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Sürdürülebilir Üretim ve Yaşamda “Yapağı”

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 23 - 36

Abstract

Dünyanın maruz kaldığı iklim değişikliği ve çevre kirliliği nedeniyle birçok farklı sorun yaşanmaktadır. Küresel ısınma, kuraklık, mikroplastikler ve kaynakların tükenmesi bunlardan sadece birkaçıdır. Bugün tekstil ürünlerinin hammadde, üretim şekli ve kullanımının gezegene olumsuz etkileri açıkça ifade edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla sürdürülebilir bir gelecek için çözümlerin geliştirilmesinde tekstil ve moda endüstrisine büyük sorumluluk düşmektedir. Hammaddenin elde edilmesinden son ürün sürecine kadarki çevresel etkileri azaltmak hatta tersine çevirmek için kaynak bulma ve ürün stratejilerini değiştirme arayışlarına girilmiştir. Sürdürülebilir değişimi doğru ve hızlı bir şekilde uygulamaya yönelik küresel arayışta üretimin devamlılığı, kaynak kullanımı ve çevreye olan etkileri noktasında yapağının oynayacağı kilit bir rol bulunmaktadır. İyi tasarlanmış bir ürün koyunların kırkılmasından, ürün haline getirilmesi ve kullanım ömrü sonuna kadarki süreçte üretici ve tüketicilerin iklim üzerindeki etkilerini azaltmayı hedefler. Yapağı, su, hava, güneş ve ot karışımı ile yıl boyunca elde edilebilen bir üründür. Mikro parçalara ayrılarak arazi ve su kaynaklarında biriken sentetik liflerin aksine, yapağı hem tatlı hem de tuzlu suda biyolojik olarak parçalanmaktadır. Yünlü ürünler eko-güvenlik, uzun ömürlü olma ve geri dönüştürülmeye uygunluğu ile öne çıkmaktadır. Yünün fiziksel ve kimyasal yapısı, nem ve kokuya karşı dayanıklı, vücut sıcaklığındaki değişikliklere tepki veren bir özellik gösterir. Yün klasik veya spor giyim, iç mekân ürünleri, yalıtım malzemesi ve kompost vb. birçok farklı ürün çeşidiyle kullanılabilen, uygun şekilde üretildiği ve işlendiğinde sürdürülebilir olma özelliğine sahip, doğal, yenilenebilir ve kolayca geri dönüştürülebilen bir elyaftır. Yapağı popüler olarak dünyadaki en sürdürülebilir lif kaynaklarından biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bugün sürdürülebilirlik ve sorumlu kaynak yönetimi yirmi birinci yüzyılın itici güçleri haline gelmiştir. Üretimde malzeme seçimi temelde çevresel etkiler, sürdürülebilirlik, bulunabilirlik ve ekonomi arasındaki bir dizi karşılıklı ilişkiyle karakterize edilebilir. Bu derlemede küresel iklim olaylarını da dikkate alarak, kaynak kullanımı açısından çevresel etkisi az, yenilebilir ve kırsal ekonomiye önemli katkı sağlayabilecek ürünlere yönelmeyi teşvik noktasında yapağının önemi açıklanmıştır.

