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Orta Yetişkinlik Dönemindeki Geylerde Mutluluk Söylemi Olarak “Uzun Süreli ve Güvenli Partner İlişkisi”

Year 2021, , 531 - 556, 21.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.909401

Abstract

Türkiye’de bugüne kadar geylerin mutluluklarını üzerine inşa ettikleri söylemlere veya söylemsel kaynaklara dair bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Özkan’ın (2019) yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında gerçekleştirdiği araştırma sonucunda İstanbul’da yaşayan orta yetişkinlik dönemindeki geylerin mutluluğa dair konuşmalarına kaynaklık eden 7 açıklayıcı repertuarlar tespit edilmiştir. Bu makalede ise Özkan’ın çalışmasında ulaşılan açıklayıcı repertuarlardan biri olan “Uzun Süreli/Güvenli Partner İlişkisi” repertuarı detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilmektedir. Makaleye temel oluşturan araştırmada, İstanbul’da yaşayan 45-62 yaş arasında, farklı eğitim, gelir ve meslek gruplarından 10 gey ile yarı-yapılandırılmış derinlemesine bireysel görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Ses kayıt cihazıyla kaydedilen görüşmeler yazıya aktarılmış ve metinler söylem analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında, hazırlık amacıyla öncelikle bir pilot görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir ve görüşmede “öznel iyi oluş” kavramının psikoloji alanı profesyoneli olmayan kişilere uzak gelmesi nedeniyle soru formunda bu kavram, “mutluluk” ve “yaşam doyumu” ile ikame edilmiştir. Görüşmelerde öznel iyi oluşun parametreleri olan ilişkiler, kişilik yapısı, inanç, eğitim seviyesi, gelir düzeyi ve sağlığın mutlu ve doyumlu yaşama sahip hissetmeleriyle ilişkisi sorulmuştur. Katılımcıların öznel olarak kendilerini iyi ve mutlu olarak tanımlamalarında bir yandan uzun süreli/güvenli bir partner ilişkisinin varlığını öne çıkardıkları, diğer yandan gerek yaşlandıkça beğenilmeyecek olmaları gerekse gey camiada güvenli/uzun süreli ilişkilerin pek mümkün olmaması itibariyle de ilişki olasılıklarını düşük gördükleri tespit edilmiştir. Gey camiada geçmişe göre sadakatin azaldığı ve hatta artık olmadığına dair sıkça ifade edilen görüş, güvenli bir ilişki yaşamanın önünde duran ve kabullenilmiş bir “gerçeklik” olarak inşa edilmiştir. Görüşülen katılımcılar, sadakatin artık olmadığını ifade ettikleri gey cemaatten bireyler olarak hem bundan şikâyet edip bunun karşısında kendilerini edilgen konumluyor hem de bunu normal kabul ediyor görünmektedirler.

