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Notes on biology and morphology of alfalfa weevil, Sitona humeralis Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 98 - 104, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.877438

Abstract

The adults of Sitona humeralis Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) cause serious damages by feeding on the leaf and shoot parts of the clover plant (Medicago sativa L.), and the larvae on the capillary root and nodocytes. This article was carried out in the clover fields and laboratory in Iğdır province in 2019-2020 in order to determine the morphology and biology of S. humeralis. In the studies, in order to determine the egg stages of S. humeralis, a 1-4 cm deep topsoil containing clover plants in 5 different parts of the field, a soil plant with a depth of 20 cm and a surface area of 20 x 20 cm to determine the larva, pupa and adult stages were taken with the root with a shovel and examined in the laboratory. As a result of the studies, it was determined that S. humeralis overwinters in egg, larva and adult stages. Female insects lay some of their eggs in October and November in the autumn, pause their egg laying with the decrease of the air temperature, and continue to lay eggs until the end of March and early May as the weather gets warmer. The eggs were laid on the soil surface in the root zone of the clover plant. While the larvae emerging from the eggs laid in early October are active in the soil until the beginning of November, they spend the winter without feeding until the end of March to the beginning of April as the weather gets colder, and the larvae that come out of the eggs laid in the late April-early May and enter the pupa stage in the late May-June. Natural deaths start in April-May in adults who spend the winter, a new generation of adults start to emerge from June and the emergence continues until mid-July. From August to mid-October, the new generation adults spend their rest in the soil around the plant roots. In the studies, it was understood that S. humeralis produce a generation a year.

