Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Analysis of selected steroid hormones in sea of Marmara sediment samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS

Year 2023, Volume: 53 Issue: 3, 329 - 340, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041

Abstract

Background and Aims: Sediment is the general name given to the muddy structure located at the bottom of aquatic environments such as the sea. In our study, the amounts of steroid hormones were investigated in the sediment samples taken from the Marmara Sea. According to other studies, it has been determined that the excess of the hormone load in the sediments may be an indicator of human/animal sourced pollution, as well as the negative effects of the hormones mixed in the seas with the ecological cycle on the health of humans and animals.

Methods: In our study, 31 selected human/animal, plant, natural and synthetic hormone-steroids were studied using Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS-MS). Methanol and QuEChERS were used as extraction methods. Sediment samples were taken from a total of 27 points selected for sampling at the Marmara Sea.

Results: According to the results we found, the androgens: androsterone (24.50-1718.18 ng g−1), testosterone (86.30-1600.32 ng g−1); the estrogens: mestranol (33.73-228.32 ng g−1), equilin (53.44-1232.53 ng g−1); the progestagens; pregnenolone (37.50- 374.76 ng g−1), progesterone (39.96-405.60 ng g−1); levonorgestrel (325.25 and 937.93 ng g−1); the fecal sterols: cholestanone (57.57-1726.32 ng g−1), coprostanol + epicoprostanol (51.43-1370.33 ng g−1); and the plant sterol; campesterol (35.30-1859.90 ng g−1) were the compounds detected.

Conclusion: Estrogens and progestogens are active components of birth control pills, and cholestanone and coprostanol + epicoprostanol are steroids that are indicative of human/animal pollution. Coprostanol + epicoprostanol and cholestanone, which are indicators of fecal pollution, were detected in all sediment samples. In our study, steroid hormones were detected for the first time in Sea of Marmara sediments and possible environmental risks were evaluated.

Supporting Institution

Marmara University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Project Number

SAG-C-DRP-110618-0301

Thanks

The authors thank Prof. Dr. Selma Ünlü for collecting sediment samples.