References

  • Arkonaç, S. A. (2014). Psikolojide Söz ve Anlam Analizi: Niteliksel Duruş. Ayrıntı.
  • Akturan, U., & Baş, F. (2008). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri Nvivo 7.0 ile nitel veri analizi.Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Balcı, A. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntem, teknik ve ilkeler. Pegem Akademi.
  • Berger, M. R. (1982). The unseen minority: older gays and lesbians. National Assossiaciton of Social Workers, 27(3), 236-242. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/27.3.236
  • Berghe, W. V., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2010). Minority-specific determinants of mental well-being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00567.x
  • Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., & Radley, A.R. (1988). Ideological thinking in everyday thinking. Sage.
  • Brennan-Ing, M., Karpiak, S. E., & Seidel, L. (2011). Health and psychosocial needs of LGBT older adults. AIDS Community Research Initiative of America. https://www.centeronhalsted.org/SAGE.pdf
  • Burr, V. (2012). Sosyal inşacılık. (S. Arkonaç, Çev.). Nobel.
  • Cass, C. V. (1984). Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model. The Journal of Sex Research, 20(2), 143-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498409551214
  • Choi, S. K., & Meyer, I. H. (2016). LGBT Aging: A review of research findings, needs, and policy implications. The Williams Institute Report. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-Aging-Aug-2016.pdf
  • Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Öznel iyi oluş: genel bir bakış. (N. Gencer, 2018, Çev.). Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11, 2621-2638. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.457382
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 94-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H., Emlet, C. A., Muraco, A., Erosheva, E. A.,Hoy-Ellis,, C. P., Goldsen, J., & Petry, H. (2010). The aging and health report. https://www.familleslgbt.org/1463149763/Fredriksen-Goldsen%202011.pdf
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., & Muraco, A. (2010). Aging and sexual orientation: A 25-year review of the literature. National Institute of Health, 32(3), 372-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027509360355
  • Güney, N., Kargı, E., & Çorbacı Oruç, A. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinin eşcinsellik konusundaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi: Farklı Yüzleriyle Cinsellik. V. Ulusal Cinsellik ve Cinsel Tedaviler Kongresi, 24-26 Mayıs 2004, İstanbul.
  • Hyde, J. S., & DeLamater, J. D. (2011). Understanding Human Sexuality. McGraw-Hill.
  • Kagan, J. (2003). Biology, context and developmental inquiry. Annual Review Psychology, 54, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145240
  • KAOS GL (2017). Eşcinsellikle İlgili Sıkça Sorulan Sorular. https://kaosgl.org/haber/escinsellikle-ilgili-sikca-sorulan-sorular
  • Kasapoğlu, F., & Kış, A. (2016). Öznel iyi oluşun cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi: Bir meta-analiz çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12, 770-782.
  • Kemer, G., Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Pope, A.L., & Ummak, E. (2017). Psychometric properties of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity scale – Turkish (LGBIS-TR). Journal of Homosexuality, 64(12), 1632–1649. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1249741
  • Keyes, C., & Ryff, C. (1999). Psychological well-being in midlife. Life in Middle. 161-180.
  • Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305-331. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141521
  • Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American Psychologist, 41(1), 3-13.
  • Li, Y., Johnson, B. D., & Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A. (2013). Sexual identity development and subjective well-being among Chinese lesbians. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 2(4), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033752
  • Luhmann, M. (2017). The development of subjective well-being. Personality Devlopment Acrossthe Lifespan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804674-6.00013-2
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
  • Martins, Y., Tiggemann, M., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men's body image. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 634-647.
  • Miller, P. H. (2017). Gelişim psikolojisi kuramları (Z. Gültekin, Çev.). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Mroczek, D.K., & Spiro, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from theveterans affairsnormative aging study. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189-202.
  • Myers, D., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy. American Psychological Society, 6, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
  • Mohr, J. J., & Kendra, M. S. (2011). Revision and extension of a multidimensional measure of sexual minority identity: the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/10022858
  • Owen, F. K., Çelik, N. D., & Doğan, T. (2017). Yetişkinlerde iyilik hali. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 53, 600-611.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
  • Safren, S. A., Hollander, G., Hart, T. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral therapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8(3), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(01)80056-0
  • Smith, J. A. (1995). Semi-structured interviewing and qualitative analysis. J. A. Smith, R. Harre ve L. V. Langenhove (Ed.), Rethinking methods in psychology içinde (s. 9-26). Sage.
  • Specht, J. (2017). Personality development in adulthood and old age. J. Specht (Ed.), Personality development across the lifespan içinde (s. 53–67). Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Suen, Y.T. (2017). Older single gay men’s body talk: Resisting and rigidifying the aging discourse in the gay community. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(3), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1191233
  • TODAP (2017). Psikologlar için LGBTİ'lerle çalışma kılavuzu. TODAP.
  • Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Kemer, G., Pope, A.L., & Moe, J.L. (2018). Self-compassion matters: The relationships between perceived social support, self-compassion, and subjective well-being among LGB individuals in Turkey. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 65(3), 372–382.
  • Wetherell, M., & Potter, J. (1988). Discourse analysis and the identification of interpretative repertoires. C. Antaki (Ed.), Analyzing Everyday Explanation: A Casebook of Methods içinde (s.168-183). Sage.
  • Williamson, I., & Hartley, P. (1998). British research into the increased vulnerability of young gay men to eating disturbance and body dissatisfaction. European Eating Disorders Review, 6(3), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199809)6:3<160::AID-ERV252>3.0.CO;2-H
  • Yalçın, İ. (2014). İyi oluş ve sosyal destek arasındaki ilişkiler: Türkiye’de yapılmış çalışmaların meta analizi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25. https://doi.org/10.5080/u7769
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Zastrow, C., & Kirst-Ashman, K. (2015). İnsan davranışı ve sosyal çevre II - Yetişkinlik yaşlılık (S. Türközü, ve B. Alparslan, Çev.). Nika Yayınevi.

