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The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 95 - 100, 31.01.2023

Abstract

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between prenatal chronic diseases, infection, and autism spectrum disorder.
Material and Method: Retrospective, cross-sectional and comparative research design was used. The sample was conducted with 99 mothers for the group, 44 of whom had a child with autism spectrum disorder and 55 of whom had a child with non-autism spectrum disorder. Data were collected from mothers between October 2020 and January 2021 via online methods (Facebook, Whatsapp, and Instagram). The study data was collected with a questionnaire form and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale.
Results: It was determined that autism spectrum disorder was more common in the children of mothers with maternal diabetes (χ2= 5.196; p= 0.023) and infection (χ2= 5.331; p= 0.021). Gender, low birth weight, and twin pregnancy were also found to be risk factors for autism (p<0.05).
Conclusion: As a result, the data obtained show that chronic diseases and infection of the mother in the prenatal period increase the risk of autism in the child. Therefore, in the presence of diseases such as maternal diabetes and infections, the mother and fetus should be monitored, and children with autism spectrum disorders should be detected at an early stage.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. 50 p
  • Jiang H, Xu L, Shao L, Xia R, Yu Z, Ling Z, et al. Maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2021 Feb 21];(58):165-72. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.06.005.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); 2017 [cited 2021 Feb 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html.
  • Chen Y, Shen LJ, Gau SS. The mandarin version of the kiddie- schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia–epidemiological version for dsm-5: A psychometric study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017 Jul 11;116(9): 671–8.
  • Aydın D, Özgen ZE. The role of nurses in autism spectrum disorders and early diagnosis in children. Gümüşhane Uni J Health Sci. 2018 Sep 3;7(3): 93-01.
  • Cordero C, Windham GC, Schieve LA, Fallin MD, Croen LA, Siega-Riz MA, et al. Maternal diabetes and hypertensive disorders in association with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res [Internet]. 2019 Mar [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2019;12(6): 967-75. Available from: DOI:10.1002/aur.2105.
  • Chien YL, Chou MC, Chou WC, Wu YY, Tsai WC, Chiu YN, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors and the clinical implications on autism spectrum disorder. Autism [Internet]. 2018 Jun 28 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2019;23(3):783-791. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1177/1362361318772813.
  • Maramara LA, He W, Ming, X. Pre- and perinatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in a new jersey cohort. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2014 Jan 10 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014;29(12):1645-51. Available from: DOI:10.1177/0883073813512899.
  • Bonnet-Brilhault, F, Rajerison, T, A, Paillet, C, Guimard-Brunault, M, Saby, A, Ponson, L, Tripi, G, Malvy, J, Roux, S. Autism is a prenatal disorder: evidence from late gestation brain overgrowth. Autism Res [Internet]. 2018 Sep 18 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;11:1635-1642.Available from: DOI: 10.1002/aur.2036.
  • Ornoy, A, Weinstein-Fudim, L, Ergaz, Z. Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Reprod Toxicol [Internet]. 2015 May 5 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2015;56:155-169.Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007
  • Hisle-Gorman, E, Susi, A, Stokes, T, Gorman, G, Erdie-Lalena, C, Nylund, C, M. Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors of autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Res [Internet]. 2018 Jan 18 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;84(2):190-198. Available from: DOI:10.1038/pr.2018.23.
  • Xu G, Jing J, Bowers K, Liu B, Bao W. Maternal diabetes and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord [Internet]. 2013 Sep 22 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014;44(4):766-775. Available from: DOI:10.1007/s10803-013-1928-2.
