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Challenges in the Production of Titanium–based Scaffolds Bio–functionalized with Hydroxyapatite by Powder Metallurgy Technique

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 46 - 51, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.980402

Abstract

Recently, titanium and its alloys have remarkable interest for researchers due to their advanced mechanical, surface and biological properties. Researchers are investigating new materials, especially in the field of health, and perhaps material design is the most important criteria that exhibit the low Young’s modulus of bone. Along with these criteria’s most preferred are composite materials reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA). Porous materials are preferred because they exhibit Young’s modulus close to the bone. The aim of the study, the problems encountered in the production of titanium/hydroxyapatite (Ti/HA) composite scaffolds and the solutions will be emphasized. These are briefly; porogen removal, usage of different sintering furnaces, sintering atmosphere, material thickness, crack formation-propagation as a result of excessive or insufficient pressing pressure, and agglomeration of porogens during mold filling. It has been proven that the use of vertical tube furnaces under the Ar gas atmosphere has successful results compared to the use of horizontal tube furnaces and different atmospheres (vacuum or Ar gas). It has been concluded that in the composite scaffolds that have been successfully produced, micropores are formed as well as macropores, which may result from insufficient neck growth and pressing pressure. In addition, results showed that bi-modal (macro/micro porosity) pore structures may contribute to bone tissue orientation in possible biomaterial use.

Supporting Institution

Atatürk Üniversitesi

Project Number

FDK-2019-7281

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the Atatürk University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project No: FDK-2019-7281) who provided financial support for this work.

References

  • H.L. Yao, C. Yang, Q. Yang, X.Z. Hu, M.X. Zhang, X.B. Bai, H.T. Wang and Q.Y. Chen, ‘’Structure, mechanical and bioactive properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite/titania composites prepared by microwave sintering,’’ Mater. Chem. Phys. vol. 241, 122340, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122340.
  • B. Dikici, M. Niinomi, M. Topuz, Y. Say, B. Aksakal, H. Yilmazer and M. Nakai, ‘’Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/TiO2 Coatings on the β-Type Titanium Alloys with Different Sintering Parameters using Sol-Gel Method,’’ Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surfaces. vol. 54, pp. 457–462, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205118030255.
  • K. Niespodziana, ‘’Synthesis and Properties of Porous Ti-20 wt.% HA Nanocomposites,’’ J. Mater. Eng. Perform. vol. 28, pp. 2245–2255, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-03966-8.
  • D. Ragurajan, M. Golieskardi, M. Satgunam, E. Hoque, A.M.H. Ng, M. Jameelah and A. Kamal, ‘’Advanced 3Y-TZP bioceramic doped with Al2O3 and MnO2 particles potentially for biomedical applications: study on mechanical and degradation,’’ Integr. Med. Res. pp. 1–11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.05.015.
  • B. Dikici, M. Niinomi, M. Topuz, S.G. Koc and M. Nakai, ‘’Synthesis of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) coatings on β‒type titanium alloys reinforced with rutile-TiO2 compounds: adhesion resistance and in-vitro corrosion,’’ J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. vol. 87, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4755-2.
  • C. Chu, X. Xue, J. Zhu and Z. Yin, ‘’Mechanical and biological properties of hydroxyapatite reinforced with 40 vol. % titanium particles for use as hard tissue replacement,’’ J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. vol. 15, pp. 665–670, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSM.0000030207.16887.f2.
  • A. Arifin, A.B. Sulong, N. Muhamad, J. Syarif and M.I. Ramli, ‘’Material processing of hydroxyapatite and titanium alloy (HA/Ti) composite as implant materials using powder metallurgy: A review,’’ Mater. Des. vol. 55, pp. 165–175, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.045.
  • B. Lee, T. Lee, Y. Lee, D.J. Lee, J. Jeong, J. Yuh, S.H. Oh, H.S. Kim and C.S. Lee, ‘’Space-holder effect on designing pore structure and determining mechanical properties in porous titanium,’’ Mater. Des. vol. 57, pp. 712–718, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.078.
  • B. Zhao, A.K. Gain, W. Ding, L. Zhang, X. Li and Y. Fu, ‘’A review on metallic porous materials: pore formation, mechanical properties, and their applications,’’ Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. vol. 95, pp. 2641–2659, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-1415-6.
  • M. Topuz, B. Dikici and M. Gavgali, ‘’Titanium-based composite scaffolds reinforced with hydroxyapatite-zirconia: Production, mechanical and in-vitro characterization,’’ J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. vol. 118, 104480, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104480.
  • X. Fan, ‘’Preparation and performance of hydroxyapatite/Ti porous biocomposite scaffolds,’’ Ceram. Int. vol. 45, pp. 16466–16469, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.178.
  • Y. Torres, J.J. Pavón and J.A. Rodríguez, ‘’Processing and characterization of porous titanium for implants by using NaCl as space holder,’’ J. Mater. Process. Technol. vol. 212, pp. 1061–1069, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.12.015.
  • N.K. Tolochko, S.E. Mozzharov, I.A. Yadroitsev, T. Laoui, L. Froyen, V.I. Titov and M.B. Ignatiev, ‘’Balling processes during selective laser treatment of powders,’’ Rapid Prototyp. J. vol. 10, pp. 78–87, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540410526953.
  • P. Balbinotti, E. Gemelli, G. Buerger, S.A. de Lima, J. de Jesus, N.H.A. Camargo, V.A.R. Henriques and G.D. de A. Soares, ‘’Microstructure development on sintered Ti/HA biocomposites produced by powder metallurgy,’’ Mater. Res. vol. 14, pp. 384–393, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392011005000044.
  • L. Zhang, Z.Y. He, Y.Q. Zhang, Y.H. Jiang and R. Zhou, ‘’Rapidly sintering of interconnected porous Ti-HA biocomposite with high strength and enhanced bioactivity,’’ Mater. Sci. Eng. C. vol. 67, pp. 104–114, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.001.
  • C. Popa, V. Simon, I. Vida-Simiti, G. Batin, V. Candea and S. Simon, ‘’Titanium - Hydroxyapatite porous structures for endosseous applications,’’ J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. vol. 16, pp. 1165–1171, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-4724-5.
  • M.R. Raza, A.B. Sulong, N. Muhamad, M.N. Akhtar and J. Rajabi, ‘’Effects of binder system and processing parameters on formability of porous Ti/HA composite through powder injection molding,’’ Mater. Des. vol. 87, pp. 386–392, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.031.
  • R.F. Prado, G.C. Esteves, E.L. De, S. Santos, D.A.G. Bueno, C.A.A. Cairo, L. Gustavo, O.D. Vasconcellos, R.S. Sagnori, F. Bastos, P. Tessarin, F.E. Oliveira, L.D.D. Oliveira, M. Fernanda, L. Villaça-Carvalho, V.A.R. Henriques, Y.R. Carvalho and L.M.R.D. Vasconcellos, ‘’In vitro and in vivo biological performance of porous Ti alloys prepared by powder metallurgy,’’ PLoS One. vol. 13, pp. 1–22, 2018. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0196169.