References

  • Ali, M. M., Humrawali, N., & Latif, M. T. (2009). Phytosterols compo-sition in surface sediment of Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. European Journal of Scientific Research, 33(1), 187-194. google scholar
  • Âlvarez Sanchez, B., Capote, F.P., Jimenez, J.R., & Luque de Cas-tro, M.D. (2008). Automated solid-phase extraction for concen-tration and clean-up of female steroid hormones prior to liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrom-etry: An approach to lipidomics. Journal of Chromatography A, 1207(1-2), 46-54. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.085 google scholar
  • Aydoğan, D., & Yurdun, T. (2021). Determination of selected steroid compounds in sediment samples from Golden Horn Estuary (the Sea of Marmara, Turkey) using LC-ESI/MS-MS. Journal of the Black Sea/ Mediterranean Environment, 27(3), 342-364. google scholar
  • Biache, C., & Philp, R.P. (2013). The use of sterol distributions com-bined with compound specific isotope analyses as a tool to identify the origin of fecal contamination in rivers. Water Research, 47(3), 1201-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.037 google scholar
  • Birk, J. J., Dippold, M., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., & Glaser, B. (2012). Combined quantification of faecal sterols, stanols, stanones and bile acids in soils and terrestrial sediments by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1242, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.027 google scholar
  • Bortone, S. A., & Cody, R. P. (1999). Morphological masculin-ization in poeciliid females from a paper mill effluent receiv-ing tributary of the St. Johns River, Florida, USA. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63(2), 150-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900960 google scholar
  • Bradley, P. M., Barber, L. B., Chapelle, F. H., Gray, J. L., Kolpin, D. W., & McMahon, P. B. (2009). Biodegradation of 17-estradiol, estrone and testosterone in stream sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(6), 1902-1910. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802797j google scholar
  • Bull, I. D., Lockheart, M. J., Elhmmali, M. M., Roberts, D. J., & Evershed, R. P. (2002). The origin of faeces by means of biomarker detection. Environment International, 27(8), 647-654. DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00124-6 google scholar
  • Chang, C. C., & Huang, S. D. (2010). Determination of the steroid hor-mone levels in water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microex-traction with solidification of a floating organic drop followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta, 662(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.003 google scholar
  • Chang, H., Wan, Y., & Hu, J. (2009). Determination and source ap-portionment of five classes of steroid hormones in urban rivers. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(20), 7691-7698. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803653j google scholar
  • Chapman, P. M., Wang, F., Janssen, C., Persoone, G., & Allen, H. E. (1998). Ecotoxicology of metals in aquatic sediments: binding and release, bioavailability, risk assessment, and remediation. Cana-dian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 2221-2243. google scholar
  • Charman, C., , C. C., & Liu, Y. P. (2004). Deter-mination of fecal sterols in the sediments of differ-ent wastewater outputs by GC-MS. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 84(5), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310410001680019& Williams, H. (2003). The use of corticosteroids and corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis. Clinics in Dermatology, 21(3), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00368-1 C google scholar
  • Chou, C. C., & Liu, Y. P. (2004). Determination of fecal sterols in the sediments of different wastewater outputs by GC-MS. Inter-national Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 84(5), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310410001680019 google scholar
  • Cleve, A., Fritzemeier, K.-H., Haendler, B., Heinrich, N., Möller,C., Schwede, W., & Wintermantel, T. (2012). Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Sex Steroid Hormone Receptor Modula-tors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 214, 543-587. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_24 google scholar
  • Dartan, G., Cevik, M., Aksu, M. B., Can, Z. S., Keskins, Y., Yurdun, T., Deliorman, G., Süsleyici B. (2022). Investigation the ef-fects of treatment plants on heavy metal levels and mutagenicity of wastewaters. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,31, 8B, 89528957. google scholar
  • De Castro Martins, C., Montone, R. C., Carvalho Gamba, R., & Pel-lizari, V. H. (2005). Sterols and fecal indicator microorganisms in sediments from Admiralty Bay, Antarctica. Brazilian jour-nal oceanography 53(1/2),1-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592005000100001 google scholar
  • D^az-Cruz, M. S., Garaa-Galan, M. J., Guerra, P., Jelic, A., Postigo, C., Eljarrat, E., Farre, M., Lopez de Alda, M. J., Petrovic, M., Barcelo, D., Petrovic, M. & Barcelo, D. (2009). Analysis of selected emerging contaminants in sewage sludge. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 28(11), 1263-1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2009.09.003 google scholar
