Antimicrobial Activity of Musa acuminata Peel Extract against Gram-Positive Bacteria

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 191 - 196, 15.08.2020

Yashini Subramaniam Nurzafirah Mazlan Halijah Hassan Juju Nakasha Jaafar Siti Marwanis Anua Thung Tze Young Safaa Najah Saud Al-humairi

https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.747883

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Particular communities are discarding banana (Musa acuminata) peels as household and industrial food waste. It is high in nutritive value and a healthy source of food to consume. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of M. acuminata peels against four types of Gram-positive bacteria, namely, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. The extract of M. acuminate peel was prepared using a soxhlet apparatus for ethanolic extract and rotary evaporator to concentrate the ethanolic extract. Antimicrobial activity was carried out on the extract using agar disc diffusion technique; the inhibitory zones were recorded in millimetres. Results showed that the disc diffusion method of ethanolic extract of M. acuminata peel was not effective against all the Gram-positive bacteria strains. This result indicated that M. acuminata peel did not pose any potential antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria. However, further study should be carried out using different extraction method and concentration in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity.

Keywords

Antimicrobial activity, Gram-positive bacteria, Musa acuminata peel

References

• Abdel Rahman, S., Abd-Ellatif, S., Deraz, S. & Khalil, A. (2011). Antibacterial activity of some wild medicinal plants collected from western Mediterranean coast, Egypt: Natural alternatives for infectious disease treatment. Biotechnology, 10(52), 10733-10743
• Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B. L. & Ikram, S. (2016). A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of siver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise. Advanced Research, 7(1), 17-28
• Andrade, R. J. & Tulkens, P. M. (2011). Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care. Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy, 66(7), 1431-1446
• Anem, M. (2012, October 8). Anim agriculture technology. Retrieved from www.animagrow.blogspot.my/2012/10/growing-banana-in-malaysia.html?m=1
• Atzingen, D. A., Gragnani, A., Veiga, D. F., Abla, L. E., Mendonca, A. R., Paula, C. A., Juliano, Y. Correa, J. C., Faria, M. R. & Ferreira L. M. (2011). Gel from unripe Musa sapientum peel to repair surgical wounds in rats, Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 26, 379-382
• Baskar, R., Shrisakthi, S., Sathyapriya, B., Shyampriya, R., Nithya, R. and Poongodi, P. (2011). Antioxidant potential of peel extracts of banana varieties (Musa sapientum). Food and Nutrition Sciences, 02(10), 1128-1133.
• Brown, L., Wolf, J. M., Prados-Rosales, R. & Casadevall, A. (2015, September 1). Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram0positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi. Nature Review Microbiology, doi: 10.1038/nrmicri3480
• Budin, G., Chung, H. J., L, H & Weissleder, R. (2012). A magnetic gram stain for bacterial detection. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 51(31), 7752-7755
• Chan, A., Sherman, P. & Bourke, B. (2006). Clinical infectious diseases. Oxford Academics, 43(9), 1230-1231. doi: 10.1086/508893
• Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbilogy Reviews, 12(4), 564-582
• Daniel, M. (2007). Medicinal plants: chemistry and properties. Enfield (New Hampshire): Science Publishers, 82(2), 1, Retrieved from www.scribd.com/doc/1444207357/Medicinal-Plants-Chemistry-and-Properties-M-Daniel
• Edenta, C., James, D. B., Owolabi, O. A. & Okoduwa, S. I. R. (2014). Hypolipidemic effects of aqueous extract of three cultivars of Musa sapientum fruit peel on polarxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic wistar rats. Pharmacology and Science Research, 5, 1046-1051
• Edenta, C., Okoduwa, S. and Okpe, O. (2017). Effects of aqueous extract of three cultivars of banana (Musa acuminata) fruit peel on kidney and liver function indices in wistar rats. Medicines, 4(4), 1-7.
