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Sıcaklık değişiminin akım sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr hibrit kompozitlerin mikroyapı ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 4, 2339 - 2346, 12.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.847323

Abstract

Bu çalışmada akım sinterleme yöntemi ile üretilen Çinko (% 73 Zn)-Alüminyum (% 27 Al) alaşımlarına Silisyum Karbür (SiC) ve Grafit(Gr) katkısının sıcaklık değişimleri karşısındaki boyutsal kararlılığa etkileri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sıcaklık değişimlerinin mikroyapı mekanik özelliklere etkileride gözlemlenmiştir. Mekanik alaşımlama ile ağırlıkça % 73 Zn- 27Al orana sahip, alaşıma ağırlıkça %13 (hacimce %20) SiC ve ağırlıkça farklı oranlarda Gr (% 2.5, % 5.0, % 7.5 ve %10 ) ilave edilerek altı farklı toz karışım elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen karışımlar 200 MPa basınç altında soğuk olarak çelik kalıplar kullanılarak şekillendirilirmiştir. Soğuk olarak şekillendirilmiş yapılar atmosferik şartlarda 10 dakika süre ile yüksek Amper (1000 A) ve düşük voltaj (1,7-2,3V) ile grafit kalıp içerisinde 5 MPa basınç altında sinterlenmiştir. Akım sinterleme ile üretilen katkısız Zn-Al, Zn-Al/SiC ve Zn-Al/SiC/Gr numunelerin sıcaklık değişimleri karşısındaki davranışları dikey dilatometre kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Termal test öncesi ve sonrası mikro yapıları taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile mekanik özellikleri ise mikrosetlik yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda Zn-Al alaşımı içerisine SiC ve Gr ilavesinin sıcaklık değişimindeki boyutsal kararlılığı artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • 1. Hekimoğlu, A.P., Turan, Y.E., İsmailoğlu, İ.İ., Akyol, M.E., Şen, E., Bor Katkılarının Al-30Zn Alaşımının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 34(1), 523-534, 2019.
  • 2. Gimmler, S., Apel, M., Bührig-Polaczek, A., Selection of Dedicated As-Cast Microstructures in Zn-Al-Cu Alloys for Bearing Applications Supported by Phase-Field Simulations, Metals. 10, 1659, 2020.
  • 3. Wu, Z., Sandlöbes, S., Rao, J., Gibson, J.S.K.-L., Berkels, B., Korte-Kerzel, S., Local mechanical properties and plasticity mechanisms in a Zn-Al eutectic alloy, Mater. Des. 157, 337–350, 2018.
  • 4. Gancarz, T., Mech, K., Guśpiel, J., Berent, K., Corrosion studies of Li, Na and Si doped Zn-Al alloy immersed in NaCl solutions, J. Alloys Compd., 767, 1225–1237, 2018.
  • 5. Owoeye, S.S., Folorunso, D.O., Owoeye, S.S., Folorunso, D.O., Corrosion Investigation of Stir Cast Zn-27Al Based Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Quarry Dust and Silicon Carbide Particles, Mater. Res., 22, 2019.
  • 6. Prasad, B.K., Yegneswaran, A.H., Patwardhan, A.K., Microstructure and Property Characterization of a Modified Zinc-Base Alloy and Comparison with Bearing Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 7, 130–135, 1997.
  • 7. Ritchie, I.G., Pan, Z.-L., Goodwin, F.E., Characterization of the damping properties of die-cast zinc-aluminum alloys, Metall. Trans. A., 22, 617–622, 1991.
  • 8. Heki̇moğlu, A.P., Çaliş, M.: Titanyum ile tane inceltmenin Al-25Zn alaşımının mikroyapı, mekanik ve korozyon özelliklerine etkisinin incelenmesi, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 35, 311–322, 2019.
  • 9. Almomani, M., Hayajneh, M.T., Draidi, M., Corrosion investigation of zinc−aluminum alloy matrix (ZA-27) reinforced with alumina (Al2O3) and fly ash, Part. Sci. Technol, 35, 439–447, 2017.
  • 10. El-khair, M.T.A., Lotfy, A., Daoud, A., El-Sheikh, A.M., Microstructure, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of squeeze cast SiC, ZrO2 or C reinforced ZA27 composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 528, 2353–2362, 2011.
  • 11. Kamado, S., Kojima, Y.: Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Mg-Zn Based Alloy Composites Reinforced with δ-Al2O3 Short Fibre and 9Αl2O3·2Β2O3 Whisker. Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 6, 159–168, 2011.
  • 12. Owoeye, S.S., Folorunso, D.O., Oji, B., Borisade, S.G., Zinc-aluminum (ZA-27)-based metal matrix composites: a review article of synthesis, reinforcement, microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics., Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 100, 373–380, 2019.
  • 13. Bobić, I., Jovanović, M.T., Ilić, N., Microstructure and strength of ZA-27-based composites reinforced with Al2O3 particles, Mater. Lett., 57, 1683–1688, 2003.
  • 14. Chawla, N., Williams, J.J., Saha, R., Mechanical behavior and microstructure characterization of sinter-forged SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites, J. Light Met., 2, 215–227, 2002.