References

  • Anonim, (2018). Wool fibre structure and properties. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/image_maps/61-wool-fibre-structure-and-properties (26.09.2022)
  • Anonim, (2021). Textile Exchange Preferred Fiber & Materials Market Report 2021. Textile Exchange. https://textileexchange.org/app/uploads/2021/08/Textile-Exchange_Preferred-Fiber-and-Materials-Market-Report_2021.pdf (12.11.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022a). The History of Wool. https://www.wool.ca/images/uploads/files/care/wool-fact-sheets.pdf. (19.11.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022b). https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/wool. (10.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022c). https://www.woolmark.com/fibre/ (10.12.2022) Anonim, (2022d). https://www.woolmark.com/industry/research/wool-is-biodegradable/ (15.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022e). https://sustainablefoodtrust.org/articles/what-about-wool/ (15.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022f). https://www.dalefootcomposts.co.uk/products/wool-compost-for-seeds.p.aspx (20.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022g). https://www.manufactum.com/sheeps-wool-weed-mat-a68563/ (20.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022h). https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/rockwool-insulation-material-16366594130.html (20.12.2022)
  • Antoniadou, K. (2022.) Is Wool Sustainable? Here’s What You Need to Know. https://indiegetup.com/is-wool-sustainable/ (10.11.2022)
  • Bamonti, S., Spinelli, R., Bonol, A. (2016). Environmental footprint in the production of recycled wool. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 15(9), 1923-1931.
  • Batu, S. (1962). Koyunculuğun Esasları. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın No: 136, Ders Kitabı: 56.
  • Brown, R.M. (1994). The Microbial Degradation of Wool in the Marine Environment. Thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
  • Browne, M.A., Crump, P., Niven, S.J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T., Thompson, R. (2011). Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 9175-9179.
  • Cai, J., Russel, I., Pierlot, A. (2009). Developing ‘Eco-Wool’ Compliant Supply Chains for Australian Wool. Australian Wool Innovation, Victoria, Australia.
  • Corscadden, K., Biggs, J.N., Stiles, D.K. (2014). Sheep's wool insulation: A sustainable alternative use for a renewable resource?.Resources Conservation and Recycling, 86 (4):9-15.
  • Cottle, D.J. (2010). Wool preparation and metabolism. In: Cottle, D.J. (Editor), InternationalSheep and Wool Handbook. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 581-618.
  • Demier, G., Alkaya, E. (2018). Cleaner production guide for the textile sector efficiency in use of resources, a decrease in costs, harmony with the environment. WWF-Turkey.
  • Doyle, E.K., Preston, J.W.V., McGregor, B.A., Hynd, P.I. (2021). The science behind the wool industry. The importance and value of wool production from sheep. Creative Commons Attribution License, Vol: 1, N: 2.
  • Dalton, H., Fitts, M., Hu, M.M. (2020). Textiles. The New Fashion Initiative. Retrieved from: https://thenewfashioninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Textiles.pdf.
  • Górecki, R.S., Górecki, M.T. (2010). Utilization of waste wool as substrate amendment in pot cultivation of tomato, sweet pepper, and eggplant. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 19, No. 5, 1083-1087.
  • Graham, V. (2020). COVID-19 will change the world and wool must change too. https://newmerino.com.au/covid-19-will-it-change-the-world-for-wool/
  • Granskog, A,, Laizet, F., Lobis, M., Sawers, C. (2020). Biodiversity: The next frontier in sustainable fashion. McKinsey.com.
  • FAO, (2015). Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fossil Energy Demand from Small Ruminant Supply Chains: Guidelines for quantification, Version 1. Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership. FAO, Rome, Italy.
  • FAO, (2022). https://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/overview/fao-and-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development/sustainable-agriculture/en/ (08.10.2022)
  • Henry, B. (2016). Tbc Envıronmental Impacts of Wool Textiles Home/Sustainability/ https://iwto.org/sustainability/tbc-environmental-impacts-of-wool-textiles/
  • IWTO (2019). IWTO market information: statistics for the global wool production and textile industry. Brussels (Belgium): Poimena Analysis & Delta Consultants.
  • IWTO, (2020). Wool in Aquatic Environments. https://iwto.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/IWTO_Wool-Aquatic.pdf (14.10.2022)
