot, M. and Jonsson, M.), E-ISBN 978-92-5-106875-5.
  • FAO (2012). Greening The Economy with Agriculture, FAO/OECD Expert Meeting on Greening the Economy with Agriculture (GEA), Paris, France, 5-7 September 2011.
  • FAO (2016a). Energy, Agriculture and Climate Change Towards Energy-Smart Agriculture.
  • FAO (2016b). The State of Agriculture and Food: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Secu-rity.
  • Frost, C., Jayaram, K., Pais, G. (2023). What Climate-smart Agriculture Means for Smallholder Farmers, Mckinsey&Company, Agriculture Practice.
  • IEA(2019), Global Energy and CO2 Status Report, The Latest Report and Emissions in 2018.
  • IPCC (2022), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2022 Mitigation of Climate Change.
  • Gomiero, T., (2016). Soil degradation, land scarcity and food security: reviewing a complex chal-lenge. Sustainability 8 (3), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030281.
  • Gündüz, Z.Y. (2022). Yeni Şeyler Söylemek Lazım: “Ekonomik Büyüme” Fetişine Karşı “Kü-çülmek İyidir”. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 143, 10-17.
  • Kallis, G., Demaria, F., D'Alisia, G., (2015). Introduction: Degrowth. In: D'Alisia, G., Demaria, F., Kallis, G. (Eds.), Degrowth: a Vocabulary for a New Era (pp. 1-17). Routledge.
  • Khan, R., Alabsi, A. A. N., Muda, I. (2023). Comparing The Effects of Agricultural Instensifica-tion on CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption Developing ands Developed Countries. Frontiers in Environmental Sciences, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1065634
  • Motesharezadeh, B., Etesami, H., Bagheri-Novair, S., Amirmokri, H. (2017). Fertilizer Consump-tion Trend in Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189.
  • Nwanze, K. F. & Fan, S. (2016). Climate change and agriculture: Strengthening the role of small-holders, Global Food Policy Report , 2, 12-21. International Food Policy Research Institu-te (IFPRI)., http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896295827_02.
  • OECD (2023). Renewable energy (indicator). doi: 10.1787/aac7c3f1-en (Accessed on 07 June 2023).
  • Oxford Business Group (2019), https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/colombia/2019-report/economy/space-to-grow-a-number-of-developments-and-efforts-to-raise-financial-capacity-bode-well-for-sector-expansion-and-value-addition
  • Önal, N. E. (2012). Anadolu Tarımının 150 Yıllık Öyküsü. Yazılama Yayınevi:42, Türkiye Yazıla-rı:7, ISBN 978-605-5892-34-0, İstanbul.
  • Reza Anik, A., Rahman, S. ,Sarker, J.R (2020). Five Decades of Productivity and Efficiency Changes in World Agriculture (1969–2013). Agriculture , 10 (6), 200.
  • Scott, J. (2020). Devlet Gibi Görmek, Bazı Toplumsal Kalkınma Planlarının Başarısızlık Hikayele-ri. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları:220 (Çeviri: Ozan Karakaş). ISBN 9786057685476.
  • Sekovska, B. (2019). New Degrowth Idea and Its Significance for Agriculture, Economics Green Business, Sustainable Food Movement, Nature, Political Science, Agriculture Conference, Proceedings of The IAE Scientific Meetings, p. 68-86.
  • Stehle, S. & Schulz, R., (2015). Agricultural Insecticides Threaten Surface Waters at the Global Scale. PNAS 112 (18), 5750-5755.
  • Singh, A. & Tabatatai, H. (1993). Economic Crisis and Third World Agriculture. Cambridge Uni-versity Press.
  • TAGEM (2018). Gübre Sektör Politika Belgesi, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdür-lüğü.
  • Taylor, J. E. & Lybbert, T. J. (2015). Essentials of Development Economics (2nd eds.), University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt13x1gg1.
  • Talu, N. (2019). Avrupa Birliği İklim Politikaları, İklim Değişikliği Alanında Ortak Çabaların Des-teklenmesi Projesi (iklimİN).
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, (2021). BM Avrupa Ekonomik Komisyonu için Türkiye’nin Bilgilendirici Envanter Raporu (IIR). Rapor No.: AMD/AQAD, Teknik Rapor No: 2021001-1.
  • Turgut, E. & Gökten, Y.S. (2023). Jevons Paradoksu Hala Geçerli mi? Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomi-leri Örneği. Verimlilik Dergisi, Cilt / Volume 57 | Sayı / Issue 1 | 85-102.
  • Tunç, T. (2019). İklim Değişikliğinin Tarım Sektörü Üzerinden Olası Etkileri. N. Algan (Eds.) İnsanların Doğayla Kenetlenmesi - Kentte ve Doğal Alanda, Kutuplardan Ekvatora (pp.161-175), Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 632,
  • TÜİK (2022a). Sera Gazı Emisyon İstatistikleri, 1990-2020, Toplam sera gazı emisyonu 2020 yı-lında 523,9 Mt CO2 eşdeğeri oldu, Haber Bülteni, Yayın Tarihi: 30 Mart 2022, Sayı: 45862.
  • TÜİK(2022b), Tarım Alanları, 2001-2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1.
  • TÜİK (2008), Tarım İstatistikleri Sorularla Resmi İstatistikler Dizisi-5.
  • Vermeulen, S.J., Campbell, B.M. & Ingram, J.S.I. (2012). Climate Change and food Systems, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(1):195-222, DOI:10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608.
  • Waheed, R., Chang, D., Sarwar, S., Chen, W. (2018), Forest, Agriculture, Renewable Energy and CO2 Emission, Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.287
  • Yasmeen, R., Tao, R., Shah, W. U. H., Padda, I. U. H., Tang, C. (2022), The Nexus Between Carbon Emissions, Agriculture Production Efficiency, Research and Development, and Government Effectiveness: Evidence From Major Agriculture-Producing Countries. Envi-ronmental Science and Pollution Research, Springer. https://doi.org /10.1007/s11356-022-19431-4.
  • URL 1. FAO. Developing Sustainable Food Systems and Value Chains for Climate-Smart Agri-culture. Retrieved June 7, 2023 from https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module- b10-value-chains/chapter-b10-1/en/.
  • URL 2. Energy Act for Ukraine Foundation, Retrieved June 23, 2023, from https://www.energyactua.com/.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Economics, Green Economy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Uğur Coşkun 0000-0002-6357-607X

Tülin Tunç 0000-0003-2710-4777

Sevgi Tüzün Rad 0000-0003-0111-8417

Early Pub Date December 30, 2023
Publication Date December 30, 2023
Submission Date July 12, 2023
Acceptance Date August 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Coşkun, U., Tunç, T., & Tüzün Rad, S. (2023). İklim Değişikliğinin Küçük Ölçekli Çiftçilik Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 8(2), 283-301. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1326236