Research Article
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Investigation of Pyrolysis of Walnut Shells and Pyrolysis Oil Quality

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 435 - 444, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1235630

Abstract

The energy demand is increasing in parallel with the technological developments and population in the world. Fossil fuels are the main source for this demand. As a result of energy production from fossil fuels, natural environment is adversely affected. Furthermore, many countries depend on the fossil fuels for their energy need. Researchers have been interested in alternative energy sources such as solar, biomass, and wind. There are many studies for investigating pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Studies mainly focused on the chemical structure of pyrolysis oil from different feedstocks. In this study, producing pyrolysis oil from walnut shells using pyrolysis reactor, investigating pyrolysis oil properties while comparing it with fossil fuels to determine if the oil can be used in internal combustion engines are investigated. The effect of pyrolysis reaction temperature on pyrolysis oil yield is studied. The results indicates that pyrolysis oil can be produced from walnut shells, the reaction temperature is an important factor on pyrolysis oil yield and pyrolysis oil has complex nature compare to fossil fuels.

Supporting Institution

Bitlis Eren University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship ( BEBAP )

Project Number

BEBAP 2018.11

Thanks

This study is supported by Bitlis Eren University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship (BEBAP) with BEBAP 2018.11 project code. We would like to thank for their support.

References

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  • [6] K. Akubo, M. A. Nahil, and P.T Williams, “Pyrolysis-catalytic steam reforming of agricultural biomass wastes and biomass components for production of hydrogen/syngas”. Journal of the Energy Institute, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 1987-1996, 2018.
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  • [8] R. Maggi and B. Delmon, “A review of catalytic hydrotreating processes for the upgrading of liquids produced by flash pyrolysis,” in Hydrotreatment and Hydrocracking of Oil Fractions, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium/6th European Workshop, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 99–113
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  • [12] O. Onay, S. BEIS and O. M. Kockar, “Pyrolysis of Walnut Shell in a Well-Swept Fixed-Bed Reactor,” Energy Sources, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 771-782, 2004.
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  • [15] E. Gonel, R. Behcet, and F. ORAL, Energy production from lignocellulosic biomass wastes, 22nd Congress on Thermal Science and Technology, Kocaeli, 2019
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  • [17] T. Aysu, “Catalytic pyrolysis of Alcea pallida stems in a fixed-bed reactor for production of liquid bio-fuels”. Bioresource Technology, vol. 191, pp. 253-262, 2015
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  • [19] S. J. Kim, S. H. Jung, and J. S. Kim, “Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shells: influence of operation parameters on the bio-oil yield and the yield of phenol and phenolic compounds,” Bioresource technology, vol. 101, no. 23, pp. 9294-9300, 2010
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  • [24] F. Oral, N. Y. Çolak and D. Şimşek , "Küçük çaplı enerji üretiminde kullanılan bir dizel jeneratörde ek yakıt olarak atık motor yağı ve alkol kullanımının emisyon etkileri", Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 865-874, Oct. 2022, doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.811625
  • [25] Sigma Aldrich https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/ [Accessed: November 13, 2022].
  • [26] E. Apaydin-Varol, B. B. Uzun, E. Önal, and A. E. Pütün, “Synthetic fuel production from cottonseed: fast pyrolysis and a TGA/FT-IR/MS study,” Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, vol. 105, pp. 83-90, 2014
  • [27] National Library of Medicine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ [Accessed: December 13, 2022].
  • [28] X. Guo, S. Wang, Z. Guo, Q. Liu, Z. Luo, and K. Cen, “Pyrolysis characteristics of bio- oil fractions separated by molecular distillation,” Applied Energy, vol. 87, no. 9,pp. 2892-2898, 2010.
  • [29] C. Mohabeer, L. Abdelouahed, S. Marcotte, and B. Taouk, “Comparative analysis of pyrolytic liquid products of beech wood, flax shives and woody biomass components”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 127, pp. 269-277, 2017.
  • [30] S. C. Gad, “Petroleum Hydrocarbons,” in: Wexler, P.B.T.-E. of T. (Third E. (Ed.), Academic Press, Oxford, pp. 838–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00899-X, 2014
Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 435 - 444, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1235630

