Research Article
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Analyses of Heavy Metals in Sea Sediments from the Izmir Karaburun Region

Year 2022, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 87 - 100, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.55205/joctensa.11202238

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine heavy metal pollution in the Izmir Karaburun region of Turkey by analyzing the marine sediments within the Izmir Karaburun peninsula. Sediment samples were taken using a drilling method from six different regions on the peninsula and analyzed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The percentage of the elements in the samples that matched the standard elements described in the device were determined. The results showed that potassium (K) with a 97% matching percentage and iron (Fe) with a 94% matching percentage was intensive in six different regions. In the first, fourth, and sixth regions, silver (Ag), which is a frequent heavy metal, was found at a high incidence of 50% as regards that in other regions. The results of these analyses were parallel to each other in six different regions in the Izmir Karaburun peninsula, and amount of possibly toxic heavy metals were found. When the LIBS conclusions were compared with the conclusion found in the literature, the existence of some elements, such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), which are known to be toxic elements and a danger to human health, were found in only trace amount; as a consequence, we supposed that there is no heavy metal pollution that could pose a hazard to human health and marine ecosystems within that region.

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required for the study.

Supporting Institution

Yıldız Technical University Scientific Research Projects Coordinator.

Project Number

#FYL-2020-3971

References

  • Abbas Q., Israr M.A., Haq S.U., Nadeem A., (2021). Exploiting calibration free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) for the analysis of food colors. Optik, 236, 166531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166531
  • Bengtson, A. (2017). Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy compared with conventional plasma optical emission techniques for the analysis of metals–A review of applications and analytical performance. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 134, 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2017.05.006
  • Bliefert C.,(2004). Umweltchemie. Auflage, Wiley-UCH.
  • Castle, B. C., Talabardon, K., Smith, B. W., & Winefordner, J. D. (1998). Variables influencing the precision of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements. Applied Spectroscopy, 52(5), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944300
  • Duffus, J. (2002). "Heavy metals" a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5), 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050793
  • El Nemr, A., El-Said, G. F., Khaled, A., & Ragab, S. (2016). Distribution and ecological risk assessment of some heavy metals in coastal surface sediments along the Red Sea, Egypt. International Journal of Sediment Research, 31(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2014.10.001
  • Fogarassy E. , Geoghegan D. , Stuke M. , (1996). Laser Ablation, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-13249-X
  • Hussain, T., ve Gondal, M. A., (2008). Monitoring and Assessment of Toxic Metals in Gulf War Oil Spill Contaminated Soil Using Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscop, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 136(1-3), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9694-2
  • Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
  • Jiang, L., Sui, M., Fan, Y., Su, H., Xue, Y., & Zhong, S. (2021). Micro-gas column assisted laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (MGC-LIBS): A metal elements detection method for bulk water in-situ analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 177, 106065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2021.106065
  • Kam, E. & Önce, M. (2016). Pollution potential of heavy metals in the current sea sediments between Bandirma (Balikesir) and Lapseki (Çanakkale) in the Marmara Sea. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, 1(3), 141-148.
  • https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.297619
  • Kontas, A., Uluturhan, E., Alyuruk, H., Darilmaz, E., Bilgin, M., & Altay, O. (2020). Metal contamination in surficial sediments of Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea): spatial distribution, source identification and ecological risk assessment. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40, 101487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101487.
  • Lee, Y., Oh, S. W., & Han, S. H. (2012). Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of heavy metal ions at the sub-parts per million level in water. Applied spectroscopy, 66(12), 1385-1396. https://doi.org/10.1366/12-06639R
  • N'guessan, Y. M., Probst, J. L., Bur, T., & Probst, A. (2009). Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, SW France): where do they come from?. Science of the total environment, 407(8), 2939-2952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.047
  • Özbolat, G., & Abdullah, T. U. L. İ. (2016). Ağır metal toksisitesinin insan sağlığına etkileri. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 25(4), 502-521. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253562
  • Pasquini, C., Cortez, J., Silva, L., & Gonzaga, F. B. (2007). Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18(3), 463-512. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac303220r
  • Peralta, E., Pérez, G., Ojeda, G., Alcañiz, J. M., Valiente, M., López-Mesas, M., & Sánchez-Martín, M. J. (2020). Heavy metal availability assessment using portable X-ray fluorescence and single extraction procedures on former vineyard polluted soils. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138670
  • Rusak, D. A., Castle, B. C., Smith, B. W., & Winefordner, J. D. (1997). Fundamentals and applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 27(4), 257-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408349708050587
  • Schechter, I. (1997). Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy: Α Review of Recent Advances. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 16(3), 173-298. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVAC.1997.16.3.173
  • Song, K., Lee, Y. I., & Sneddon, J. (1997). Applications of laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 32(3), 183-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704929708003314
  • Turner, A., & Taylor, A. (2018). On site determination of trace metals in estuarine sediments by field-portable-XRF. Talanta, 190, 498-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.024
  • Yümün, Z. Ü. (2017). The effect of heavy metal pollution on foraminifera in the Western Marmara Sea (Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 129, 346-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.01.023
  • Yümün, Z. Ü., & Önce, M. (2017). Monitoring heavy metal pollution in foraminifera from the Gulf of Edremit (northeastern Aegean Sea) between Izmir, Balıkesir and Çanakkale (Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 130, 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.03.015
  • Yumun, Z. U., & Kam, E. (2019). Ecological analysis of heavy metal and radioactivity potential of Holocene sediments in Iznik Lake. Nukleonika, 64, 103-09. https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2019-0013
  • Yümün, Z. Ü., Kam, E. & Melike, Ö. N. C. E. (2019). Analysis of Toxic Element with Icp-Oes and Libs Methods in Marine Sediments Around the Sea of Marmara in Kapidağ Peninsula. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.567378

