Research Article
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The Evaluation of SfM Technique in the Determination of Surface Deformation on Skidding Roads Following Timber Harvesting

Year 2019, , 52 - 60, 21.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.600860

Abstract

Forest
roads are necessary engineering structures for accessing and managing forestry resources.
Considering the difficult terrain and its numerous variable effects, it must be
ensured that the capacity of forest roads function adequately and that the road
platform is suitable for vehicle traffic. This study aimed to focus on the
determination and evaluation of deformation on the surface of the soil roads in
the forest using SfM (Structure from Motion) technique. The study focused on
the usage opportunity of close-range photogrammetry in the analysis of surface
deformation on skidding roads used for forestry operations. Field surveys were
conducted on a newly constructed skidding road for forestry operations with a
four-wheel farm tractor. The geo-spatial location of the road was obtained by a
Total Station (TS) prior to harvesting operation. A digital camera mounted on a
3.5 m high pole was used as a carrier platform in the field survey. The
photographs with front and side overlaps (approximately 60% and -80%) were
obtained from 95 m segment of the unpaved road. The spatial (X, Y and Z) differences
between field measurements- and SfM-based models were compared using Root Mean
Square Error (RMSE), and the values of spatial error (SfMXY: 0.048; SfMZ: 0.010
for estimated model) were calculated. The change rate of stable, accumulations
and abrasions on the road surface were calculated as 0.165%, 48.642% and 51.192%,
respectively. The present study demonstrated that the use of semi-automatic
measurement technique offers a promising potential for the evaluation of forest
road surface deformation.

Thanks

The present study includes data from MSc thesis titled “Using photogrammetric approach for assessment of forest road surface deformation due to forest transportation” (Thesis number: 547721) by Seçkin Şireli at Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Graduate School of Science, Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