  • 15. Jaglinski, T., Lakes, R.S., Zn–Al-based metal–matrix composites with high stiffness and high viscoelastic damping, J. Compos. Mater., 0(0), 1–9, 2011.
  • 16. LI, R., LI, R., BAI, Y., Effect of specific pressure on microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze casting ZA27 alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China., 20, 59–63, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60097-2.
  • 17. Prasad, B.K., Investigation into sliding wear performance of zinc-based alloy reinforced with SiC particles in dry and lubricated conditions, Wear, 262, 262–273, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.05.004.
  • 18. Totik, Y., Sadeler, R., Gavgalı, M., Kaymaz, I., The investigation of hot workability of AA 6063/SiC composites with different SiC particulate volume fraction, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 10, 279–286, 2002.
  • 19. Wang, Y., Wang, L., Xue, Q., Improving the tribological performances of graphite-like carbon films on Si3N4 and SiC by using Si interlayers, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 10246–10253, (2011).
  • 20. Liu, S., Fang, Z.W., Li, L.X., Tribological Characteristics of Submicron SiC(p)-GR(p)/Zn-35Al-1Mg Composites in Semisolidification Casting process, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 359, 012049, 2018.
  • 21. Güler, O., Çuvalcı, H., Gökdağ, M., Çanakçi, A., Çelebi, M., Tribological behavior of ZA27/Al2O3/graphite hybrid nanocomposites, Part. Sci. Technol., 36, 899–907 2018.
  • 22. Sharma, S.C., Girish, B.M., Kamath, R., Satish, B.M., Graphite particles reinforced ZA-27 alloy composite materials for journal bearing applications, Wear, 219, 162–168, 1998.
  • 23. Ceretti, M., Kocsis, M., Lodini, A., Analysis of Internal Stress Relaxation in an Al/SiC Composite by Neutron Diffraction, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 3, 167–176, 2011.
  • 24. Leon, C.A., Drew, R. a. L., Preparation of nickel-coated powders as precursors to reinforce MMCs, J. Mater. Sci., 35, 4763–4768, 2000.
  • 25. Kumar, N., Chittappa, H.C., Ezhil Vannan, S., Development of Aluminium-Nickel Coated Short Carbon Fiber Metal Matrix Composites, Mater. Today Proc., 5, 11336–11345 2018.
  • 26. Uysal, M., Karslioğlu, R., Alp, A., Akbulut, H., Nanostructured core–shell Ni deposition on SiC particles by alkaline electroless coating, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 10601–10606, 2011.
  • 27. Karslioglu, R., Uysal, M., Alp, A., Akbulut, H., Wear Behavior of Bronze Hybrid MMCs Coatings Produced by Current Sintering on Steel Substrates, Tribol. Trans., 53, 779–785, 2010.
  • 28. Nikolopoulos, P., Los, S.A.P., Angelopoulos, G.N., Naoumidis, A., Grübmeier, H., Wettability and interfacial energies in SiC-liquid metal systems, J. Mater. Sci., 27, 139–145, 1992.
  • 29. Wu, S.Q., Wei, Z.S., Tjong, S.C., The mechanical and thermal expansion behavior of an Al–Si alloy composite reinforced with potassium titanate whisker, Compos. Sci. Technol., 60, 2873–2880, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00160-3.
  • 30. Hao, X., Nie, H., Ye, Z., Luo, Y., Zheng, L., Liang, W., Mechanical properties of a novel fiber metal laminate based on a carbon fiber reinforced Zn-Al alloy composite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 740–741, 218–225, 2019.
  • 31. Shu, K.-M., Tu, G.C., The microstructure and the thermal expansion characteristics of Cu/SiCp composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 349, 236–247, 2003.
  • 32. Akbulut, H., Türk, A., Comparison of the wear properties of modified ZA-12, ZA-27 and two conventional bearing alloys, Z. Fuer Met. Res. Adv. Tech., 91, 436–444, 2000.
  • 33. Sharma, S.C., Sastry, S., Krishna, M., Effect of aging parameters on the micro structure and properties of ZA-27/aluminite metal matrix composites, J. Alloys Compd., 346, 292–301, 2002.
  • 34. Girish, B.M., Prakash, K.R., Satish, B.M., Jain, P.K., Devi, K., Need for optimization of graphite particle reinforcement in ZA-27 alloy composites for tribological applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 530, 382–388, 2011.
  • 35. Girish, B.M., Prakash, K.R., Satish, B.M., Jain, P.K., Prabhakar, P., An investigation into the effects of graphite particles on the damping behavior of ZA-27 alloy composite material, Mater. Des., 32, 1050–1056, 2011.
  • 36. Sastry, S., Krishna, M., Uchil, J., A study on damping behaviour of aluminite particulate reinforced ZA-27 alloy metal matrix composites, J. Alloys Compd., 314, 268–274, 2001.
Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 4, 2339 - 2346, 12.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.847323

