Research Article
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Plot-Scale Effects of Ground-Based Skidding on Runoff and Soil Loss in Relation to Slopes and Leaf-On and Leaf-Off Periods in the Mixed Broadleaf Forests

Year 2019, , 83 - 91, 21.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.591851

Abstract

Soil compaction and loss of surface
litter from skid trails reduced the water absorption capacity in mineral soils,
which reduced water infiltration and increased runoff, which then caused
surface erosion. We hypothesized that ground-based skidding, different slope
angle classes (0–20% and 20–40%), and forest canopy cover (leaf-on and leaf-off
period) would be significantly effect on runoff and sediment loss. In order to
measure the total runoff and the sediment loss, quadruplicate bounded runoff
plot (2 m2) was established on the skidding and the control sites,
and two different slope angle classes on each site (totally 16 runoff plots
with 20 rainfall events) in the Gorazbon district in Hyrcanian deciduous
forests following Timberjack 450C skidding operations (32 machine passes) over
one-year. The natural rainfalls were measured due to get more useful data. The
skidding and the leaf-on and leaf-off period had statistically significant
effects on runoff and sediments (P < 0.05). There was a statistically
significant difference between runoff and sediment loss in different leaf-on
and leaf-off periods, with leaf-off period having the highest sediment loss,
while the leaf-on period had the least. The slope angle classes and its
interactions had no significant effect on runoff and sediment loss. The highest
runoff of just over 1.6 mm was from a skid trail with a 20–40% slope in the
leaf-off period, and the highest sediment production was 6.95 g in the skid
trail with a 20–40% slope in the leaf-off period. In the Hyrcanian deciduous
forest, fallen leaves (leaf-off period) were coincided with the highest and
most erosive rainfall, which resulted in an increase in runoff and sediment
yield.