  • IWTO (2022). https://iwto.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IWTO-Market-Information-Sample-Edition-17.pdf (10.10.2022)
  • İmeryüz, F., Sandıkçıoğlu, M. (1968). Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Yapağı. Lalahan Zootekni Araştırma Enstitüsü, Yayın No: 22, Ankara.
  • Kant, R. (2012). Textile dyeing industry an environmental hazard. Natural Science, 3(1): 22-26.
  • NOAA, (2007). NOAA 101 Clean Guide. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Debris Program, US Department of Commerce
  • OC, NOAA. (2013). Talking Trash & Taking Action. Publication of the Talking Trash & Taking Action Educational Program of the Ocean Conservancy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Debris Program https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/talking-trash-and-taking-action (25.10.2022)
  • Opperskalski, S., Siew, S., Tan, E., Truscott, L. (2020). Preferred fiber & materials market report 2020. Textile Exchange. https://textileexchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Textile-Exchange_Preferred-Fiber-Material-Market-Report_2020.pdf (19.11.2022).
  • Rajaa, A.S.M., Shakyawar, D.B., Kumar, A., Pareek, P.K., Temani, P. (2013). Feltability of coarse wool and its application as technical felt. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 38, pp. 395-399.
  • Ranford, S. (2019). Wool Biodegradation: Presented at 88th IWTO Congress in Venice.
  • Ravasio, P., Rodewald, A. (2018). Recycled wool: A primer for newcomers and discoverers. European Outdoor Group and Greenroom Voice. https://global-uploads.webflow.com/5ed628f951e6c112227290bb/5f3819d90d27c906a6a13208_FINAL%20-%20EOG%20Recycled%20Wool%20Report.pdf (20.11.2022).
  • Russell, S., Swan, P., Trebowicz, M., Ireland, A. (2016). Review of wool recycling and reuse. In: Fangueiro R, Rana S (eds) Natural Fibres: advances in science and technology towards industrial applications: from science to market, 1st edn. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 415–428.
  • Shaw, T. (1994). Agricultural Chemicals in Raw Wool and the Wool Textile Industry. Water and Environmental Journal 8 (3): 287-290.
  • Stone, C., Fredric, M.W., Munday, M., Durance, I. (2020). Natural or synthetic – how global trends in textile usage threaten freshwater environments. Science of the Total Environment, 718 (2020) 134689.
  • Sönmez, R. (1974). Koyunculuk ve Yapağı. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 108, İzmir.
  • Tedeschia, L.O., Muirb, J.P., Riley,a D.G., Foxc, D.G. (2015). The role of ruminant animals in sustainable livestock intensification programs. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 5, 452–465.
  • Thomas, B., Fishwick, M., Joyce, J., van Santen, A. (2012). WRAP, A Carbon Footprint for UK Clothing and Opportunities for Savings. Environmental Resources Management Limited, UK.
  • Tüfekçi, H., Olfaz, M. (2014). Yapağının Alternatif Kullanım Alanları. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, (1-2):18-28.
  • TWC (2020). Sustainable Material Guide-06Wool. The Woolmark Company. https://refashion.fr/eco-design/sites/default/files/fichiers/Sustainable%20Material%20Guide%20Wool.pdf (12.08.2022)
  • TWC (2022). Wool is Resistant To Fire. The Woolmark Company. https://www.woolmark.com/globalassets/_06-new-woolmark/_industry/research/factsheets/gd2405-wool-is-fire-resistant.pdf (10.10.2022)
  • Valtch,o D.J. (2005). Assessment of Wool Waste and Hair Waste as Soil Amendment and Nutrient Source, Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(6), 2310-17.
  • Welden, N. (2017). The Conversation. How your pile of laundry fills the sea with plastic pollution https://theconversation.com/how-your-pile-of-laundry-fills-the-sea-with-plastic-pollution-80109 (07.12.2022).
  • Wiedemann, S.G., Ledgard, S., Henry, B., Yan, M., Mao, N., Russell, S. (2015). Application of life cycle assessment to sheep production systems: investigating co-production of wool and meat using case studies from major global producers. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 20(4):463–476.
  • Wiedemann, S.G, Biggs, L., Nebel, B., Bauch, K., Laitala, K., Klepp, I.G., Swan, P.G., Watson, K. (2020). Environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life of a woollen garment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25, 1486-1499.
  • Williams, C. (2021). The Use of Wool in Compost and other Alternative Applications. https://u.osu.edu/sheep/2021/03/23/the-use-of-wool-in-compost-and-other-alternative-applications/ (10.12.2022).
  • Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Li, D. (2016). Microscopic anthropogenic litter in terrestrial birds from Shanghai, China: not only plastic but also natural fibers. Sci. Total Environ. 550, 1110–1115.
Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 23 - 36