  • Drysdale, D. T., & Bortone, S. A. (1989). Laboratory induction of intersexuality in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, using paper mill effluent. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxi-cology, 43, 611-617. doi: 10.1007/BF01701943 google scholar
  • Erel, T. L. (1992). Marmara Denizi çevresinde 1950-1990 yılları arasında şehirleşme Türkiye Coğrafya Dergisi, 27, 85-104. google scholar
  • Erel, T. L (1997) Trakya’da kır, şehir ve kıyı yerleşmelerinin nüfus özellikleri (1935-1990). Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 32, 35-53. google scholar
  • Estil, S., Nelson, E., Trass, M., & Misa, A. (2016). Rapid extraction and analysis of steroid hormones from sediments by QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS. Phenomenex Applications TN-0096. google scholar
  • Fick, J., Lindberg, R. H., Tysklind, M., & Larsson, D. G. J. (2010). Pre-dicted critical environmental concentrations for 500 pharmaceuti-cals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 58(3), 516-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.025 google scholar
  • Flor, S., Lucangioli, S., Contin, M., & Tripodi, V. (2010). Simultane-ous determination of nine endogenous steroids in human urine by polymeric-mixed micelle capillary electrophoresis. Electrophore-sis, 31(19), 3305-3313. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201000096 google scholar
  • Frena, M., Bataglion, G. A., Tonietto, A. E., Eberlin, M. N., Alexandre, M. R., & Madureira, L. A. S. (2016). Assessment of anthropogenic contamination with sterol markers in surface sediments of a tropi-cal estuary (Itajaf-Açu, Brazil). Science of the Total Environment, 544, 432-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.137 google scholar
  • Frena, M., Santos, A. P. S., Santos, E., Silva, R. P., Souza, M. R. R., Madureira, L. A. S., & Alexandre, M. R. (2016). Distribution and sources of sterol biomarkers in sediments collected from a tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(22), 23291-23299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7744-4 google scholar
  • Froehner, S., MacEno, M., & Martins, R. F. (2010). Sediments as a potential tool for assessment of sewage pollution in Barigüi River, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170(1-4), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1230-0 google scholar
  • Froehner, S., Martins, R. F., & Errera, M. R. (2009). Assessment of fecal sterols in Barigui River sediments in Curitiba, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157(1-4), 591-600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0559-0 google scholar
  • Furtula, V., Osachoff, H., Derksen, G., Juahir, H., Colodey, A., & Chambers, P. (2012). Inorganic nitrogen, sterols and bacterial source tracking as tools to characterize water quality and possible contamination sources in surface water. Water Research, 46(4),1079-1092. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.002 google scholar
  • Galbraith, H. (2002). Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues. Nutrition Research Reviews, 15(2), 293-314. https://doi.org/10.1079/nrr200246G google scholar
  • Gonzalez-Oreja, J.A., & Saiz-Salinas, I. (1998). Short-term spatio-temporal changes in urban pollution by means of faecal sterols analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(11), 868-875. google scholar
  • Gutendorf, B., & Westendorf, J. (2001). Comparison of an array ofin vitro assays for the assessment of the estrogenic potential of nat-ural and synthetic estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens. Toxicology, 166, 79-89. google scholar
  • Hajkova, K., Pulkrabova, J., Schûrek, J., Hajslova, J., Poustka, J., Nâpravntkovâ, M., & Kocourek, V. (2007). Novel ap-proaches to the analysis of steroid estrogens in river sediments. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 387(4), 1351-1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-1026-9 google scholar
  • Jenkins, R., Angus, R. A., Mcnatt, H., Howell, W. M., Kemppainen, J. A., Kirk, M., & Wilson, E. M. (2001). Identification of an-drostenedione in a river containing paper mill effluent. Environ-mental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20(6), 1325-1331. google scholar
  • Jenkins, R. L., Wilson, E. M., Angus, R. A., Howell, W. M., & Kirk, M. (2003). Androstenedione and progesterone in the sediment of a river receiving paper mill effluent. Toxicological Sciences, 73(1), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfg042 google scholar
  • Jing, X., Grebenok, R. J., & Behmer, S. T. (2013). Sterol/steroid metabolism and absorption in a generalist and specialist cater-pillar: Effects of dietary sterol/steroid structure, mixture and ra-tio. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(7), 580-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.03.012 google scholar
  • Kut, D., Topcuoglu, S., Esen, N., Küçükcezzar, R., & Güven, K. C. (2000). Trace metals in marine algae and sediment samples from the Bosphorus. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 118, 2733. google scholar
  • Lastair, A., Ood, J. J. W., Arrie, C., Agatell, J. B., & Remner, J. B. (1996). Androgens in men- uses and abuses. Drug therapy, 334(11), 707-714. google scholar
  • Liu, J., Wang, R., Huang, B., Lin, C., Zhou, J., & Pan, X. (2012). Biological effects and bioaccumulation of steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in high-back crucian carp exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluents. Environmental Pollution, 162, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.036 google scholar