Supporting Institution

University of Tehran

Project Number

28514

References

  • Brown, A.E., Zhang, L., McMahon, T.A., Western, A.W., Vertessy, R.A., 2005. A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation. Journal of Hydrology, 310: 28–61.
  • Cambi, M., Certini, G., Neri, F., Marchi, E., 2015. The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: A review. Forest Ecology and Management, 338: 124–138.
  • Cristan, R., Aust, W.M., Bolding, M.C., Barrett, S.M., Munsell, J.F., Schilling, E., 2016. Effectiveness of forestry best management practices in the United States: Literature review. Forest Ecology and Management, 360: 133–151.
  • Defersha, M.B., Melesse, A.M., 2012. Effect of rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture content on sediment concentration and sediment enrichment ratio. Catena, 90: 47–52.
  • Dung, B.X., Gomi, T., Miyata, S., Sidle, R.C., Kosugi, K., Onda, Y., 2012. Runoff responses to forest thinning at plot and catchment scales in a headwater catchment draining Japanese cypress forest. Journal of Hydrology, 444-445: 51–62.
  • Ekwue, E.I., Harrilal, A., 2010. Effect of soil type, peat, slope, compaction effort and their interactions on infiltration, runoff and raindrop erosion of some Trinidadian soils. Biosystems Engineering, 105: 112–118.
  • El Kateb, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, P., Mosandl, R., 2013. Soil erosion and surface runoff on different vegetation covers and slope gradients: a field experiment in Southern Shaanxi Province, China. Catena, 105: 1–10.
  • Fang, H., Sun, L., Tang, Z., 2015. Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff, soil erosion and rill development: An experimental study using two loess soils. Hydrological Processes, 29: 2649–2658.
  • Forsyth, A.R., Bubb, K.A., Cox, M.E., 2006. Runoff, sediment loss and water quality from forest roads in a southeast Queensland coastal plain Pinus plantation. Forest Ecology and Management, 221: 194–206.
  • Fu, S., Liu, B., Liu, H., Xu, L., 2011. The effect of slope on interrill erosion at short slopes. Catena, 84: 29–34.
  • Grace, J.M., Skaggs, R.W., Cassel, D.K., 2006. Soil Physical Changes Associated with Forest Harvesting Operations on an Organic. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70: 503–509.
  • Greacen, E.L., Sands, R., 1980. Compaction of Forest Soil, a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 18: 163–189.
  • Grushecky, S.T., Spong, B.D., McGill, D.W., Edwards, J.W., 2009. Reducing sediments from skid roads in West Virginia using fiber mats. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 26(3): 118–121.
  • Hartanto, H., Prabhu, R., Widayat, S.E., Asdak, C., 2003. Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 180: 361–374.
  • Holz, D.J., Williard, K.W.J., Edwards, P.J., Schoonover, J.E., 2015. Soil Erosion in Humid Regions: a review. Journal of Contemporary Water Research Education, 154: 48–59.
  • Ide, J., Finér, L., Laurén, A., Piirainen, S., Launiainen, S., 2013. Effects of clear-cutting on annual and seasonal runoff from a boreal forest catchment in eastern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 304: 482–491.
  • Jourgholami, M., Soltanpour, S., Etehadi Abari, M., Zenner, E.K., 2014a. Influence of slope on physical soil disturbance due to farm tractor forwarding in a Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran. iForest, 7: 342–348.
  • Jourgholami, M., Etehadi Abari, M., 2017a. Effectiveness of sawdust and straw mulching on postharvest runoff and soil erosion of a skid trail in a mixed forest. Ecological Engineering, 109: 1–9.
  • Jourgholami, M., Etehadi Abari, M., 2017b. Log Damage and Value Loss Following Motor-manual Tree Harvesting in the Hyrcanian Forest, Northern Iran. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 3(1): 35–43.
  • Jourgholami, M., Fathi, K., Labelle, E.R., 2018a. Effects of foliage and traffic intensity on runoff and sediment in skid trails after trafficking in a deciduous forest. European Journal of Forest Research, 137: 223–235.
  • Jourgholami, M., Khajavi, S., Labelle, E.R., 2018b. Mulching and water diversion structures on skid trails: Response of soil physical properties six years after harvesting. Ecological Engineering, 123: 1–9.
  • Jourgholami, M., Labelle, E.R., Feghhi, J., 2019a. Efficacy of leaf litter mulch to mitigate runoff and sediment yield following mechanized operations in the Hyrcanian mixed forests. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19: 2076–2088.
  • Jourgholami, M., Ghassemi, T., Labelle, E.R., 2019b. Soil physio-chemical and biological indicators to evaluate the restoration of compacted soil following reforestation. Ecological Indicators, 101: 102–110.
  • Liu, D., She, D., Yu, S., Shao, G., Chen, D., 2015. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient effects on sediment losses and splash from a saline–sodic soil under coastal reclamation. Catena, 128: 54–62.
  • MacDonald, L.H., Stednick, J.D., 2003. Forests and Water: A State of the Art Review for Colorado. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. pp 65.
  • Majnounian, B., Jourgholami, M., 2013. Effects of rubber-tired cable skidder on soil compaction in Hyrcanian Forest. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 34(1): 123–135.
  • Moore, R.D., Wondzell, S.M., 2005. Physical Hydrology and the Effects of Forest Harvesting in the Pacific Northwest: A Review. Journal of American Water Resource Association, 41(4): 763–784.
  • Prats, S.A., Wagenbrenner, J., Martins, M.A.S., Malvar, M.C., Keizer, J.J., 2016a. Hydrologic implications of post-fire mulching across different spatial scales. Land Degradation and Development, 27: 1440–1452.
  • Prats, S.A., Wagenbrenner, J., Malvar, M.C., Martins, M.A.S., Keizer, J.J., 2016b. Mid-term and scaling effects of forest residue mulching on post-fire runoff and soil erosion. Science of Total Environment, 573: 1242–1254.
  • Sensoy, H., Kara, O., 2014. Slope shape effect on runoff and soil erosion under natural rainfall conditions. iForest, 7: 110–114.
  • Sosa-Pérez, G., MacDonald, L.H., 2017a. Effects of closed roads, traffic, and road decommissioning on infiltration and sediment production: A comparative study using rainfall simulations. Catena, 159: 93–105.
  • Sosa-Pérez, G., MacDonald, L.H., 2017b. Reductions in road sediment production and road-stream connectivity from two decommissioning treatments. Forest Ecology and Management, 398: 116–129.
  • Stednick, J.D., 1996. Monitoring the effects of timber harvest on annual water yield. Journal of Hydrology, 176: 79–95.
  • Stuart, G.W., Edwards, P.J., 2006. Concepts about forests and water. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 23: 11–19.
  • Talebi, K.S., Sajedi, T., Pourhashemi, M., 2014. Forests of Iran: a treasure from the past, a hope for the future. Plant and Vegetation, 10, Springer. pp 152.
  • Wade, C.R., 2010. Evaluation of best management practices for bladed skid trail erosion control and determination of erosion model accuracy and applicability. Master's thesis. Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. pp 109.
  • Wade, C.R., Bolding, M.C., Aust, W.M., Lakel, W.A., 2012. Comparison of Five Erosion Control Techniques for Bladed Skid Trails in Virginia. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 36: 191–197.
  • Wagenbrenner, J.W., MacDonald, L.H., Coats, R.N., Robichaud, P.R., Brown, R.E., 2015. Effects of post-fire salvage logging and a skid trail treatment on ground cover, soils, and sediment production in the interior western United States. Forest Ecology and Management, 335: 176–193.
  • Wagenbrenner, J.W., Robichaud, P.R., 2014. Post-fire bedload sediment delivery across spatial scales in the interior western US. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39: 865–876.
  • Walkley, A., Black, C.A., 1934. An examination of wet digestion method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29–38.
  • Webb, A.A., Dragovich, D., Jamshidi, R., 2012. Temporary increases in suspended sediment yields following selective eucalypt forest harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management, 283: 96–105.
  • Wischmeier, W.H., Smith, D.D., 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses, a guide to conservation planning. USDA Agricultural Handbook 537, Washington, DC, pp 58.
Year 2019, , 83 - 91, 21.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.591851