• Ehiowemwenguan, G., Emoghene, A. O. & Inetianbor, J. E. (2013). Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of banana fruit peel. Pharmacy, 4(8), 18-25
• Emaga, T. H., Ronkart, S. N., Wathelet, B. & Paquot, M. (2008). Characterisation of pectins extracted from banana peels (Musa AAA) under different conditions using an experimental design. Food Chemistry, 108, 463-471
• Fatemah, S. R., Saifullah, R., Abbas, F. M. A. & Azhar, M. E., (2012). Total phenolic and antioxidant activity of banana pulp and peel flours: Influence of variety and stage of ripeness. International Food Research, 19(3), 1041-1046.
• Fukuyama, H., Yamashiro, S., Kinjo, K., Tamaki, H. & Kishaba, T. (2014). Validation of sputum Gram stain for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and healthcare-associated pneumonia: A propective observational study. Infectious Diseases, 14(534), 1-8
• Grare, M., Fontanay, S., Cornil, C., Finance, C. & Duval, R. E. (2008). Tetrazolium salts for MIC determination in microplates: Why? Which salt to select? How?. Microbiological Methods 75(1), 156-159
• Griffth, F. (1934). The serological classification of Streptococcus pyogenes. Hygiene, 34(4), 542-584
• Hoffmar, a., Hill, K., Gee, J., Marstone, C., De., B., Popovic, T., Sue, D., Wilkins, P., Avashia, S., Drumgoole, R., Helma, C., Ticknor, L., Okinaka, R. & Jackson, J. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus cereus isolates associated with fatal pneumonias: Strains are closely related to Bacillus anthracis and harbor B. anthracis virulence. Clinical Microbiology (2006). 44(9), 3352-3360
• Holmes, A. H., Moore, L. S. P., Sundsfiord, A., Steinbakk, M., Regmi, S. Karkey, A., Guerin, P. J. & Piddock, L. J. V. (2015). Antimicrobials: access and sustainable effectiveness 2: Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Series, 1-12
• Huttner, B., Samore, M. (2011). Outpatient antibiotic use in the United States: time to “get smarter”. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53(7), 540-543
• Khan, Z. Z. & Salvaggio, M. R. (2017, August 8). Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infections. Retrieved from www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/228936-overview
• Kumar, K. P. S., Bhowmik, D., Duraivel, S. & Umadevi, M. (2012). Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Banana. Pharmacology and phytochemical, 1, 51-63 L al, N., Sahu, N., Shiurkar, G., Kumar, J. D., & Chack, S. (2017). Banana: awesome fruit crop for society. The Pharmacology Innovation, 6(7), 223-228.
• Lanie, J. Ng. W., Kazmierczak, K., Andrzejewski, T., Davidsen, T., Wayne, K., Tettelin, H., Glass, J., Winkler, M. Genome sequence of Avery’s virulent serotype 2 strain D39 of Streptococcus pneumonia and comparison with that of unencapsulated laboratory strain R6. Bacteriology, 189, 38-51
• Leekha, S., Terrell, C. L. & Edson, R. S. (2011). General principle of Antimicrobial Therapy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86(2), 156-167
• Levy, S. B. & Marshall, B. (2004). Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. National Medicine, 10(12), 122-129
• Lowy, F. D. (2003). Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Investigation, 111(9), 1265-1273
• Mohapatra, D., Mishra, S., & Sutar, N. (2010). Banana and its by-product utilization: an overview. Scientific & Industrial Research, 69, 323-329.
• Mosa, Z. M. & Khalil, A. F. (2015). The effects of banana peels supplements diet on acute liver failure rats. Agriculture sciences, 60(2), 373-379
• Mostafa, A. A., Al-Askar, A. A., Almaary, K. S., Dawoud, T. M., Sholkamy, E. N. & Bakri, M. M. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. Biological Sciences, 25(1), 361-366
• Navghare, V. and Dhawale, S. (2017). In vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic and oral glucose tolerance test of banana peels. Medicine, 53(3), 237-243.
• Patel, J. B., Weinstein, M. P., Elipoulos, G. M., Jenkins, S. G., Lewis, J. S., Limbago, B., Mathers, A. J., Mazzulli, T., Patel, R., Richter, S. S., Satlin, M., Swenson, J. M., Traczewski, M.
• M., Turnidge, J., D. & Zimmer, B., L. (2017). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 37(27), 1-249
• Pereira, A. and Maraschin, M. (2015). Banana (Musa spp) from peel to pulp: Ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health. Ethnopharmacology, 160, 149-163