Abstract

References

  • 1. Hekimoğlu, A.P., Turan, Y.E., İsmailoğlu, İ.İ., Akyol, M.E., Şen, E., Bor Katkılarının Al-30Zn Alaşımının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 34(1), 523-534, 2019.
  • 2. Gimmler, S., Apel, M., Bührig-Polaczek, A., Selection of Dedicated As-Cast Microstructures in Zn-Al-Cu Alloys for Bearing Applications Supported by Phase-Field Simulations, Metals. 10, 1659, 2020.
  • 3. Wu, Z., Sandlöbes, S., Rao, J., Gibson, J.S.K.-L., Berkels, B., Korte-Kerzel, S., Local mechanical properties and plasticity mechanisms in a Zn-Al eutectic alloy, Mater. Des. 157, 337–350, 2018.
  • 4. Gancarz, T., Mech, K., Guśpiel, J., Berent, K., Corrosion studies of Li, Na and Si doped Zn-Al alloy immersed in NaCl solutions, J. Alloys Compd., 767, 1225–1237, 2018.
  • 5. Owoeye, S.S., Folorunso, D.O., Owoeye, S.S., Folorunso, D.O., Corrosion Investigation of Stir Cast Zn-27Al Based Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Quarry Dust and Silicon Carbide Particles, Mater. Res., 22, 2019.
  • 6. Prasad, B.K., Yegneswaran, A.H., Patwardhan, A.K., Microstructure and Property Characterization of a Modified Zinc-Base Alloy and Comparison with Bearing Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 7, 130–135, 1997.
  • 7. Ritchie, I.G., Pan, Z.-L., Goodwin, F.E., Characterization of the damping properties of die-cast zinc-aluminum alloys, Metall. Trans. A., 22, 617–622, 1991.
  • 8. Heki̇moğlu, A.P., Çaliş, M.: Titanyum ile tane inceltmenin Al-25Zn alaşımının mikroyapı, mekanik ve korozyon özelliklerine etkisinin incelenmesi, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 35, 311–322, 2019.
  • 9. Almomani, M., Hayajneh, M.T., Draidi, M., Corrosion investigation of zinc−aluminum alloy matrix (ZA-27) reinforced with alumina (Al2O3) and fly ash, Part. Sci. Technol, 35, 439–447, 2017.
  • 10. El-khair, M.T.A., Lotfy, A., Daoud, A., El-Sheikh, A.M., Microstructure, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of squeeze cast SiC, ZrO2 or C reinforced ZA27 composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 528, 2353–2362, 2011.
  • 11. Kamado, S., Kojima, Y.: Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Mg-Zn Based Alloy Composites Reinforced with δ-Al2O3 Short Fibre and 9Αl2O3·2Β2O3 Whisker. Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 6, 159–168, 2011.
  • 12. Owoeye, S.S., Folorunso, D.O., Oji, B., Borisade, S.G., Zinc-aluminum (ZA-27)-based metal matrix composites: a review article of synthesis, reinforcement, microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion characteristics., Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 100, 373–380, 2019.
  • 13. Bobić, I., Jovanović, M.T., Ilić, N., Microstructure and strength of ZA-27-based composites reinforced with Al2O3 particles, Mater. Lett., 57, 1683–1688, 2003.
  • 14. Chawla, N., Williams, J.J., Saha, R., Mechanical behavior and microstructure characterization of sinter-forged SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites, J. Light Met., 2, 215–227, 2002.
  • 15. Jaglinski, T., Lakes, R.S., Zn–Al-based metal–matrix composites with high stiffness and high viscoelastic damping, J. Compos. Mater., 0(0), 1–9, 2011.
  • 16. LI, R., LI, R., BAI, Y., Effect of specific pressure on microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze casting ZA27 alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China., 20, 59–63, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60097-2.
  • 17. Prasad, B.K., Investigation into sliding wear performance of zinc-based alloy reinforced with SiC particles in dry and lubricated conditions, Wear, 262, 262–273, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.05.004.
  • 18. Totik, Y., Sadeler, R., Gavgalı, M., Kaymaz, I., The investigation of hot workability of AA 6063/SiC composites with different SiC particulate volume fraction, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 10, 279–286, 2002.