References

  • Agisoft, 2016. Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual Professional Edition, Version 1.2. ed. St. Petersburg, Russia.
  • Ahmed, M., Haas, C.T., Haas, R., 2011. Toward low-cost 3D automatic pavement distress surveying: the close range photogrammetry approach. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 38(12): 1301-1313.
  • Akay, A.E., Yuksel, A., Reis, M., Tutus, A., 2007. The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(3):371.
  • Akay, A.O., 2016. Determination of temporal changes on forest road pavement with terrestrial laser scanner. Master Thesis, Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Department of Forest Engineering. Istanbul. 58 p.
  • Akay, A.O., Akgul, M., Demir, M., 2018. Determination of temporal changes on forest road pavement with terrestrial laser scanner. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(3):1437-1448.
  • Akgul, M., Akburak, S., Yurtseven, H., Akay, A. O., Cigizoglu, H. K., Demir, M., Ozturk, T., Eksi, M., 2019. Potential impacts of weather and traffic conditions on road surface performance in terms of forest operations continuity. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(2): 2533-2550.
  • Akgul, M., Yurtseven, H., Akburak, S., Demir, M., Cigizoglu, H.K., Ozturk, T., Ekşi, M., Akay, A.O., 2017. Short term monitoring of forest road pavement degradation using terrestrial laser scanning. Measurement, 103: 283-293.
  • Arıcak, B., Acar, H.H., 2008. The modeling of filling and construction ımpact areas in building forest roads by using quickbird satellite image. Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty, 8(2): 144-156.
  • Aricak, B., Genç, Ç.O., 2018. Technical efficiency evaluation of forest roads with respect to topographical factors and soil characteristics. Baltic Forestry, 24(1):123-130.
  • Cambi, M., Giannetti, F., Bottalico, F., Travaglini, D., Nordfjell, T., Chirici, G., Marchi, E., 2018. Estimating machine impact on strip roads via close-range photogrammetry and soil parameters: a case study in central Italy. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 11(1): 148.
  • Childs, C., 2004. Interpolating surfaces in ArcGIS spatial analyst. ArcUser, July-September, 32-35 p. https://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0704/files/ interpolating.pdf. (Accessed: 01 September 2018).
  • Çankal, Ş.D., 2016. Assessment of roads within forested areas for visual quality aspect. Master Thesis. BTU, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Department of Forest Engineering. 41 p.
  • Demir, M., 2012. Interactions of forest road, forest harvesting and forest ecosystems. Forest Ecosystems—More than Just Trees Dr Juan A Blanco. ISBN 953-978
  • Erdaş, O., Acar, H.H., Eker, M., 2014. Transportation techniques of forest products, Karadeniz Technical University Press, K.T.U. No: 233. F.E. No: 39, Trabzon, ISBN: 978-975-6983-75-1. [Turkish]
  • Eroglu, H., Acar, H., Eker, M., 2003. An evaluation of the forest road superstructure in Turkey, in: 12th World Forestry Congress. Congress Proceedings, Quebec, 4–6. Esri, R., 2011. ArcGIS desktop: release 10. Environmental Systems Research Institute, CA.
  • Garbowski, T., Gajewski, T., 2017. Semi-automatic inspection tool of pavement condition from three-dimensional profile scans. Procedia Engineering, 172: 310-318.
  • Gonçalves, J.A., Moutinho, O.F., Rodrigues, A.C., 2016. Pole photogrammetry with an action camera for fast and accurate surface mapping. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences. 41 p.
  • Hrůza, P., Mikita, T., Tyagur, N., Krejza, Z., Cibulka, M., Procházková, A., Patočka, Z., 2018. Detecting forest road wearing course damage using different methods of remote sensing. Remote Sensing, 10(4): 492.
  • İnan, M., Öztürk, T., 2016. Investigations of using the low cost close-range photogrammetry for forest roads conditions. 6th Remote Sensing-GIS Symposium, 5-7 October 2016, Adana, Turkey. pp. 254-258.
  • Micheletti, N., Chandler, J.H. Lane, S.N., 2015. Structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetry. IN: Clarke, L.E. and Nield, J.M. (Eds.) Geomorphological Techniques (Online Edition). London: British Society for Geomorphology. ISSN: 2047-0371, Chap. 2, Sec. 2.2.
  • GDF, 2012. Forest Management Plan of Başkonuş, Forest Enterprise Chief (2012 – 2021). https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ ekutuphane/default.aspx (Accessed: 12 March 2018) [Turkish]
  • Oniga, V.E., Breaban, A.I., Statescu, F., 2018. Determining the optimum number of ground control YKNs for obtaining high precision results based on UAS images. In Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings 2(7): 352.
  • Öztürk, T., Sevgi O., Akay A.E., 2017. Impact assessment of log skidding on soil condition of skid roads during ground-based logging in a plantation forest in Istanbul, Turkey, Bosque, 38: 41-46.
  • Pierzchała, M., Talbot, B., Astrup, R., 2016. Measuring wheel ruts with close-range photogrammetry. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 89(4): 383-391.
  • Schnebele, E., Tanyu, B.F., Cervone, G., Waters, N., 2015. Review of remote sensing methodologies for pavement management and assessment. European Transport Research Review, 7(2): 7.
  • Seki, M., Tiryakioğlu, İ., Uysal, M., 2017. Comparison of volumes done with different data collection methods. Journal of Geomatics, 2(2): 106-111.
  • Şireli, S., 2019. Using photogrammetric approach for assessment of forest road surface deformation due to forest transportation. Master Thesis, KahramanmaraŞ Sütçü İmam University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmaraş. 82 p.
  • Ünver, S. 2013. Determination of quality classes of forest roads by the point method: karanlikdere sample. Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty 13(2): 211-219. [Turkish]
  • Worrell, R., Hampson, A., 1997. The influence of some forest operations on the sustainable management of forest soils—a review. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 70(1): 61-85.
  • Yurtseven, H., Akgul, M., Akay, A.O., Akburak, S., Cigizoglu, H.K., Demir, M., Ozturk, T., Eksi, M., 2019. High accuracy monitoring system to estimate forest road surface degradation on horizontal curves. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(1):32.
  • Zhang, S., Lippitt, C. D., Bogus, S.M., Neville, P.R., 2016. Characterizing pavement surface distress conditions with hyper-Spatial resolution natural color aerial photography. Remote Sens, 8(5): 392.
Year 2019, , 52 - 60, 21.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.600860