References

  • [1] Davis, P. H. (1978). Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands (vol. 6). Edinburgh, SCT: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [2] Radovic, J., Sokolovic, D., & Markovic, J. (2009). Alfalfa-most important perennial forage legume in animal husbandry. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25(5-6), 465-475. doi.org/10.2298/BAH0906465R.
  • [3] Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. (2019). Ankara, TR: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
  • [4] Jackson, D. J. (1921). Bionomics of the weevils of the genus Sitones injurious to leguminous crops in Britain. Part I. Annals of Applied Biology, 7, 269-298. doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1920.tb05310.x.
  • [5] Danthanarayana, W. (1967). Host specificity of Sitona beetles. Nature, 213, 1153-1154.
  • [6] Plaut, H. N. (1976). On the biology and phenology of the preimaginal stages of Sitona limosus Rossi (Col. Curculionidae) in Israel. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 78, 381-386.
  • [7] El-Dessouki, S., & El-Awady, S. (1978). Studies on the development and bionomy of Sitona lividipes Fhs. (Col., Curculionidae). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 85,275-280. doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1978.tb04039.x.
  • [8] Aeeschlimann, J. P. (1984). Distribution, host plants and reproductive biology of the Sitona humeralis Stephens group of species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 98 (3): 298-309.
  • [9] Syrett, P. (1992). Feeding range of Sitona regensteinensis Hbst. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential agent for biological control of Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (broom) in New Zealand. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2, 261-265. doi.org/10.1080/09583159209355240.
  • [10] Skot, L., Timms E., & Mytton, L. R. (1994). The effect of toxin-producing Rhizobium strains, on larvae of Sitona flavescens feeding on legume roots and nodules. Plant and Soil, 163(1): 141-150.
  • [11] Murray, P. J., & Clement R. O. (1998). Investigations of the host feeding preferences of Sitona weevils found commonly on white clover (Trifolium repens) in the UK. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 71(1):73-79. Doi: 10.1007/BF02380571.
  • [12] Cantot, P. (2001). Influence de quelques Papilionacées sur la ponte et le développement larvaire de Sitona lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1065: 441-447.
  • [13] Aeschlimann, J. P. (1980). The Sitona (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) species occurring on Medicago and their natural enemies in the Mediterranean region. Entomophaga. 25, 139-153.
  • [14] Goldson, S. L., Frampton, E. R., Barratt, B. I. P., & Ferguson, C. M. (1984). The seasonal biology of Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an introduced pest of New Zealand lucerne. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 74, 249–259.
  • [15] Goldson, S. L., Bourdot, G. W., & Proffitt, J. R. (1987). A study of the effects of Sitona discoideus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larval feeding on the growth and development of lucerne (Medicago sativa). Journal of Applied Ecology, 24: 153-161.
  • [16] Dimitrov, D., Kontev, H., & Lecheva, I. (2006). Investigations on harmful and beneficial entomofauna in field peas under the conditions of Dobroudja region. Plant science, 43(5): 387-391.
  • [17] Dimitrov, D., Kontev, H., & Lecheva, I. (2008). Investigations on harmful and beneficial entomofauna in common spring vetch under the conditions of Dobroudja region. Plant science, 45(1): 11-15.
  • [18] Özbek, H. (1986). Erzurum’da yoncadaki böcek faunasının tespiti. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ziraat Dergisi, 17(1-4): 1-20.
  • [19] Kıvan, M., 1995. Tekirdağ ilinde baklagil yem bitkilerinde bulunan Sitona Gm. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) türleri, konukçuları ve yayılışları üzerine ön araştırmalar. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 19(4), 299-304.
  • [20] Tamer, A., Has, A., Aydemir, M., & Çalışkaner, S. (1997). Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde yemeklik baklagiller (mercimek, nohut, fasulye)'de görülen zararlı ve faydalı böcekler. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 38 (1-2), 65-90.
  • [21] Coşkuncu, K., & Gencer, N. (2010). Determination of the species of Curculionoidea superfamily on alfalfa fields (Medicago sativa L.) and their distribution in Bursa province of Turkey. Journal of Biological & Environmental Sciences, 4(12): 123-131.
  • [22] Kaya, K. (2018). Hatay ili yonca üretim alanlarında bulunan böcek faunasının tespiti ve bazı türlerin popülasyon yoğunlukları. Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(3): 352-359. Doi: 10.24925 / turjaf.v6i3.352-359.1747.
  • [23] Aeschlimann, J. P. (1975). A method for the extraction of Sitona (Col: Curculionidae) eggs from soil and occurrence of a Mymarid (Hym: Chalcidoidea) in the Mediterranean region. Entomophaga, 20(4): 405-408.
  • [24] Aeschlimann, J. P. (1979). Sampling methods and construction of life tables for Sitona humeralis populations (Col., Curculionidae) in Mediterranean climatic areas. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16: 405-415.
  • [25] Velázquez de Castro, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., & Outerelo, R. (2007). Systematics of Sitonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), with a hypothesis on the evolution of feeding habits. Systematic Entomology, 32: 312-331.
  • [26] Velázquez de Castro, A., Friedman, A. L. L., & Borovec, R., 2010. Sitonini of Israel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Israel Journal of Entomology, 40: 71–108.
  • [27] Lodos, N., Önder, F., Pehlivan, E. & Atalay, R. (1978). Ege ve Marmara bölgelerinin zararlı böcek faunasının tesbiti üzerinde çalışmalar [(Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera); Pentatomidae, Lygaeidae, Miridae (Heteroptera)]. Ankara: T. C. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
  • [28] Lodos, N., Önder, F., Pehlivan, E., & Atalay, R., 2003. Faunistic studies on Curculionidae (Coleoptera) of Western Black Sea, Central Anatolia and Mediterranean Regions of Turkey. İzmir: Meta Basım.
  • [29] Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Barrios, H., Borovec, R., Bouchard, P., Caldara, R., Colonnelli, E., Gültekin, L., Hlaváč, P., Korotyaev, B., Lyal, C. H. C., Machado, A., Meregalli, M., Pierotti, H., Ren, L., Sánchez-Ruiz, M., Sforzi, A., Silfverberg, H., Skuhrovec, J., Trýzna, M., Velázquez de Castro, A. J. & Yunakov, N. N. (2017). Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Retrieved from http://weevil.info/content/palaearctic-catalogue.
  • [30] Grigorov, S. P. (1972). Special entomology. Sofia, BU: Zemisdat.
  • [31] Pisarek, M. (2001). The effects of Sitona humeralis larvae on alfalfa Medicago sativa (L.) development. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 41: 52–56.
  • [32] Papadopoulou, S. (2013). Determination of ınsecticide application time in alfalfa crops against Sitona humeralis Stephens, based on its biology and ethology. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 27:2, 3665-3668. Doi: 10.5504 / BBEQ.2013.0014.

Notes on biology of alfalfa weevil, Sitona humeralis Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in alfalfa fields of Iğdır/Turkey province

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 98 - 104, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.877438