  • Abdallah MW, Hougaard DM, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Grove J, Bonefeld- Jørgensen EC, Mortersen, EL. Neonatal levels of neurotrophic factors and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2012 Sep 4; (128):61–9.
  • Croen, LA, Qian Y, Ashwood P, Zerbo O, Schendel D, Pinto-Martin J, et al. Infection and fever in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders: Findings from the study to explore early development. Autism Res [Internet]. 2019 Jun 27, [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2019;12:1551-1561. Available from: DOI: 10.1002/aur.2175.
  • Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly, K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord. 1980 Mar;(10):91-03.
  • İncekaş-Gassaloğlu S, Baykara B, Avcil S, Demireal Y. Validity and reliability analysis of Turkish version of childhood autism rating scale. Turkish J Psych [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2016;27(4):266- 274. Available from: DOI: 10.5080/u11197.
  • Fombonne, E. Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Res. 2009 Jun ;65(6):591-98.
  • Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen, S. Sex/Gender differences and autism: Setting the scene for future research. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;54(1):11-24.
  • Lai MC, Szatmari P. Sex and gender impacts on the behavioural presentation and recognition of autism. Neurodev Dis. 2020 Mar;(32):1-7.
  • Wang K, Wang C, Guo D, Wijngaarden M, Begeer S. Children with autism spectrum disorder from China and the Netherlands: Age of diagnosis, gender and comorbidities. Res Autism Spectr Disord [Internet]. 2018 Jan [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;(54):76-82. Available from:https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.07.004.
  • Galvan JAA, Ramalingam PN, Patil SS, Shobri MAS, Chinna K, Sahrir M, et al. Mode of delivery, order of birth, parental age gap and autism spectrum disorder among Malaysian children: A case-control study. Heliyon [Internet]. 2020 Sep 23 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2020;(6):1-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05068.
  • Froehlich-Santino W, Tobon AL, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors in a twin study of autism spectrum disorders. J Psychiatr Res [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014;(54):100-08. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jpsychires.2014.03.019.
  • Burstyn I, Wang X, Yasui Y, Sithole F, Zwaigenbaum, L. Autism spectrum disorders and fetal hypoxia in a population-based cohort: Accounting for missing exposures via estimation maximization algorithm. BMC Med Res Methodology [Internet]. 2011 Jan [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2011;(11): 2-9. Available from: DOI:10.1186/1471-2288-11-2.
  • Lampi KM, Lehtonen L, Tran PL, Suominen A, Lehti V, Banerjee PN, et al. Risk of autism spectrum disorders in low birth weight and small for gestational age infants. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2012 Apr [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2012;(161):830-6. Available from: DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.04.058.
  • Talmi Z, Mankuta D, Raz, R. Birth weight and autism spectrum disorder: A population-based nested case–control study. Autism Res [Internet]. 2019 Dec [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2020;1-11. Available from: DOI: 10.1002/aur.2260.
  • Hadjkacem, I, Ayadi, H, Turki, M, Yaich, S, Khemekhem, K, Walha, A, Cherif, L, Moalla, Y, Ghribi, F. Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2016 Jan [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2016;92(6):595-01. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jped.2016.01.012.
  • Carpita B, Muti D, Dell’Osso, L. Oxidative stress, maternal diabetes, and autism spectrum disorders. Oxid Med Cell Longev [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;1-9. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1155/2018/3717215.
  • Wijngaarden-Cremers PJMV, van Eeten E, Groen WB, Van Deurzen, PA, Oosterling IJ, Van der Gaag RJ. Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Autism Dev. Disord [Internet]. 2013 Aug [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014; (44):627-35. Available from: DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013- 1913-9.

