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Focusing on the Past, Present, and Future: Psychometric Properties of the Temporal Focus Scale in Turkish Culture

Year 2021, Issue: 52, 44 - 57, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.812331

Abstract

Temporal Focus Scale (TFS) is developed by Shipp, Edwards, and Lambert (2009) to explain how thinking past experiences, living in present and future prospects affect people’s lives. The aim of this study to adapt TFS for the Turkish emerging adults (n=330). The validity and reliability of the TFS was evaluated with several methods. Correlation coefficients with Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Satisfaction with Life Scale are used to measure discriminant and concurrent validity of TFS scale. Confirmatory factor analysis, goodness of fit indexes, and the internal consistency coefficients calculation for the subscales (past, current, and future) were found to be sufficient, the three-factor model was confirmed, and concurrent and discriminant validity analyses supports the TFS’s adaptability into Turkish culture and language. The implication of this study in the counseling and education field is discussed.

References

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Geçmişe, Bugüne ve Geleceğe Odaklanmak: Zaman Odağı Ölçeğinin Türk Kültüründeki Psikometrik Özellikleri

Year 2021, Issue: 52, 44 - 57, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.812331

Abstract

Zaman Odağı Ölçeği (TFS), Shipp, Edwards ve Lambert (2009) tarafından geçmiş deneyimleri düşünmenin, şimdiki zamanda yaşamanın ve gelecekteki olasılıkların insanların yaşamlarını nasıl etkilediğini açıklamak için geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, TFS'yi Türk yetişkinler (n = 330) için uyarlamaktır. TFS ölçeğinin ayırt edici ve eşzamanlı geçerliliğini ölçmek için Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği, ve Yaşamdan Memnuniyeti Ölçeği ile korelasyon katsayıları kullanılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, uyum iyiliği indeksleri ve alt ölçekler için (geçmiş, şimdiki ve gelecek) iç tutarlılık katsayıları hesaplaması yeterli bulunmuş, üç faktörlü model doğrulanmıştır. Eşzamanlı ve ayırt edici geçerlilik analizleri, TFS'nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanabilirliğini desteklemektedir. Bu çalışmanın eğitim ve psikolojik danışmanlık alanına katkıları tartışılmıştır.

References

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  • Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 1-26.
  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230-241.
  • Bluedorn, A. C., & Denhardt, R. B. (1988). Time and organizations. Journal of management, 14(2), 299-320.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The Benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (84), 822-848.
  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry (18(4), 211-237.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (multivariate applications series). New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 396, 7384.
  • Carr, A. (2016). Positive Psychology. (Ü. Şendilik Trans.). İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Cengiz, R., Serdar, E., & Konuk, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilinçli farkındalık ve girişimcilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Examining the conscious awareness and entrepreneurship levels of university students]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2 (4), 1320-1328.
  • Cherrington, A. (2015). A Hopeful Participatory Engagement with Rural South African Children. Educational Research for Social Change (ERSC), 4(1): 40-54.
  • Chishima, Y., McKay, M. T., & Murakami, T. (2017). The reliability and validity of the Temporal Focus Scale in young Japanese adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 230-235.
  • Chishima, Y., Murakami, T., Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2019). The Japanese Version of the Adolescent Time Inventory–Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) Scale: Internal Consistency, Structural Validity, and Convergent Validity. Assessment, 26(2), 181-192.
  • Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness interventions. Annual review of psychology, 68, 491-516. Deng, Y. Q., Li, S., Tang, Y. Y., Zhu, L. H., Ryan, R., & Brown, K. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). Mindfulness, 3(1), 10-14.
  • Deniz, M. E. & Işik, E. (2010). Positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and coping with stress by attachment styles in Turkish students. Psychological reports, 107(2), 480-490.
  • Deniz, M. E., Erus, S. M., & Büyükcebeci, A. (2017). Bilinçli farkındalık ile psikolojik iyi oluş ilişkisinde duygusal zekanın aracılık rolü [The mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi [Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal], 7 (47), 10-22.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,49,71-75.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276.
  • Ender, Z., Sarıcalı, M., Satıcı, S. A., & Eraslan-Çapan, B. (2019). Is mindful awareness effective on hope, burnout and self-efficacy among school counsellors in Turkey?. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 47(6), 712-726.
  • Fried, Y. & Slowik, L. H. (2004). Enriching goal-setting theory with time: An integrated approach. Academy of management Review, 29(3), 404-422.
  • Gardner, D. G., Dunham, R. B., Cummings, L. L., & Pierce, J. L. (1987). Employee focus of attention and reactions to organizational change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 23(3), 351–370.
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Positive and negative emotion scale: Validity and reliability study]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 15(46), 19-26.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness. Insight Journal, 22(3), 24-29.
  • Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical psychology review, 37, 1-12.
  • Harber, K. D., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2003). Participant self-selection biases as a function of individual differences in time perspective. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 255-264.
  • Holman, E. A. ve Silver, R. C. (1998). Getting" stuck" in the past: temporal orientation and coping with trauma. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1146.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic journal of business research methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Işıkay, M. S. (2019). Aile danışmanlığında bilişsel davranışçı psikoterapi uygulamalarının ergenlerin sınav kaygısı ve iyi oluş düzeylerine etkisine yönelik deneysel bir çalışma [An experimental study on the effects of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy practices on adolescents' exam anxiety and well-being levels in family counseling]. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Retrieved from YÖK National Thesis Center database. (Thesis no: 582539).
  • Ivtzan, I., Young, T., Martman, J., Jeffrey, A., Lomas, T., Hart, R., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2016). Integrating mindfulness into positive psychology: A randomised controlled trial of an online positive mindfulness program. Mindfulness, 7(6), 1396-1407.
  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK.
  • Kabat‐Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 10(2), 144-156.
  • Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and applied social psychology, 21(2), 149-164.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007.
  • Kocaman, E. N. (2019). Bir grup yetişkinde umut ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between hope and psychological well-being in a group of adults in terms of different variables]. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Retrieved from YÖK National Thesis Center database. (Thesis no: 541377).
  • Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 4-41.
  • Langer, E. J., & Ngnoumen, C. T. (2017). Mindfulness. In Positive Psychology (pp. 95-111). Routledge.
  • McGrath, J. E., & Rotchford, N. L. (1983). Time and behavior in organizations. Research in organizational behavior.
  • McKay, M. T., Percy, A., Goudie, A. J., Sumnall, H. R., & Cole, J. C. (2012). The Temporal Focus Scale: Factor structure and association with alcohol use in a sample of Northern Irish school children. Journal of A dolescence, 35(5), 1361–1368.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.006.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Muyskens, J. L. (1979). The sufficiency of hope: The conceptual foundations of religion. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
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There are 77 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ümüt Arslan 0000-0002-3611-9607

Burcu Bayraktar 0000-0003-4461-4269

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 52

Cite

APA Arslan, Ü., & Bayraktar, B. (2021). Focusing on the Past, Present, and Future: Psychometric Properties of the Temporal Focus Scale in Turkish Culture. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(52), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.812331