Hidroksiapatit ile Biyo-fonksiyonelleştirilmiş Titanyum-esaslı Yapı İskelelerinin Toz Metalurjisi Tekniği ile Üretimindeki Zorluklar

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 46 - 51, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.980402

Abstract

Son zamanlarda titanyum ve alaşımları gelişmiş mekanik, yüzey ve biyolojik özellikleri nedeniyle araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmektedir. Araştırmacılar, özellikle sağlık alanında yeni malzemeleri araştırmakta ve belki de malzeme tasarımı, düşük Young modülü sergilemesinden dolayı, en önemli kriterdir. Bu kriterler içerisinde en çok tercih edilen ise hidroksiapatit (HA) ile güçlendirilmiş kompozit malzemelerdir. Gözenekli malzemeler, Young modülünü kemiğe yakın sergiledikleri için tercih edilmektedirler. Çalışmanın amacı, titanyum/hidroksiapatit (Ti/HA) kompozit yapı iskelelerinin üretiminde karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri üzerinde durulacaktır. Bunlar kısaca; porojen giderimi, farklı sinterleme fırınlarının kullanılması, sinterleme atmosferi, malzeme kalınlığı, aşırı veya yetersiz presleme sonucu çatlak oluşumu-yayılması ve kalıp doldurma sırasında porojenlerin aglomerasyonu. Ar gazı atmosferi altında dikey tüp fırınların kullanılmasının, yatay tüp fırınların ve farklı atmosferlerin (vakum veya Ar gazı) kullanımına kıyasla başarılı sonuçlar verdiği kanıtlanmıştır. Başarıyla üretilen kompozit iskelelerde makro gözeneklerin yanı sıra yetersiz boyun büyümesi ve yetersiz pres basıncından kaynaklanabilecek mikro gözeneklerin de oluştuğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ek olarak, sonuçlar bi-modal (makro/mikro gözeneklilik) gözenek yapılarının olası biyomateryal kullanımında kemik dokusu yönlenmesine katkıda bulunabileceğini göstermiştir.