Abstract

Project Number

28514

References

  • Brown, A.E., Zhang, L., McMahon, T.A., Western, A.W., Vertessy, R.A., 2005. A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation. Journal of Hydrology, 310: 28–61.
  • Cambi, M., Certini, G., Neri, F., Marchi, E., 2015. The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: A review. Forest Ecology and Management, 338: 124–138.
  • Cristan, R., Aust, W.M., Bolding, M.C., Barrett, S.M., Munsell, J.F., Schilling, E., 2016. Effectiveness of forestry best management practices in the United States: Literature review. Forest Ecology and Management, 360: 133–151.
  • Defersha, M.B., Melesse, A.M., 2012. Effect of rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture content on sediment concentration and sediment enrichment ratio. Catena, 90: 47–52.
  • Dung, B.X., Gomi, T., Miyata, S., Sidle, R.C., Kosugi, K., Onda, Y., 2012. Runoff responses to forest thinning at plot and catchment scales in a headwater catchment draining Japanese cypress forest. Journal of Hydrology, 444-445: 51–62.
  • Ekwue, E.I., Harrilal, A., 2010. Effect of soil type, peat, slope, compaction effort and their interactions on infiltration, runoff and raindrop erosion of some Trinidadian soils. Biosystems Engineering, 105: 112–118.
  • El Kateb, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, P., Mosandl, R., 2013. Soil erosion and surface runoff on different vegetation covers and slope gradients: a field experiment in Southern Shaanxi Province, China. Catena, 105: 1–10.
  • Fang, H., Sun, L., Tang, Z., 2015. Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff, soil erosion and rill development: An experimental study using two loess soils. Hydrological Processes, 29: 2649–2658.
  • Forsyth, A.R., Bubb, K.A., Cox, M.E., 2006. Runoff, sediment loss and water quality from forest roads in a southeast Queensland coastal plain Pinus plantation. Forest Ecology and Management, 221: 194–206.
  • Fu, S., Liu, B., Liu, H., Xu, L., 2011. The effect of slope on interrill erosion at short slopes. Catena, 84: 29–34.
  • Grace, J.M., Skaggs, R.W., Cassel, D.K., 2006. Soil Physical Changes Associated with Forest Harvesting Operations on an Organic. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70: 503–509.
  • Greacen, E.L., Sands, R., 1980. Compaction of Forest Soil, a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 18: 163–189.
  • Grushecky, S.T., Spong, B.D., McGill, D.W., Edwards, J.W., 2009. Reducing sediments from skid roads in West Virginia using fiber mats. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 26(3): 118–121.
  • Hartanto, H., Prabhu, R., Widayat, S.E., Asdak, C., 2003. Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 180: 361–374.
  • Holz, D.J., Williard, K.W.J., Edwards, P.J., Schoonover, J.E., 2015. Soil Erosion in Humid Regions: a review. Journal of Contemporary Water Research Education, 154: 48–59.
  • Ide, J., Finér, L., Laurén, A., Piirainen, S., Launiainen, S., 2013. Effects of clear-cutting on annual and seasonal runoff from a boreal forest catchment in eastern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 304: 482–491.
  • Jourgholami, M., Soltanpour, S., Etehadi Abari, M., Zenner, E.K., 2014a. Influence of slope on physical soil disturbance due to farm tractor forwarding in a Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran. iForest, 7: 342–348.
  • Jourgholami, M., Etehadi Abari, M., 2017a. Effectiveness of sawdust and straw mulching on postharvest runoff and soil erosion of a skid trail in a mixed forest. Ecological Engineering, 109: 1–9.
  • Jourgholami, M., Etehadi Abari, M., 2017b. Log Damage and Value Loss Following Motor-manual Tree Harvesting in the Hyrcanian Forest, Northern Iran. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 3(1): 35–43.
  • Jourgholami, M., Fathi, K., Labelle, E.R., 2018a. Effects of foliage and traffic intensity on runoff and sediment in skid trails after trafficking in a deciduous forest. European Journal of Forest Research, 137: 223–235.
  • Jourgholami, M., Khajavi, S., Labelle, E.R., 2018b. Mulching and water diversion structures on skid trails: Response of soil physical properties six years after harvesting. Ecological Engineering, 123: 1–9.
  • Jourgholami, M., Labelle, E.R., Feghhi, J., 2019a. Efficacy of leaf litter mulch to mitigate runoff and sediment yield following mechanized operations in the Hyrcanian mixed forests. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19: 2076–2088.