Long-Term and Safe Partner Relationship” as a Happiness Discourse of Middle Aged Gay Men

Year 2021, , 531 - 556, 21.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.909401

Abstract

So far, there has been no study of the discourses that gay people build on their happiness in Turkey. As a result of the Özkan’s (2019) research as her master theis, 7 interpretative repertoires have been identified that refer to the conversations of gays in middle adulthood living in Istanbul about happiness. In this article, the repertoire of “long term/secure partner relationship”, which is one of the explanatory repertoires reached in Özkan's work, is analyzed in detail. Within the scope of the research, which formed the basis for the article, semi-structured in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 10 gays from different education, income and professional groups between the ages of 45 and 62 living in Istanbul. The interviews recorded with the voice recorder were transcribed into writing and the texts were examined by the method of discourse analysis. In interviews, relationships, personality structure, belief, education level, income level and health were asked about their relationship with the feeling of having a happy and satisfied life. It was determined that the participants of the study subjectively considered themselves to be good and happy, on the one hand, suggesting the existence of a long-term/safe partner relationship, on the other hand, they would not be liked as they got older, and they considered their relationship probability low due to the fact that safe/long-term relationships. In gay community, the often expressed view that loyalty has diminished and even no longer exists is constructed as an accepted “reality” that stands in the way of having a safe relationship. The interviewees, as individuals from the gay community where they express no more loyalty, both complain about it and position themselves passive in the face of it and seem to accept it as normal.