Maternal Kronik Hastalık ve Enfeksiyon ile Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuğa Sahip Olma Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 95 - 100, 31.01.2023

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, maternal kronik hastalıklar ve enfeksiyon ile otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuğa sahip olma arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Retrospektif, kesitsel ve karşılaştırmalı araştırma tasarımı kullanılmıştır. Örneklem otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuğa sahip 44, otizm dışı spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuğa sahip 55 olmak üzere 99 anne ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler çevrimiçi yöntemle (Facebook, Whatsapp and Instagram) Ekim 2020 - Ocak 2021 tarihleri arasında annelerden toplanmıştır. Çalışma verileri anket formu ve Çocukluk Çağı Otizm Derecelendirme Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Maternal diyabeti (χ2= 5,196; p= 0,023) ve enfeksiyonu bulunan (χ2= 5,331; p= 0,021) annelerin çocuklarında daha fazla otizm spektrum bozukluğu görüldüğü belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca cinsiyet, düşük doğum ağırlığı ve ikiz gebeliğin de otizm için risk faktörleri olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, elde edilen veriler annenin doğum öncesi dönemde sahip olduğu kronik hastalıklar ve enfeksiyonun, çocukta otizm görülme riskini artırdığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle maternal diyabet ve enfeksiyon gibi hastalıkların varlığında anne ve fetüs izlenmeli, otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklar erken dönemde tespit edilmelidir.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. 50 p
  • Jiang H, Xu L, Shao L, Xia R, Yu Z, Ling Z, et al. Maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2021 Feb 21];(58):165-72. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.06.005.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); 2017 [cited 2021 Feb 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html.
  • Chen Y, Shen LJ, Gau SS. The mandarin version of the kiddie- schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia–epidemiological version for dsm-5: A psychometric study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017 Jul 11;116(9): 671–8.
  • Aydın D, Özgen ZE. The role of nurses in autism spectrum disorders and early diagnosis in children. Gümüşhane Uni J Health Sci. 2018 Sep 3;7(3): 93-01.
  • Cordero C, Windham GC, Schieve LA, Fallin MD, Croen LA, Siega-Riz MA, et al. Maternal diabetes and hypertensive disorders in association with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res [Internet]. 2019 Mar [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2019;12(6): 967-75. Available from: DOI:10.1002/aur.2105.
  • Chien YL, Chou MC, Chou WC, Wu YY, Tsai WC, Chiu YN, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors and the clinical implications on autism spectrum disorder. Autism [Internet]. 2018 Jun 28 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2019;23(3):783-791. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1177/1362361318772813.
  • Maramara LA, He W, Ming, X. Pre- and perinatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in a new jersey cohort. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2014 Jan 10 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014;29(12):1645-51. Available from: DOI:10.1177/0883073813512899.
  • Bonnet-Brilhault, F, Rajerison, T, A, Paillet, C, Guimard-Brunault, M, Saby, A, Ponson, L, Tripi, G, Malvy, J, Roux, S. Autism is a prenatal disorder: evidence from late gestation brain overgrowth. Autism Res [Internet]. 2018 Sep 18 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;11:1635-1642.Available from: DOI: 10.1002/aur.2036.
  • Ornoy, A, Weinstein-Fudim, L, Ergaz, Z. Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Reprod Toxicol [Internet]. 2015 May 5 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2015;56:155-169.Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007
  • Hisle-Gorman, E, Susi, A, Stokes, T, Gorman, G, Erdie-Lalena, C, Nylund, C, M. Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors of autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Res [Internet]. 2018 Jan 18 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;84(2):190-198. Available from: DOI:10.1038/pr.2018.23.
  • Xu G, Jing J, Bowers K, Liu B, Bao W. Maternal diabetes and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord [Internet]. 2013 Sep 22 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014;44(4):766-775. Available from: DOI:10.1007/s10803-013-1928-2.
  • Abdallah MW, Hougaard DM, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Grove J, Bonefeld- Jørgensen EC, Mortersen, EL. Neonatal levels of neurotrophic factors and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2012 Sep 4; (128):61–9.
  • Croen, LA, Qian Y, Ashwood P, Zerbo O, Schendel D, Pinto-Martin J, et al. Infection and fever in pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders: Findings from the study to explore early development. Autism Res [Internet]. 2019 Jun 27, [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2019;12:1551-1561. Available from: DOI: 10.1002/aur.2175.
  • Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly, K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord. 1980 Mar;(10):91-03.
  • İncekaş-Gassaloğlu S, Baykara B, Avcil S, Demireal Y. Validity and reliability analysis of Turkish version of childhood autism rating scale. Turkish J Psych [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2016;27(4):266- 274. Available from: DOI: 10.5080/u11197.
  • Fombonne, E. Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Res. 2009 Jun ;65(6):591-98.
  • Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen, S. Sex/Gender differences and autism: Setting the scene for future research. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;54(1):11-24.
  • Lai MC, Szatmari P. Sex and gender impacts on the behavioural presentation and recognition of autism. Neurodev Dis. 2020 Mar;(32):1-7.
  • Wang K, Wang C, Guo D, Wijngaarden M, Begeer S. Children with autism spectrum disorder from China and the Netherlands: Age of diagnosis, gender and comorbidities. Res Autism Spectr Disord [Internet]. 2018 Jan [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;(54):76-82. Available from:https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.07.004.
  • Galvan JAA, Ramalingam PN, Patil SS, Shobri MAS, Chinna K, Sahrir M, et al. Mode of delivery, order of birth, parental age gap and autism spectrum disorder among Malaysian children: A case-control study. Heliyon [Internet]. 2020 Sep 23 [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2020;(6):1-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05068.
  • Froehlich-Santino W, Tobon AL, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors in a twin study of autism spectrum disorders. J Psychiatr Res [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014;(54):100-08. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jpsychires.2014.03.019.
  • Burstyn I, Wang X, Yasui Y, Sithole F, Zwaigenbaum, L. Autism spectrum disorders and fetal hypoxia in a population-based cohort: Accounting for missing exposures via estimation maximization algorithm. BMC Med Res Methodology [Internet]. 2011 Jan [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2011;(11): 2-9. Available from: DOI:10.1186/1471-2288-11-2.
  • Lampi KM, Lehtonen L, Tran PL, Suominen A, Lehti V, Banerjee PN, et al. Risk of autism spectrum disorders in low birth weight and small for gestational age infants. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2012 Apr [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2012;(161):830-6. Available from: DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.04.058.
  • Talmi Z, Mankuta D, Raz, R. Birth weight and autism spectrum disorder: A population-based nested case–control study. Autism Res [Internet]. 2019 Dec [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2020;1-11. Available from: DOI: 10.1002/aur.2260.
  • Hadjkacem, I, Ayadi, H, Turki, M, Yaich, S, Khemekhem, K, Walha, A, Cherif, L, Moalla, Y, Ghribi, F. Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2016 Jan [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2016;92(6):595-01. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jped.2016.01.012.
  • Carpita B, Muti D, Dell’Osso, L. Oxidative stress, maternal diabetes, and autism spectrum disorders. Oxid Med Cell Longev [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2018;1-9. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1155/2018/3717215.
  • Wijngaarden-Cremers PJMV, van Eeten E, Groen WB, Van Deurzen, PA, Oosterling IJ, Van der Gaag RJ. Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Autism Dev. Disord [Internet]. 2013 Aug [cited 2021 Feb 19] 2014; (44):627-35. Available from: DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013- 1913-9.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Elifnur Güneş 0000-0003-3202-5619

Merve Tuncer 0000-0003-2626-4170

Early Pub Date January 31, 2023
Publication Date January 31, 2023
Submission Date January 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güneş, E., & Tuncer, M. (2023). The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 95-100.
AMA Güneş E, Tuncer M. The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. İKÇÜSBFD. January 2023;8(1):95-100.
Chicago Güneş, Elifnur, and Merve Tuncer. “The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8, no. 1 (January 2023): 95-100.
EndNote Güneş E, Tuncer M (January 1, 2023) The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8 1 95–100.
IEEE E. Güneş and M. Tuncer, “The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder”, İKÇÜSBFD, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 95–100, 2023.
ISNAD Güneş, Elifnur - Tuncer, Merve. “The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8/1 (January 2023), 95-100.
JAMA Güneş E, Tuncer M. The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8:95–100.
MLA Güneş, Elifnur and Merve Tuncer. “The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2023, pp. 95-100.
Vancouver Güneş E, Tuncer M. The Relationship Between Maternal Chronic Disease, Infection, and Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8(1):95-100.



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