Abstract

References

  • Agisoft, 2016. Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual Professional Edition, Version 1.2. ed. St. Petersburg, Russia.
  • Ahmed, M., Haas, C.T., Haas, R., 2011. Toward low-cost 3D automatic pavement distress surveying: the close range photogrammetry approach. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 38(12): 1301-1313.
  • Akay, A.E., Yuksel, A., Reis, M., Tutus, A., 2007. The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(3):371.
  • Akay, A.O., 2016. Determination of temporal changes on forest road pavement with terrestrial laser scanner. Master Thesis, Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Department of Forest Engineering. Istanbul. 58 p.
  • Akay, A.O., Akgul, M., Demir, M., 2018. Determination of temporal changes on forest road pavement with terrestrial laser scanner. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(3):1437-1448.
  • Akgul, M., Akburak, S., Yurtseven, H., Akay, A. O., Cigizoglu, H. K., Demir, M., Ozturk, T., Eksi, M., 2019. Potential impacts of weather and traffic conditions on road surface performance in terms of forest operations continuity. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(2): 2533-2550.
  • Akgul, M., Yurtseven, H., Akburak, S., Demir, M., Cigizoglu, H.K., Ozturk, T., Ekşi, M., Akay, A.O., 2017. Short term monitoring of forest road pavement degradation using terrestrial laser scanning. Measurement, 103: 283-293.
  • Arıcak, B., Acar, H.H., 2008. The modeling of filling and construction ımpact areas in building forest roads by using quickbird satellite image. Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty, 8(2): 144-156.
  • Aricak, B., Genç, Ç.O., 2018. Technical efficiency evaluation of forest roads with respect to topographical factors and soil characteristics. Baltic Forestry, 24(1):123-130.
  • Cambi, M., Giannetti, F., Bottalico, F., Travaglini, D., Nordfjell, T., Chirici, G., Marchi, E., 2018. Estimating machine impact on strip roads via close-range photogrammetry and soil parameters: a case study in central Italy. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 11(1): 148.
  • Childs, C., 2004. Interpolating surfaces in ArcGIS spatial analyst. ArcUser, July-September, 32-35 p. https://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0704/files/ interpolating.pdf. (Accessed: 01 September 2018).
  • Çankal, Ş.D., 2016. Assessment of roads within forested areas for visual quality aspect. Master Thesis. BTU, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Department of Forest Engineering. 41 p.
  • Demir, M., 2012. Interactions of forest road, forest harvesting and forest ecosystems. Forest Ecosystems—More than Just Trees Dr Juan A Blanco. ISBN 953-978
  • Erdaş, O., Acar, H.H., Eker, M., 2014. Transportation techniques of forest products, Karadeniz Technical University Press, K.T.U. No: 233. F.E. No: 39, Trabzon, ISBN: 978-975-6983-75-1. [Turkish]
  • Eroglu, H., Acar, H., Eker, M., 2003. An evaluation of the forest road superstructure in Turkey, in: 12th World Forestry Congress. Congress Proceedings, Quebec, 4–6. Esri, R., 2011. ArcGIS desktop: release 10. Environmental Systems Research Institute, CA.
  • Garbowski, T., Gajewski, T., 2017. Semi-automatic inspection tool of pavement condition from three-dimensional profile scans. Procedia Engineering, 172: 310-318.
  • Gonçalves, J.A., Moutinho, O.F., Rodrigues, A.C., 2016. Pole photogrammetry with an action camera for fast and accurate surface mapping. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences. 41 p.
  • Hrůza, P., Mikita, T., Tyagur, N., Krejza, Z., Cibulka, M., Procházková, A., Patočka, Z., 2018. Detecting forest road wearing course damage using different methods of remote sensing. Remote Sensing, 10(4): 492.
  • İnan, M., Öztürk, T., 2016. Investigations of using the low cost close-range photogrammetry for forest roads conditions. 6th Remote Sensing-GIS Symposium, 5-7 October 2016, Adana, Turkey. pp. 254-258.
  • Micheletti, N., Chandler, J.H. Lane, S.N., 2015. Structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetry. IN: Clarke, L.E. and Nield, J.M. (Eds.) Geomorphological Techniques (Online Edition). London: British Society for Geomorphology. ISSN: 2047-0371, Chap. 2, Sec. 2.2.
  • GDF, 2012. Forest Management Plan of Başkonuş, Forest Enterprise Chief (2012 – 2021). https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ ekutuphane/default.aspx (Accessed: 12 March 2018) [Turkish]
  • Oniga, V.E., Breaban, A.I., Statescu, F., 2018. Determining the optimum number of ground control YKNs for obtaining high precision results based on UAS images. In Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings 2(7): 352.
  • Öztürk, T., Sevgi O., Akay A.E., 2017. Impact assessment of log skidding on soil condition of skid roads during ground-based logging in a plantation forest in Istanbul, Turkey, Bosque, 38: 41-46.
  • Pierzchała, M., Talbot, B., Astrup, R., 2016. Measuring wheel ruts with close-range photogrammetry. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 89(4): 383-391.
  • Schnebele, E., Tanyu, B.F., Cervone, G., Waters, N., 2015. Review of remote sensing methodologies for pavement management and assessment. European Transport Research Review, 7(2): 7.
  • Seki, M., Tiryakioğlu, İ., Uysal, M., 2017. Comparison of volumes done with different data collection methods. Journal of Geomatics, 2(2): 106-111.
  • Şireli, S., 2019. Using photogrammetric approach for assessment of forest road surface deformation due to forest transportation. Master Thesis, KahramanmaraŞ Sütçü İmam University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmaraş. 82 p.
  • Ünver, S. 2013. Determination of quality classes of forest roads by the point method: karanlikdere sample. Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty 13(2): 211-219. [Turkish]
  • Worrell, R., Hampson, A., 1997. The influence of some forest operations on the sustainable management of forest soils—a review. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 70(1): 61-85.
  • Yurtseven, H., Akgul, M., Akay, A.O., Akburak, S., Cigizoglu, H.K., Demir, M., Ozturk, T., Eksi, M., 2019. High accuracy monitoring system to estimate forest road surface degradation on horizontal curves. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(1):32.
  • Zhang, S., Lippitt, C. D., Bogus, S.M., Neville, P.R., 2016. Characterizing pavement surface distress conditions with hyper-Spatial resolution natural color aerial photography. Remote Sens, 8(5): 392.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sercan Gülci 0000-0003-3349-517X

Seçkin Şireli This is me 0000-0002-4216-7621

Publication Date December 21, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Gülci, S., & Şireli, S. (2019). The Evaluation of SfM Technique in the Determination of Surface Deformation on Skidding Roads Following Timber Harvesting. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 5(2), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.600860

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