Abstract

Project Number

BEBAP 2018.11

References

  • [1] R. C. Saxena, D. K. Adhikari, and H. B. Goyal, “Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemical routes: a review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 167-178, 2009.
  • [2] R. Behcet, R. Yumrutaş, and H. Oktay, “Effects of fuels produced from fish and cooking oils on performance and emissions of a diesel engine”. Energy, vol. 71, pp. 645-655, 2014.
  • [3] B. D. Wahlen et al., “Biodiesel from microalgae, yeast, and bacteria: Engine performance and exhaust emissions,” Energy Fuels, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 220–228, 2013.
  • [4] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) https://www.epa.gov/rhc/biomass-heating-and-cooling-technologies. [Accessed: September 5, 2022].
  • [5] Z. Ji-Lu. “Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Yields and related properties and improvement of the pyrolysis system”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 80, no. ), pp. 30-35, 2007.
  • [6] K. Akubo, M. A. Nahil, and P.T Williams, “Pyrolysis-catalytic steam reforming of agricultural biomass wastes and biomass components for production of hydrogen/syngas”. Journal of the Energy Institute, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 1987-1996, 2018.
  • [7] H. Persson, and W. Yang, “Catalytic pyrolysis of demineralized lignocellulosic biomass”. Fuel, vol. 252, pp. 200-209, 2019
  • [8] R. Maggi and B. Delmon, “A review of catalytic hydrotreating processes for the upgrading of liquids produced by flash pyrolysis,” in Hydrotreatment and Hydrocracking of Oil Fractions, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium/6th European Workshop, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 99–113
  • [9] I. Demiral, N. G. Atilgan, and S. Şensöz, “Production of biofuel from soft shell of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)” Chemical Engineering Communications, vol. 196, no. (1-2), pp. 104-115, 2008.
  • [10] H. Yücedağ, & H. Durak, “Bio-oil and bio-char from lactuca scariola: significance of catalyst and temperature for assessing yield and quality of pyrolysis”. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1774-1787, 2022.
  • [11] A. Demirbaş, “Fuel Characteristics of Olive Husk and Walnut, Hazelnut, Sunflower, and Almond Shells,” Energy Sources, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 215-221, 2002
  • [12] O. Onay, S. BEIS and O. M. Kockar, “Pyrolysis of Walnut Shell in a Well-Swept Fixed-Bed Reactor,” Energy Sources, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 771-782, 2004.
  • [13] Turkish Statistical Institute (TUİK) https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ [Accessed: September 10, 2022].
  • [14] S.M. Şen, “Cevizin Besin Değeri ve Sağlıklı Beslenmedeki Önemi”. Bahçe vol. 46 (Special Edition 2): pp. 1–9, 2017.
  • [15] E. Gonel, R. Behcet, and F. ORAL, Energy production from lignocellulosic biomass wastes, 22nd Congress on Thermal Science and Technology, Kocaeli, 2019
  • [16] X. Guo, Z. Xu, X. Zheng, X. Jin, and J. Cai, “Understanding pyrolysis mechanisms of corn and cotton stalks via kinetics and thermodynamics,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 105521, 2022.
  • [17] T. Aysu, “Catalytic pyrolysis of Alcea pallida stems in a fixed-bed reactor for production of liquid bio-fuels”. Bioresource Technology, vol. 191, pp. 253-262, 2015
  • [18] B. B. Uzun, and G. Kanmaz, “Effect of operating parameters on bio-fuel production from waste furniture sawdust,” Waste Management & Research, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 361-367, 2013
  • [19] S. J. Kim, S. H. Jung, and J. S. Kim, “Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shells: influence of operation parameters on the bio-oil yield and the yield of phenol and phenolic compounds,” Bioresource technology, vol. 101, no. 23, pp. 9294-9300, 2010
  • [20] W. T. Tsai, M. K. Lee, and Y. M. Chang, “Fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Product yields and compositions,” Bioresource technology, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 22-28, 2007.
  • [21] B. M. Phan, L. T. Duong, V. D. Nguyen, T. B. Tran, M. H. Nguyen, L. H Nguyen, and L. C. Luu, “Evaluation of the production potential of bio-oil from Vietnamese biomass resources by fast pyrolysis”. Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 62, pp. 74-81, 2014.
  • [22] M. Bertero, G. de la Puente, and U. Sedran, “Fuels from bio-oils: Bio-oil production from different residual sources, characterization, and thermal conditioning,” Fuel, vol. 95, pp. 263-271, 2012
  • [23] T. Imam, and S. Capareda, “Characterization of bio-oil, syn-gas and bio-char from switchgrass pyrolysis at various temperatures,”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 93, pp. 170-177, 2012.
  • [24] F. Oral, N. Y. Çolak and D. Şimşek , "Küçük çaplı enerji üretiminde kullanılan bir dizel jeneratörde ek yakıt olarak atık motor yağı ve alkol kullanımının emisyon etkileri", Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 865-874, Oct. 2022, doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.811625
  • [25] Sigma Aldrich https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/ [Accessed: November 13, 2022].
  • [26] E. Apaydin-Varol, B. B. Uzun, E. Önal, and A. E. Pütün, “Synthetic fuel production from cottonseed: fast pyrolysis and a TGA/FT-IR/MS study,” Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, vol. 105, pp. 83-90, 2014
  • [27] National Library of Medicine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ [Accessed: December 13, 2022].
  • [28] X. Guo, S. Wang, Z. Guo, Q. Liu, Z. Luo, and K. Cen, “Pyrolysis characteristics of bio- oil fractions separated by molecular distillation,” Applied Energy, vol. 87, no. 9,pp. 2892-2898, 2010.
  • [29] C. Mohabeer, L. Abdelouahed, S. Marcotte, and B. Taouk, “Comparative analysis of pyrolytic liquid products of beech wood, flax shives and woody biomass components”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 127, pp. 269-277, 2017.
  • [30] S. C. Gad, “Petroleum Hydrocarbons,” in: Wexler, P.B.T.-E. of T. (Third E. (Ed.), Academic Press, Oxford, pp. 838–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00899-X, 2014
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Faruk Oral 0000-0002-4114-0785

Rasim Behcet 0000-0002-6897-3066

Emre Gönel 0000-0003-0604-1439

Project Number BEBAP 2018.11
Early Pub Date June 27, 2023
Publication Date June 27, 2023
Submission Date January 16, 2023
Acceptance Date April 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

IEEE F. Oral, R. Behcet, and E. Gönel, “Investigation of Pyrolysis of Walnut Shells and Pyrolysis Oil Quality”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 435–444, 2023, doi: 10.17798/bitlisfen.1235630.

Bitlis Eren University
Journal of Science Editor
Bitlis Eren University Graduate Institute
Bes Minare Mah. Ahmet Eren Bulvari, Merkez Kampus, 13000 BITLIS