Project Number

FDK-2019-7281

References

  • H.L. Yao, C. Yang, Q. Yang, X.Z. Hu, M.X. Zhang, X.B. Bai, H.T. Wang and Q.Y. Chen, ‘’Structure, mechanical and bioactive properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite/titania composites prepared by microwave sintering,’’ Mater. Chem. Phys. vol. 241, 122340, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122340.
  • B. Dikici, M. Niinomi, M. Topuz, Y. Say, B. Aksakal, H. Yilmazer and M. Nakai, ‘’Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/TiO2 Coatings on the β-Type Titanium Alloys with Different Sintering Parameters using Sol-Gel Method,’’ Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surfaces. vol. 54, pp. 457–462, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205118030255.
  • K. Niespodziana, ‘’Synthesis and Properties of Porous Ti-20 wt.% HA Nanocomposites,’’ J. Mater. Eng. Perform. vol. 28, pp. 2245–2255, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-03966-8.
  • D. Ragurajan, M. Golieskardi, M. Satgunam, E. Hoque, A.M.H. Ng, M. Jameelah and A. Kamal, ‘’Advanced 3Y-TZP bioceramic doped with Al2O3 and MnO2 particles potentially for biomedical applications: study on mechanical and degradation,’’ Integr. Med. Res. pp. 1–11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.05.015.
  • B. Dikici, M. Niinomi, M. Topuz, S.G. Koc and M. Nakai, ‘’Synthesis of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) coatings on β‒type titanium alloys reinforced with rutile-TiO2 compounds: adhesion resistance and in-vitro corrosion,’’ J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. vol. 87, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4755-2.
  • C. Chu, X. Xue, J. Zhu and Z. Yin, ‘’Mechanical and biological properties of hydroxyapatite reinforced with 40 vol. % titanium particles for use as hard tissue replacement,’’ J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. vol. 15, pp. 665–670, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSM.0000030207.16887.f2.
  • A. Arifin, A.B. Sulong, N. Muhamad, J. Syarif and M.I. Ramli, ‘’Material processing of hydroxyapatite and titanium alloy (HA/Ti) composite as implant materials using powder metallurgy: A review,’’ Mater. Des. vol. 55, pp. 165–175, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.045.
  • B. Lee, T. Lee, Y. Lee, D.J. Lee, J. Jeong, J. Yuh, S.H. Oh, H.S. Kim and C.S. Lee, ‘’Space-holder effect on designing pore structure and determining mechanical properties in porous titanium,’’ Mater. Des. vol. 57, pp. 712–718, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.078.
  • B. Zhao, A.K. Gain, W. Ding, L. Zhang, X. Li and Y. Fu, ‘’A review on metallic porous materials: pore formation, mechanical properties, and their applications,’’ Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. vol. 95, pp. 2641–2659, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-1415-6.
  • M. Topuz, B. Dikici and M. Gavgali, ‘’Titanium-based composite scaffolds reinforced with hydroxyapatite-zirconia: Production, mechanical and in-vitro characterization,’’ J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. vol. 118, 104480, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104480.
  • X. Fan, ‘’Preparation and performance of hydroxyapatite/Ti porous biocomposite scaffolds,’’ Ceram. Int. vol. 45, pp. 16466–16469, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.178.
  • Y. Torres, J.J. Pavón and J.A. Rodríguez, ‘’Processing and characterization of porous titanium for implants by using NaCl as space holder,’’ J. Mater. Process. Technol. vol. 212, pp. 1061–1069, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.12.015.
  • N.K. Tolochko, S.E. Mozzharov, I.A. Yadroitsev, T. Laoui, L. Froyen, V.I. Titov and M.B. Ignatiev, ‘’Balling processes during selective laser treatment of powders,’’ Rapid Prototyp. J. vol. 10, pp. 78–87, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540410526953.
  • P. Balbinotti, E. Gemelli, G. Buerger, S.A. de Lima, J. de Jesus, N.H.A. Camargo, V.A.R. Henriques and G.D. de A. Soares, ‘’Microstructure development on sintered Ti/HA biocomposites produced by powder metallurgy,’’ Mater. Res. vol. 14, pp. 384–393, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392011005000044.
  • L. Zhang, Z.Y. He, Y.Q. Zhang, Y.H. Jiang and R. Zhou, ‘’Rapidly sintering of interconnected porous Ti-HA biocomposite with high strength and enhanced bioactivity,’’ Mater. Sci. Eng. C. vol. 67, pp. 104–114, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.001.
  • C. Popa, V. Simon, I. Vida-Simiti, G. Batin, V. Candea and S. Simon, ‘’Titanium - Hydroxyapatite porous structures for endosseous applications,’’ J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. vol. 16, pp. 1165–1171, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-4724-5.
  • M.R. Raza, A.B. Sulong, N. Muhamad, M.N. Akhtar and J. Rajabi, ‘’Effects of binder system and processing parameters on formability of porous Ti/HA composite through powder injection molding,’’ Mater. Des. vol. 87, pp. 386–392, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.031.
  • R.F. Prado, G.C. Esteves, E.L. De, S. Santos, D.A.G. Bueno, C.A.A. Cairo, L. Gustavo, O.D. Vasconcellos, R.S. Sagnori, F. Bastos, P. Tessarin, F.E. Oliveira, L.D.D. Oliveira, M. Fernanda, L. Villaça-Carvalho, V.A.R. Henriques, Y.R. Carvalho and L.M.R.D. Vasconcellos, ‘’In vitro and in vivo biological performance of porous Ti alloys prepared by powder metallurgy,’’ PLoS One. vol. 13, pp. 1–22, 2018. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0196169.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Topuz 0000-0003-3692-796X

Burak Dikici 0000-0002-7249-923X

Mehmet Gavgalı 0000-0002-1581-2605

Project Number FDK-2019-7281
Publication Date November 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Topuz, M., Dikici, B., & Gavgalı, M. (2021). Challenges in the Production of Titanium–based Scaffolds Bio–functionalized with Hydroxyapatite by Powder Metallurgy Technique. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(28), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.980402