İzmir Karaburun Bölgesinden Alınan Deniz Sedimentlerinin Ağır Metal Analizi

Year 2022, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 87 - 100, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.55205/joctensa.11202238

Abstract

Bu çalışmada İzmir Karaburun bölgesindeki deniz sedimentleri analiz edilerek bölgedeki ağır metal kirliliğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sediment örnekleri sondaj yöntemi kullanılarak altı farklı bölgeden alınmış ve lazer indüklenmiş plazma spektroskopi (LIBS) yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Cihazda önceden kalibre edilmiş tanımlı elementler ile analiz sonucunda tespit edilen element yüzdeleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma sonucunda %97 eşleşme oranıyla potasyum (K) elementi ve %97 eşleşme oranıyla demir (Fe) elementinin altı farklı bölgede de yoğun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu elementlerin yanı sıra birinci, dördüncü ve altıncı bölgelerde, yaygın ağır metaller olarak karşımıza çıkan gümüş (Ag) elementi diğer bölgelere göre %50 gibi yüksek bir oranda tespit edilmiştir. Altı farklı bölgede de tespit edilen elementler birbiriyle benzerlik göstermiş olup, her bölgede bu ağır metallere eser miktarlarda rastlanmıştır. Yapılan LIBS analizi sonucunda tespit edilen veriler literatür ile karşılaştırıldığında, toksik element oldukları bilinen ve insan sağlığı açısından tehlikeli olarak adlandırılan civa(Hg), kurşun(Pb) ve arsenik(As) gibi ağır metallerin tespit edilmediği yada eser miktarlarda tespit edildiği görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlara göre bölgede insan sağlığına ve deniz ekosistemine tehlike oluşturabilecek bir ağır metal kirliliğine rastlanmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Project Number