  • 19. Wang, Y., Wang, L., Xue, Q., Improving the tribological performances of graphite-like carbon films on Si3N4 and SiC by using Si interlayers, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 10246–10253, (2011).
  • 20. Liu, S., Fang, Z.W., Li, L.X., Tribological Characteristics of Submicron SiC(p)-GR(p)/Zn-35Al-1Mg Composites in Semisolidification Casting process, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 359, 012049, 2018.
  • 21. Güler, O., Çuvalcı, H., Gökdağ, M., Çanakçi, A., Çelebi, M., Tribological behavior of ZA27/Al2O3/graphite hybrid nanocomposites, Part. Sci. Technol., 36, 899–907 2018.
  • 22. Sharma, S.C., Girish, B.M., Kamath, R., Satish, B.M., Graphite particles reinforced ZA-27 alloy composite materials for journal bearing applications, Wear, 219, 162–168, 1998.
  • 23. Ceretti, M., Kocsis, M., Lodini, A., Analysis of Internal Stress Relaxation in an Al/SiC Composite by Neutron Diffraction, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 3, 167–176, 2011.
  • 24. Leon, C.A., Drew, R. a. L., Preparation of nickel-coated powders as precursors to reinforce MMCs, J. Mater. Sci., 35, 4763–4768, 2000.
  • 25. Kumar, N., Chittappa, H.C., Ezhil Vannan, S., Development of Aluminium-Nickel Coated Short Carbon Fiber Metal Matrix Composites, Mater. Today Proc., 5, 11336–11345 2018.
  • 26. Uysal, M., Karslioğlu, R., Alp, A., Akbulut, H., Nanostructured core–shell Ni deposition on SiC particles by alkaline electroless coating, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 10601–10606, 2011.
  • 27. Karslioglu, R., Uysal, M., Alp, A., Akbulut, H., Wear Behavior of Bronze Hybrid MMCs Coatings Produced by Current Sintering on Steel Substrates, Tribol. Trans., 53, 779–785, 2010.
  • 28. Nikolopoulos, P., Los, S.A.P., Angelopoulos, G.N., Naoumidis, A., Grübmeier, H., Wettability and interfacial energies in SiC-liquid metal systems, J. Mater. Sci., 27, 139–145, 1992.
  • 29. Wu, S.Q., Wei, Z.S., Tjong, S.C., The mechanical and thermal expansion behavior of an Al–Si alloy composite reinforced with potassium titanate whisker, Compos. Sci. Technol., 60, 2873–2880, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00160-3.
  • 30. Hao, X., Nie, H., Ye, Z., Luo, Y., Zheng, L., Liang, W., Mechanical properties of a novel fiber metal laminate based on a carbon fiber reinforced Zn-Al alloy composite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 740–741, 218–225, 2019.
  • 31. Shu, K.-M., Tu, G.C., The microstructure and the thermal expansion characteristics of Cu/SiCp composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 349, 236–247, 2003.
  • 32. Akbulut, H., Türk, A., Comparison of the wear properties of modified ZA-12, ZA-27 and two conventional bearing alloys, Z. Fuer Met. Res. Adv. Tech., 91, 436–444, 2000.
  • 33. Sharma, S.C., Sastry, S., Krishna, M., Effect of aging parameters on the micro structure and properties of ZA-27/aluminite metal matrix composites, J. Alloys Compd., 346, 292–301, 2002.
  • 34. Girish, B.M., Prakash, K.R., Satish, B.M., Jain, P.K., Devi, K., Need for optimization of graphite particle reinforcement in ZA-27 alloy composites for tribological applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 530, 382–388, 2011.
  • 35. Girish, B.M., Prakash, K.R., Satish, B.M., Jain, P.K., Prabhakar, P., An investigation into the effects of graphite particles on the damping behavior of ZA-27 alloy composite material, Mater. Des., 32, 1050–1056, 2011.
  • 36. Sastry, S., Krishna, M., Uchil, J., A study on damping behaviour of aluminite particulate reinforced ZA-27 alloy metal matrix composites, J. Alloys Compd., 314, 268–274, 2001.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ramazan Karslıoğlu 0000-0001-5490-3449