Abstract

References

  • Anonim, (2018). Wool fibre structure and properties. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/image_maps/61-wool-fibre-structure-and-properties (26.09.2022)
  • Anonim, (2021). Textile Exchange Preferred Fiber & Materials Market Report 2021. Textile Exchange. https://textileexchange.org/app/uploads/2021/08/Textile-Exchange_Preferred-Fiber-and-Materials-Market-Report_2021.pdf (12.11.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022a). The History of Wool. https://www.wool.ca/images/uploads/files/care/wool-fact-sheets.pdf. (19.11.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022b). https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/wool. (10.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022c). https://www.woolmark.com/fibre/ (10.12.2022) Anonim, (2022d). https://www.woolmark.com/industry/research/wool-is-biodegradable/ (15.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022e). https://sustainablefoodtrust.org/articles/what-about-wool/ (15.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022f). https://www.dalefootcomposts.co.uk/products/wool-compost-for-seeds.p.aspx (20.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022g). https://www.manufactum.com/sheeps-wool-weed-mat-a68563/ (20.12.2022)
  • Anonim, (2022h). https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/rockwool-insulation-material-16366594130.html (20.12.2022)
  • Antoniadou, K. (2022.) Is Wool Sustainable? Here’s What You Need to Know. https://indiegetup.com/is-wool-sustainable/ (10.11.2022)
  • Bamonti, S., Spinelli, R., Bonol, A. (2016). Environmental footprint in the production of recycled wool. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 15(9), 1923-1931.
  • Batu, S. (1962). Koyunculuğun Esasları. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın No: 136, Ders Kitabı: 56.
  • Brown, R.M. (1994). The Microbial Degradation of Wool in the Marine Environment. Thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
  • Browne, M.A., Crump, P., Niven, S.J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T., Thompson, R. (2011). Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 9175-9179.
  • Cai, J., Russel, I., Pierlot, A. (2009). Developing ‘Eco-Wool’ Compliant Supply Chains for Australian Wool. Australian Wool Innovation, Victoria, Australia.
  • Corscadden, K., Biggs, J.N., Stiles, D.K. (2014). Sheep's wool insulation: A sustainable alternative use for a renewable resource?.Resources Conservation and Recycling, 86 (4):9-15.
  • Cottle, D.J. (2010). Wool preparation and metabolism. In: Cottle, D.J. (Editor), InternationalSheep and Wool Handbook. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 581-618.
  • Demier, G., Alkaya, E. (2018). Cleaner production guide for the textile sector efficiency in use of resources, a decrease in costs, harmony with the environment. WWF-Turkey.
  • Doyle, E.K., Preston, J.W.V., McGregor, B.A., Hynd, P.I. (2021). The science behind the wool industry. The importance and value of wool production from sheep. Creative Commons Attribution License, Vol: 1, N: 2.
  • Dalton, H., Fitts, M., Hu, M.M. (2020). Textiles. The New Fashion Initiative. Retrieved from: https://thenewfashioninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Textiles.pdf.
  • Górecki, R.S., Górecki, M.T. (2010). Utilization of waste wool as substrate amendment in pot cultivation of tomato, sweet pepper, and eggplant. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 19, No. 5, 1083-1087.
  • Graham, V. (2020). COVID-19 will change the world and wool must change too. https://newmerino.com.au/covid-19-will-it-change-the-world-for-wool/
  • Granskog, A,, Laizet, F., Lobis, M., Sawers, C. (2020). Biodiversity: The next frontier in sustainable fashion. McKinsey.com.
  • FAO, (2015). Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fossil Energy Demand from Small Ruminant Supply Chains: Guidelines for quantification, Version 1. Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership. FAO, Rome, Italy.
  • FAO, (2022). https://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/overview/fao-and-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development/sustainable-agriculture/en/ (08.10.2022)
  • Henry, B. (2016). Tbc Envıronmental Impacts of Wool Textiles Home/Sustainability/ https://iwto.org/sustainability/tbc-environmental-impacts-of-wool-textiles/
  • IWTO (2019). IWTO market information: statistics for the global wool production and textile industry. Brussels (Belgium): Poimena Analysis & Delta Consultants.
  • IWTO, (2020). Wool in Aquatic Environments. https://iwto.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/IWTO_Wool-Aquatic.pdf (14.10.2022)
  • IWTO (2022). https://iwto.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IWTO-Market-Information-Sample-Edition-17.pdf (10.10.2022)