• Pereira, M. G., Maciel, G. M., Haminiuk, C. W. I., Bach, F., Hamerski, F., Scheer, A. P. & Corazza, M. L. (2018). Effect of extraction process on composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of oil from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Var. Flavicarpa) seeds. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1-15
• Prakash, B., Sumangala, C. H., Melappa, G. & Gavimath, C. (2016). Evaluation of antifungal activity of banana peel against scalp fungi. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2017), 11977-11983
• Priyanga, S., Hemmalakshmi, S., Vidya, B., Chella Perumal, P., Gopalakrishnan, V. K., & Devaki, K. (2017). Acute toxicity assessment of ethanolic leaf extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum L. on wistar albino rats. Toxicology International Formerly Indian, 24(1), 22. doi:10.22506/ti/2017/v24/i1/149029
• Rajakannu, S., Shankar, S., Perumal, S., Subramanian, S. & Dhakshinamoorthy, G. P. (2015). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Garcinia mangostana fruit extract and their antibacterial, antioxidant activity. Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 4(1), 944-952
• Rattanavichi, W. & Cheng, Winton. (2014). Effects of hot-water extract of banana (Musa acuminata)fruit’s peel on the antibacterial activity, and anti-hypothermal stress, immune responses and disease resistance of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium resenbegii. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 39(1), 326-335
• Reddy, G.V., Babu, P. R., Komaraiah, P., Roy, K. R. R. M. & Kothari, I. L. (2003). Utilization of banana waste for theproduction of lignolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by solid substrate fermentation using two Pleurotus species (P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju). Process Biochemistry, 38(10), 1457-1462
• Srinivasan, D., Nathan, S. Suresh, T. & Perumalsamy, P. L. (2001). Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine. Ethnopharmacology, 74(2001), 217-220.
• Singhal, M. & Ratra, Purnima. (2013). Antioxidant activity, total flavonoid and total phenolic content of Musa acuminata peel extracts. Pharmacology, 7(2), pp118-122.
• Sirajudin, Z. N. M., Ahmed, Q. U., Chowdhury, A. J. K., Kamarudin, E. Z., Khan, A. V., Uddin, A. H. & Musa, N. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) peels against food borne pathogenic microbes. Pure and Applied Microbiology, 8(5), 3627-3639
• Shankar, G., Jeevitha, P. & Shadeesh, L. (2017). Nutritional analysis of Musa acuminata. Food and DairyTechnology, 5(4), pp27-29.
• Someya, S., Yoshiki, Y., & Okubo, K. (2002). Antioxidant compounds from bananas (Musa Cavendish). Food Chemistry, 79(3), 351-354. doi: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00186-3
• Stoppler, M. C. (2017). Staph infection (Staphylococcus aureus). Medicine Net. Retrieved from www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection/article.html#staph_infection_facts
• Sumathy, V., Lachumy, S. J., Zakaria, Z. & Sasidharan, S. (2011). In vitro bioactivity and phytochemical screening of Musa acuminata flower. Pharmacologyonline, 2, 118-127
• Tingpej, B. (2014). Bacillus. National Library of Medicine. MeSH Scope Note and Classification. Retrieved from www.idimages.org/m/atlas/organism/?atlasentryID=93&organism=Bacillus
• Todar, K. (2003). Streptococcus pneumonia. Textbook of Bacteriology, Retrieved from www.textbookofbacteriology.net/S.pneumoniae
• Vilain, S., Luo, Y., Hildreth, M. & Brozel, V. 2006). Analysis of the life cycle of the soil saprophyte bacillus cereus in liguid soil ectract and in soil. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72(7), 4970-4977
• Wijnands, L., Dufrenne, J., Zwietering, M. H., and Leusden, F. (2006). Spores from mesophilic Bacillus cereus strains germinate better and grow faster in simulated gastro-intestinal conditions than spores from psychrotrophic strains. Food Microbiology. 112(2), 120-128.
• Wooford, N. & David, M. L. (2009). Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: a review of global challenge. Infection, 59(1), 4-16
• Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Jiang, P. & Quek, S. Y. (2015). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.