References

  • Arkonaç, S. A. (2014). Psikolojide Söz ve Anlam Analizi: Niteliksel Duruş. Ayrıntı.
  • Akturan, U., & Baş, F. (2008). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri Nvivo 7.0 ile nitel veri analizi.Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Balcı, A. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntem, teknik ve ilkeler. Pegem Akademi.
  • Berger, M. R. (1982). The unseen minority: older gays and lesbians. National Assossiaciton of Social Workers, 27(3), 236-242. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/27.3.236
  • Berghe, W. V., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2010). Minority-specific determinants of mental well-being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00567.x
  • Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., & Radley, A.R. (1988). Ideological thinking in everyday thinking. Sage.
  • Brennan-Ing, M., Karpiak, S. E., & Seidel, L. (2011). Health and psychosocial needs of LGBT older adults. AIDS Community Research Initiative of America. https://www.centeronhalsted.org/SAGE.pdf
  • Burr, V. (2012). Sosyal inşacılık. (S. Arkonaç, Çev.). Nobel.
  • Cass, C. V. (1984). Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model. The Journal of Sex Research, 20(2), 143-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498409551214
  • Choi, S. K., & Meyer, I. H. (2016). LGBT Aging: A review of research findings, needs, and policy implications. The Williams Institute Report. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-Aging-Aug-2016.pdf
  • Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2009). Öznel iyi oluş: genel bir bakış. (N. Gencer, 2018, Çev.). Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11, 2621-2638. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.457382
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 94-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H., Emlet, C. A., Muraco, A., Erosheva, E. A.,Hoy-Ellis,, C. P., Goldsen, J., & Petry, H. (2010). The aging and health report. https://www.familleslgbt.org/1463149763/Fredriksen-Goldsen%202011.pdf
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., & Muraco, A. (2010). Aging and sexual orientation: A 25-year review of the literature. National Institute of Health, 32(3), 372-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027509360355
  • Güney, N., Kargı, E., & Çorbacı Oruç, A. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinin eşcinsellik konusundaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi: Farklı Yüzleriyle Cinsellik. V. Ulusal Cinsellik ve Cinsel Tedaviler Kongresi, 24-26 Mayıs 2004, İstanbul.
  • Hyde, J. S., & DeLamater, J. D. (2011). Understanding Human Sexuality. McGraw-Hill.
  • Kagan, J. (2003). Biology, context and developmental inquiry. Annual Review Psychology, 54, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145240
  • KAOS GL (2017). Eşcinsellikle İlgili Sıkça Sorulan Sorular. https://kaosgl.org/haber/escinsellikle-ilgili-sikca-sorulan-sorular
  • Kasapoğlu, F., & Kış, A. (2016). Öznel iyi oluşun cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi: Bir meta-analiz çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12, 770-782.
  • Kemer, G., Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Pope, A.L., & Ummak, E. (2017). Psychometric properties of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity scale – Turkish (LGBIS-TR). Journal of Homosexuality, 64(12), 1632–1649. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1249741
  • Keyes, C., & Ryff, C. (1999). Psychological well-being in midlife. Life in Middle. 161-180.
  • Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305-331. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141521
  • Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American Psychologist, 41(1), 3-13.
  • Li, Y., Johnson, B. D., & Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A. (2013). Sexual identity development and subjective well-being among Chinese lesbians. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 2(4), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033752
  • Luhmann, M. (2017). The development of subjective well-being. Personality Devlopment Acrossthe Lifespan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804674-6.00013-2
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
  • Martins, Y., Tiggemann, M., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men's body image. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 634-647.
  • Miller, P. H. (2017). Gelişim psikolojisi kuramları (Z. Gültekin, Çev.). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Mroczek, D.K., & Spiro, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from theveterans affairsnormative aging study. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189-202.
  • Myers, D., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy. American Psychological Society, 6, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
  • Mohr, J. J., & Kendra, M. S. (2011). Revision and extension of a multidimensional measure of sexual minority identity: the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/10022858
  • Owen, F. K., Çelik, N. D., & Doğan, T. (2017). Yetişkinlerde iyilik hali. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 53, 600-611.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
  • Safren, S. A., Hollander, G., Hart, T. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral therapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8(3), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(01)80056-0
  • Smith, J. A. (1995). Semi-structured interviewing and qualitative analysis. J. A. Smith, R. Harre ve L. V. Langenhove (Ed.), Rethinking methods in psychology içinde (s. 9-26). Sage.
  • Specht, J. (2017). Personality development in adulthood and old age. J. Specht (Ed.), Personality development across the lifespan içinde (s. 53–67). Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Suen, Y.T. (2017). Older single gay men’s body talk: Resisting and rigidifying the aging discourse in the gay community. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(3), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1191233
  • TODAP (2017). Psikologlar için LGBTİ'lerle çalışma kılavuzu. TODAP.
  • Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Kemer, G., Pope, A.L., & Moe, J.L. (2018). Self-compassion matters: The relationships between perceived social support, self-compassion, and subjective well-being among LGB individuals in Turkey. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 65(3), 372–382.
  • Wetherell, M., & Potter, J. (1988). Discourse analysis and the identification of interpretative repertoires. C. Antaki (Ed.), Analyzing Everyday Explanation: A Casebook of Methods içinde (s.168-183). Sage.
  • Williamson, I., & Hartley, P. (1998). British research into the increased vulnerability of young gay men to eating disturbance and body dissatisfaction. European Eating Disorders Review, 6(3), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199809)6:3<160::AID-ERV252>3.0.CO;2-H
  • Yalçın, İ. (2014). İyi oluş ve sosyal destek arasındaki ilişkiler: Türkiye’de yapılmış çalışmaların meta analizi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25. https://doi.org/10.5080/u7769
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Zastrow, C., & Kirst-Ashman, K. (2015). İnsan davranışı ve sosyal çevre II - Yetişkinlik yaşlılık (S. Türközü, ve B. Alparslan, Çev.). Nika Yayınevi.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dilek Özkan 0000-0002-3502-6417

Umut Şah 0000-0002-5376-0965

Publication Date June 21, 2021
Submission Date April 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Özkan, D., & Şah, U. (2021). Orta Yetişkinlik Dönemindeki Geylerde Mutluluk Söylemi Olarak “Uzun Süreli ve Güvenli Partner İlişkisi”. Humanistic Perspective, 3(2), 531-556. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.909401


Humanistic Perspective - 2019


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