  • İmeryüz, F., Sandıkçıoğlu, M. (1968). Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinde Yapağı. Lalahan Zootekni Araştırma Enstitüsü, Yayın No: 22, Ankara.
  • Kant, R. (2012). Textile dyeing industry an environmental hazard. Natural Science, 3(1): 22-26.
  • NOAA, (2007). NOAA 101 Clean Guide. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Debris Program, US Department of Commerce
  • OC, NOAA. (2013). Talking Trash & Taking Action. Publication of the Talking Trash & Taking Action Educational Program of the Ocean Conservancy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Debris Program https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/talking-trash-and-taking-action (25.10.2022)
  • Opperskalski, S., Siew, S., Tan, E., Truscott, L. (2020). Preferred fiber & materials market report 2020. Textile Exchange. https://textileexchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Textile-Exchange_Preferred-Fiber-Material-Market-Report_2020.pdf (19.11.2022).
  • Rajaa, A.S.M., Shakyawar, D.B., Kumar, A., Pareek, P.K., Temani, P. (2013). Feltability of coarse wool and its application as technical felt. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 38, pp. 395-399.
  • Ranford, S. (2019). Wool Biodegradation: Presented at 88th IWTO Congress in Venice.
  • Ravasio, P., Rodewald, A. (2018). Recycled wool: A primer for newcomers and discoverers. European Outdoor Group and Greenroom Voice. https://global-uploads.webflow.com/5ed628f951e6c112227290bb/5f3819d90d27c906a6a13208_FINAL%20-%20EOG%20Recycled%20Wool%20Report.pdf (20.11.2022).
  • Russell, S., Swan, P., Trebowicz, M., Ireland, A. (2016). Review of wool recycling and reuse. In: Fangueiro R, Rana S (eds) Natural Fibres: advances in science and technology towards industrial applications: from science to market, 1st edn. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 415–428.
  • Shaw, T. (1994). Agricultural Chemicals in Raw Wool and the Wool Textile Industry. Water and Environmental Journal 8 (3): 287-290.
  • Stone, C., Fredric, M.W., Munday, M., Durance, I. (2020). Natural or synthetic – how global trends in textile usage threaten freshwater environments. Science of the Total Environment, 718 (2020) 134689.
  • Sönmez, R. (1974). Koyunculuk ve Yapağı. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 108, İzmir.
  • Tedeschia, L.O., Muirb, J.P., Riley,a D.G., Foxc, D.G. (2015). The role of ruminant animals in sustainable livestock intensification programs. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 5, 452–465.
  • Thomas, B., Fishwick, M., Joyce, J., van Santen, A. (2012). WRAP, A Carbon Footprint for UK Clothing and Opportunities for Savings. Environmental Resources Management Limited, UK.
  • Tüfekçi, H., Olfaz, M. (2014). Yapağının Alternatif Kullanım Alanları. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, (1-2):18-28.
  • TWC (2020). Sustainable Material Guide-06Wool. The Woolmark Company. https://refashion.fr/eco-design/sites/default/files/fichiers/Sustainable%20Material%20Guide%20Wool.pdf (12.08.2022)
  • TWC (2022). Wool is Resistant To Fire. The Woolmark Company. https://www.woolmark.com/globalassets/_06-new-woolmark/_industry/research/factsheets/gd2405-wool-is-fire-resistant.pdf (10.10.2022)
  • Valtch,o D.J. (2005). Assessment of Wool Waste and Hair Waste as Soil Amendment and Nutrient Source, Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(6), 2310-17.
  • Welden, N. (2017). The Conversation. How your pile of laundry fills the sea with plastic pollution https://theconversation.com/how-your-pile-of-laundry-fills-the-sea-with-plastic-pollution-80109 (07.12.2022).
  • Wiedemann, S.G., Ledgard, S., Henry, B., Yan, M., Mao, N., Russell, S. (2015). Application of life cycle assessment to sheep production systems: investigating co-production of wool and meat using case studies from major global producers. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 20(4):463–476.
  • Wiedemann, S.G, Biggs, L., Nebel, B., Bauch, K., Laitala, K., Klepp, I.G., Swan, P.G., Watson, K. (2020). Environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life of a woollen garment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25, 1486-1499.
  • Williams, C. (2021). The Use of Wool in Compost and other Alternative Applications. https://u.osu.edu/sheep/2021/03/23/the-use-of-wool-in-compost-and-other-alternative-applications/ (10.12.2022).
  • Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Li, D. (2016). Microscopic anthropogenic litter in terrestrial birds from Shanghai, China: not only plastic but also natural fibers. Sci. Total Environ. 550, 1110–1115.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Mehmet Koyuncu 0000-0003-0379-7492

Publication Date
Submission Date September 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Koyuncu, M. (n.d.). Sürdürülebilir Üretim ve Yaşamda “Yapağı”. Çevre İklim Ve Sürdürülebilirlik, 25(1), 23-36.