Abstract

Sitona humeralis Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)’in erginleri yonca bitkisinin (Medicago sativa L.) yaprak ve sürgün kısımlarında, larvaları ise kılcal kök ve nodozitelerde beslenerek ciddi zararlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu makalede, S. humeralis’in morfolojisi ve biyolojisini belirlemek amacıyla 2019-2020 yıllarında Iğdır ili yonca tarlaları ve laboratuvarda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmalarda, S. humeralis‘in yumurta dönemlerini belirlemek amacıyla, tarlanın 5 farklı yerinde içinde yonca bitkilerinin de bulunduğu 1-4 cm derinliğindeki yüzey toprağı, larva, pupa ve ergin dönemlerinin belirlenmesi için 20 cm derinliğinde ve 20 x 20 cm yüzey alanına sahip toprak bitki köküyle birlikte kürek yardımıyla alınmış ve laboratuvarda incelenmiştir. Çalışmalar sonucunda, S. humeralis kışı yumurta, larva ve ergin dönemlerinde geçirdiği belirlenmiştir. Dişi böcekler yumurtalarının bir kısmını sonbaharda ekim-kasım aylarında bırakmakta, hava sıcaklığının düşmesiyle birlikte yumurtlamaya ara vermekte havaların ısınmasıyla birlikte mart sonu ve mayıs ayı başlarına kadar yumurta bırakmaya devam etmektedir. Yumurtalar yonca bitkisinin kök bölgesine toprak yüzeyine bırakılmaktadır. Ekim ayı başlarında bırakılan yumurtalardan çıkan larvalar kasım ayı başlarına kadar toprak içerisinde aktifken, havaların soğumasıyla birlikte mart sonu nisan ayı başına kadar beslenmeden kışı geçirmekte ve nisan sonu-mayıs başlarında, ilkbaharda bırakılan yumurtalardan çıkan larvalar ise mayıs sonu-haziran ayında pupa dönemine girmektedir. Kışı geçiren erginlerde nisan-mayıs aylarında doğal ölümler başlamakta, haziran ayından itibaren yeni nesil erginler çıkmaya başlamakta ve çıkış temmuz ortalarına kadar devam etmektedir. Ağustos’tan ekim ortalarına kadar yeni nesil erginler bitki kökleri civarında toprak içerisinde dinlenerek geçirmektedir. Çalışmalarda S. humeralis’in yılda bir nesil verdikleri anlaşılmıştır.