#FYL-2020-3971

References

  • Abbas Q., Israr M.A., Haq S.U., Nadeem A., (2021). Exploiting calibration free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) for the analysis of food colors. Optik, 236, 166531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166531
  • Bengtson, A. (2017). Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy compared with conventional plasma optical emission techniques for the analysis of metals–A review of applications and analytical performance. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 134, 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2017.05.006
  • Bliefert C.,(2004). Umweltchemie. Auflage, Wiley-UCH.
  • Castle, B. C., Talabardon, K., Smith, B. W., & Winefordner, J. D. (1998). Variables influencing the precision of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements. Applied Spectroscopy, 52(5), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944300
  • Duffus, J. (2002). "Heavy metals" a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5), 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050793
  • El Nemr, A., El-Said, G. F., Khaled, A., & Ragab, S. (2016). Distribution and ecological risk assessment of some heavy metals in coastal surface sediments along the Red Sea, Egypt. International Journal of Sediment Research, 31(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2014.10.001
  • Fogarassy E. , Geoghegan D. , Stuke M. , (1996). Laser Ablation, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-13249-X
  • Hussain, T., ve Gondal, M. A., (2008). Monitoring and Assessment of Toxic Metals in Gulf War Oil Spill Contaminated Soil Using Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscop, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 136(1-3), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9694-2
  • Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
  • Jiang, L., Sui, M., Fan, Y., Su, H., Xue, Y., & Zhong, S. (2021). Micro-gas column assisted laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (MGC-LIBS): A metal elements detection method for bulk water in-situ analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 177, 106065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2021.106065
  • Kam, E. & Önce, M. (2016). Pollution potential of heavy metals in the current sea sediments between Bandirma (Balikesir) and Lapseki (Çanakkale) in the Marmara Sea. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, 1(3), 141-148.
  • https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.297619
  • Kontas, A., Uluturhan, E., Alyuruk, H., Darilmaz, E., Bilgin, M., & Altay, O. (2020). Metal contamination in surficial sediments of Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea): spatial distribution, source identification and ecological risk assessment. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40, 101487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101487.
  • Lee, Y., Oh, S. W., & Han, S. H. (2012). Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of heavy metal ions at the sub-parts per million level in water. Applied spectroscopy, 66(12), 1385-1396. https://doi.org/10.1366/12-06639R
  • N'guessan, Y. M., Probst, J. L., Bur, T., & Probst, A. (2009). Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, SW France): where do they come from?. Science of the total environment, 407(8), 2939-2952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.047
  • Özbolat, G., & Abdullah, T. U. L. İ. (2016). Ağır metal toksisitesinin insan sağlığına etkileri. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 25(4), 502-521. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253562
  • Pasquini, C., Cortez, J., Silva, L., & Gonzaga, F. B. (2007). Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18(3), 463-512. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac303220r
  • Peralta, E., Pérez, G., Ojeda, G., Alcañiz, J. M., Valiente, M., López-Mesas, M., & Sánchez-Martín, M. J. (2020). Heavy metal availability assessment using portable X-ray fluorescence and single extraction procedures on former vineyard polluted soils. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 138670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138670
  • Rusak, D. A., Castle, B. C., Smith, B. W., & Winefordner, J. D. (1997). Fundamentals and applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 27(4), 257-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408349708050587
  • Schechter, I. (1997). Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy: Α Review of Recent Advances. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 16(3), 173-298. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVAC.1997.16.3.173
  • Song, K., Lee, Y. I., & Sneddon, J. (1997). Applications of laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 32(3), 183-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704929708003314
  • Turner, A., & Taylor, A. (2018). On site determination of trace metals in estuarine sediments by field-portable-XRF. Talanta, 190, 498-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.024
  • Yümün, Z. Ü. (2017). The effect of heavy metal pollution on foraminifera in the Western Marmara Sea (Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 129, 346-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.01.023
  • Yümün, Z. Ü., & Önce, M. (2017). Monitoring heavy metal pollution in foraminifera from the Gulf of Edremit (northeastern Aegean Sea) between Izmir, Balıkesir and Çanakkale (Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 130, 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.03.015
  • Yumun, Z. U., & Kam, E. (2019). Ecological analysis of heavy metal and radioactivity potential of Holocene sediments in Iznik Lake. Nukleonika, 64, 103-09. https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2019-0013
  • Yümün, Z. Ü., Kam, E. & Melike, Ö. N. C. E. (2019). Analysis of Toxic Element with Icp-Oes and Libs Methods in Marine Sediments Around the Sea of Marmara in Kapidağ Peninsula. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.567378
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Erol Kam 0000-0001-5850-5464

Merve Çakar 0000-0002-8300-8643

Zeki Ünal Yümün 0000-0003-0658-0416

Project Number #FYL-2020-3971
Publication Date March 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kam, E., Çakar, M., & Yümün, Z. Ü. (2022). Analyses of Heavy Metals in Sea Sediments from the Izmir Karaburun Region. Cihannüma Teknoloji Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Akademi Dergisi, 1(1), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.55205/joctensa.11202238