Mustafa Akçil 0000-0003-2324-4000

Mehmet Uysal 0000-0002-9396-7450

Güray Bağdatlı 0000-0002-1892-2463

Ahmet Alp 0000-0002-6164-4729

Hatem Akbulut 0000-0002-6299-136X

Publication Date April 12, 2023
Submission Date January 2, 2021
Acceptance Date November 6, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 38 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Karslıoğlu, R., Akçil, M., Uysal, M., Bağdatlı, G., et al. (2023). Sıcaklık değişiminin akım sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr hibrit kompozitlerin mikroyapı ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(4), 2339-2346. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.847323
AMA Karslıoğlu R, Akçil M, Uysal M, Bağdatlı G, Alp A, Akbulut H. Sıcaklık değişiminin akım sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr hibrit kompozitlerin mikroyapı ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi. GUMMFD. April 2023;38(4):2339-2346. doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.847323
Chicago Karslıoğlu, Ramazan, Mustafa Akçil, Mehmet Uysal, Güray Bağdatlı, Ahmet Alp, and Hatem Akbulut. “Sıcaklık değişiminin akım Sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr Hibrit Kompozitlerin Mikroyapı Ve Fiziksel özelliklerine Etkisi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 38, no. 4 (April 2023): 2339-46. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.847323.
EndNote Karslıoğlu R, Akçil M, Uysal M, Bağdatlı G, Alp A, Akbulut H (April 1, 2023) Sıcaklık değişiminin akım sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr hibrit kompozitlerin mikroyapı ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 38 4 2339–2346.
IEEE R. Karslıoğlu, M. Akçil, M. Uysal, G. Bağdatlı, A. Alp, and H. Akbulut, “Sıcaklık değişiminin akım sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr hibrit kompozitlerin mikroyapı ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi”, GUMMFD, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 2339–2346, 2023, doi: 10.17341/gazimmfd.847323.
ISNAD Karslıoğlu, Ramazan et al. “Sıcaklık değişiminin akım Sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr Hibrit Kompozitlerin Mikroyapı Ve Fiziksel özelliklerine Etkisi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 38/4 (April 2023), 2339-2346. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.847323.
JAMA Karslıoğlu R, Akçil M, Uysal M, Bağdatlı G, Alp A, Akbulut H. Sıcaklık değişiminin akım sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr hibrit kompozitlerin mikroyapı ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi. GUMMFD. 2023;38:2339–2346.
MLA Karslıoğlu, Ramazan et al. “Sıcaklık değişiminin akım Sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr Hibrit Kompozitlerin Mikroyapı Ve Fiziksel özelliklerine Etkisi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 4, 2023, pp. 2339-46, doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.847323.
Vancouver Karslıoğlu R, Akçil M, Uysal M, Bağdatlı G, Alp A, Akbulut H. Sıcaklık değişiminin akım sinterleme yöntemi üretilmiş Zn-Al/SiC/Gr hibrit kompozitlerin mikroyapı ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi. GUMMFD. 2023;38(4):2339-46.