References

  • [1] Davis, P. H. (1978). Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands (vol. 6). Edinburgh, SCT: Edinburgh University Press.
  • [2] Radovic, J., Sokolovic, D., & Markovic, J. (2009). Alfalfa-most important perennial forage legume in animal husbandry. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25(5-6), 465-475. doi.org/10.2298/BAH0906465R.
  • [3] Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. (2019). Ankara, TR: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
  • [4] Jackson, D. J. (1921). Bionomics of the weevils of the genus Sitones injurious to leguminous crops in Britain. Part I. Annals of Applied Biology, 7, 269-298. doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1920.tb05310.x.
  • [5] Danthanarayana, W. (1967). Host specificity of Sitona beetles. Nature, 213, 1153-1154.
  • [6] Plaut, H. N. (1976). On the biology and phenology of the preimaginal stages of Sitona limosus Rossi (Col. Curculionidae) in Israel. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 78, 381-386.
  • [7] El-Dessouki, S., & El-Awady, S. (1978). Studies on the development and bionomy of Sitona lividipes Fhs. (Col., Curculionidae). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 85,275-280. doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1978.tb04039.x.
  • [8] Aeeschlimann, J. P. (1984). Distribution, host plants and reproductive biology of the Sitona humeralis Stephens group of species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 98 (3): 298-309.
  • [9] Syrett, P. (1992). Feeding range of Sitona regensteinensis Hbst. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential agent for biological control of Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (broom) in New Zealand. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2, 261-265. doi.org/10.1080/09583159209355240.
  • [10] Skot, L., Timms E., & Mytton, L. R. (1994). The effect of toxin-producing Rhizobium strains, on larvae of Sitona flavescens feeding on legume roots and nodules. Plant and Soil, 163(1): 141-150.
  • [11] Murray, P. J., & Clement R. O. (1998). Investigations of the host feeding preferences of Sitona weevils found commonly on white clover (Trifolium repens) in the UK. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 71(1):73-79. Doi: 10.1007/BF02380571.
  • [12] Cantot, P. (2001). Influence de quelques Papilionacées sur la ponte et le développement larvaire de Sitona lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1065: 441-447.
  • [13] Aeschlimann, J. P. (1980). The Sitona (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) species occurring on Medicago and their natural enemies in the Mediterranean region. Entomophaga. 25, 139-153.
  • [14] Goldson, S. L., Frampton, E. R., Barratt, B. I. P., & Ferguson, C. M. (1984). The seasonal biology of Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an introduced pest of New Zealand lucerne. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 74, 249–259.
  • [15] Goldson, S. L., Bourdot, G. W., & Proffitt, J. R. (1987). A study of the effects of Sitona discoideus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larval feeding on the growth and development of lucerne (Medicago sativa). Journal of Applied Ecology, 24: 153-161.
  • [16] Dimitrov, D., Kontev, H., & Lecheva, I. (2006). Investigations on harmful and beneficial entomofauna in field peas under the conditions of Dobroudja region. Plant science, 43(5): 387-391.
  • [17] Dimitrov, D., Kontev, H., & Lecheva, I. (2008). Investigations on harmful and beneficial entomofauna in common spring vetch under the conditions of Dobroudja region. Plant science, 45(1): 11-15.
  • [18] Özbek, H. (1986). Erzurum’da yoncadaki böcek faunasının tespiti. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ziraat Dergisi, 17(1-4): 1-20.
  • [19] Kıvan, M., 1995. Tekirdağ ilinde baklagil yem bitkilerinde bulunan Sitona Gm. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) türleri, konukçuları ve yayılışları üzerine ön araştırmalar. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 19(4), 299-304.
  • [20] Tamer, A., Has, A., Aydemir, M., & Çalışkaner, S. (1997). Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde yemeklik baklagiller (mercimek, nohut, fasulye)'de görülen zararlı ve faydalı böcekler. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 38 (1-2), 65-90.
  • [21] Coşkuncu, K., & Gencer, N. (2010). Determination of the species of Curculionoidea superfamily on alfalfa fields (Medicago sativa L.) and their distribution in Bursa province of Turkey. Journal of Biological & Environmental Sciences, 4(12): 123-131.
  • [22] Kaya, K. (2018). Hatay ili yonca üretim alanlarında bulunan böcek faunasının tespiti ve bazı türlerin popülasyon yoğunlukları. Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(3): 352-359. Doi: 10.24925 / turjaf.v6i3.352-359.1747.
  • [23] Aeschlimann, J. P. (1975). A method for the extraction of Sitona (Col: Curculionidae) eggs from soil and occurrence of a Mymarid (Hym: Chalcidoidea) in the Mediterranean region. Entomophaga, 20(4): 405-408.
  • [24] Aeschlimann, J. P. (1979). Sampling methods and construction of life tables for Sitona humeralis populations (Col., Curculionidae) in Mediterranean climatic areas. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16: 405-415.
  • [25] Velázquez de Castro, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., & Outerelo, R. (2007). Systematics of Sitonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), with a hypothesis on the evolution of feeding habits. Systematic Entomology, 32: 312-331.
  • [26] Velázquez de Castro, A., Friedman, A. L. L., & Borovec, R., 2010. Sitonini of Israel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Israel Journal of Entomology, 40: 71–108.
  • [27] Lodos, N., Önder, F., Pehlivan, E. & Atalay, R. (1978). Ege ve Marmara bölgelerinin zararlı böcek faunasının tesbiti üzerinde çalışmalar [(Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera); Pentatomidae, Lygaeidae, Miridae (Heteroptera)]. Ankara: T. C. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
  • [28] Lodos, N., Önder, F., Pehlivan, E., & Atalay, R., 2003. Faunistic studies on Curculionidae (Coleoptera) of Western Black Sea, Central Anatolia and Mediterranean Regions of Turkey. İzmir: Meta Basım.
  • [29] Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Barrios, H., Borovec, R., Bouchard, P., Caldara, R., Colonnelli, E., Gültekin, L., Hlaváč, P., Korotyaev, B., Lyal, C. H. C., Machado, A., Meregalli, M., Pierotti, H., Ren, L., Sánchez-Ruiz, M., Sforzi, A., Silfverberg, H., Skuhrovec, J., Trýzna, M., Velázquez de Castro, A. J. & Yunakov, N. N. (2017). Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Retrieved from http://weevil.info/content/palaearctic-catalogue.
  • [30] Grigorov, S. P. (1972). Special entomology. Sofia, BU: Zemisdat.
  • [31] Pisarek, M. (2001). The effects of Sitona humeralis larvae on alfalfa Medicago sativa (L.) development. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 41: 52–56.
  • [32] Papadopoulou, S. (2013). Determination of ınsecticide application time in alfalfa crops against Sitona humeralis Stephens, based on its biology and ethology. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 27:2, 3665-3668. Doi: 10.5504 / BBEQ.2013.0014.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Conservation and Biodiversity
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Celalettin Gözüaçık 0000-0002-6543-7663

Neslihan Gültekin 0000-0002-0139-7391

Antonio Velázquez De Castro This is me 0000-0002-5357-4126

Publication Date April 15, 2021
Submission Date February 9, 2021
Acceptance Date March 10, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gözüaçık, C., Gültekin, N., & Velázquez De Castro, A. (2021). Notes on biology of alfalfa weevil, Sitona humeralis Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in alfalfa fields of Iğdır/Turkey province. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 14(1), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.877438

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