  • Jourgholami, M., Ghassemi, T., Labelle, E.R., 2019b. Soil physio-chemical and biological indicators to evaluate the restoration of compacted soil following reforestation. Ecological Indicators, 101: 102–110.
  • Liu, D., She, D., Yu, S., Shao, G., Chen, D., 2015. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient effects on sediment losses and splash from a saline–sodic soil under coastal reclamation. Catena, 128: 54–62.
  • MacDonald, L.H., Stednick, J.D., 2003. Forests and Water: A State of the Art Review for Colorado. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. pp 65.
  • Majnounian, B., Jourgholami, M., 2013. Effects of rubber-tired cable skidder on soil compaction in Hyrcanian Forest. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 34(1): 123–135.
  • Moore, R.D., Wondzell, S.M., 2005. Physical Hydrology and the Effects of Forest Harvesting in the Pacific Northwest: A Review. Journal of American Water Resource Association, 41(4): 763–784.
  • Prats, S.A., Wagenbrenner, J., Martins, M.A.S., Malvar, M.C., Keizer, J.J., 2016a. Hydrologic implications of post-fire mulching across different spatial scales. Land Degradation and Development, 27: 1440–1452.
  • Prats, S.A., Wagenbrenner, J., Malvar, M.C., Martins, M.A.S., Keizer, J.J., 2016b. Mid-term and scaling effects of forest residue mulching on post-fire runoff and soil erosion. Science of Total Environment, 573: 1242–1254.
  • Sensoy, H., Kara, O., 2014. Slope shape effect on runoff and soil erosion under natural rainfall conditions. iForest, 7: 110–114.
  • Sosa-Pérez, G., MacDonald, L.H., 2017a. Effects of closed roads, traffic, and road decommissioning on infiltration and sediment production: A comparative study using rainfall simulations. Catena, 159: 93–105.
  • Sosa-Pérez, G., MacDonald, L.H., 2017b. Reductions in road sediment production and road-stream connectivity from two decommissioning treatments. Forest Ecology and Management, 398: 116–129.
  • Stednick, J.D., 1996. Monitoring the effects of timber harvest on annual water yield. Journal of Hydrology, 176: 79–95.
  • Stuart, G.W., Edwards, P.J., 2006. Concepts about forests and water. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 23: 11–19.
  • Talebi, K.S., Sajedi, T., Pourhashemi, M., 2014. Forests of Iran: a treasure from the past, a hope for the future. Plant and Vegetation, 10, Springer. pp 152.
  • Wade, C.R., 2010. Evaluation of best management practices for bladed skid trail erosion control and determination of erosion model accuracy and applicability. Master's thesis. Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. pp 109.
  • Wade, C.R., Bolding, M.C., Aust, W.M., Lakel, W.A., 2012. Comparison of Five Erosion Control Techniques for Bladed Skid Trails in Virginia. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 36: 191–197.
  • Wagenbrenner, J.W., MacDonald, L.H., Coats, R.N., Robichaud, P.R., Brown, R.E., 2015. Effects of post-fire salvage logging and a skid trail treatment on ground cover, soils, and sediment production in the interior western United States. Forest Ecology and Management, 335: 176–193.
  • Wagenbrenner, J.W., Robichaud, P.R., 2014. Post-fire bedload sediment delivery across spatial scales in the interior western US. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39: 865–876.
  • Walkley, A., Black, C.A., 1934. An examination of wet digestion method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29–38.
  • Webb, A.A., Dragovich, D., Jamshidi, R., 2012. Temporary increases in suspended sediment yields following selective eucalypt forest harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management, 283: 96–105.
  • Wischmeier, W.H., Smith, D.D., 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses, a guide to conservation planning. USDA Agricultural Handbook 537, Washington, DC, pp 58.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Meghdad Jourgholami 0000-0003-3676-278X

Saeedeh Jouriz This is me 0000-0003-3676-278X

Project Number 28514
Publication Date December 21, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Jourgholami, M., & Jouriz, S. (2019). Plot-Scale Effects of Ground-Based Skidding on Runoff and Soil Loss in Relation to Slopes and Leaf-On and Leaf-Off Periods in the Mixed Broadleaf Forests. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 5(2), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.591851

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