  • Lopes, G., Sousa, C., Valentâo, P., & Andrade, P B. (2013). Sterols in Algae and Health. InB. Hernandez-Ledesma & M. Herrero (Eds.), Bioactive Compounds from Marine Foods (pp. 173-191). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118412893.ch9 google scholar
  • Lopez de Alda, M. J., Gil, A., Paz, E., & Barcelo, D. (2002). Occur-rence and analysis of estrogens and progestogens in river sedi-ments by liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry. Analyst, 127(10), 1299-1304. https://doi.org/10.1039/b207658f google scholar
  • Lyons, B. P., Devlin, M. J., Abdul Hamid, S. A., Al-Otiabi, A. F., Al-Enezi, M., Massoud, M. S., Al-Zaidan, A. S., Smith, A. J., Morris, S., Bersuder, P., Barber, J. L., Papachlimitzou, A., & Al-Sarawi, H. A. (2015). Microbial water quality and sedimentary faecal sterols as markers of sewage contamina-tion in Kuwait. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 100(2), 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.043 google scholar
  • Maclatchy, D., Peters, L., Nickle, J., & Van Der Kraak, G. (1997). Exposure to-sitosterol alters the endocrine status of goldfish dif-ferently than 17-estradiol. Environmental Toxicology and Chem-istry,16(9), 1895-1904. google scholar
  • Martins, C. D. C., Fillmann, G., & Montone, R. C. (2007). Natural and anthropogenic sterols inputs in surface sediments of Patos Lagoon, Brazil. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18(1),106-115. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532007000100012 google scholar
  • Matic Bujagic, I., Grujic, S., Jaukovic, Z., & Lausevic, M. (2016). Sterol ratios as a tool for sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in Serbia. Environmental Pollution, 213, 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.036 google scholar
  • Matic, I., Grujic, S., Jaukovic, Z., & Lausevic, M. (2014). Trace anal-ysis of selected hormones and sterols in river sediments by liq-uid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1364, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.061 google scholar
  • Miettinen, T. A., Strandberg, T. E., & Gylling, H. (2000). Noncholes-terol sterols and cholesterol lowering by long-term simvastatin treatment in coronary patients relation to basal serum cholestanol. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 20(5), 13401346. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.20.5.1340 google scholar
  • Mills, L. J., & Chichester, C. (2005). Review of evidence: Are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment im-pacting fish populations?. Science of the Total Environment, 343(1/3), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.070 google scholar
  • Mulabagal, V., Wilson, C., & Hayworth, J. S. (2017). An ultrahigh-performance chromatography/tandem mass spectrom-etry quantitative method for trace analysis of potential en-docrine disrupting steroid hormones in estuarine sediments. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 31(5), 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7807 google scholar
  • Omar, T. F. T., Aris, A. Z., Yusoff, F. M., & Mustafa, S. (2018). Occur-rence, distribution, and sources of emerging organic contaminants in tropical coastal sediments of anthropogenically impacted Klang River estuary, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.019 google scholar
  • Orhon, D., Uslu, O., Meriç, S., Salihoğlu, I., Filibeli, A. (1994). Wastewater management for Istanbul: basis for treatment and dis-posal. Environmental Pollution, 84, 167-178. google scholar
  • Orrego, R., Guchardi, J., Krause, R., & Holdway, D. (2010). Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects of wood extractives present in pulp and paper mill effluents on rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology, 99(2), 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.016 google scholar
  • Pisani, O., Oros, D. R., Oyo-Ita, O. E., Ekpo, B. O., Jaffe, R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2013). Biomarkers in surface sedi-ments from the Cross River and estuary system, SE Nige-ria: Assessment of organic matter sources of natural and anthropogenic origins. Applied Geochemistry, 31, 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.01.010 google scholar
  • Praveena, S. M., Kwan, O. W., & Aris, A. Z. (2012). Effect of data pre-treatment procedures on principal component analy-sis: A case study for mangrove surface sediment datasets. En-vironmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(11), 6855-6868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2463-2 google scholar
  • Readman, J. W., Fillmann, G., Tolosa, I., Bartocci, J., & Mee, L. D. (2005). The use of steroid markers to assess sewage contamina-tion of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(3), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.002 google scholar
  • Refsdal, A. O. (2000). To treat or not to treat: a proper use of hormones and antibiotics. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00094-4 google scholar
  • Ryan, B. C., & Vandenbergh, J. G. (2006). Developmental expo-sure to environmental estrogens alters anxiety and spatial mem-ory in female mice. Hormones and Behavior, 50(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.01.007 google scholar
  • Sadılek, J., Spalovska, P., Vrana, B., Vavrova, M., Marsalek, B., & Simek, Z. (2016). Comparison of extraction tech-niques for isolation of steroid oestrogens in environmentally google scholar
  • relevant concentrations from sediment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 96(11), 1022-1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2016.1232718 google scholar
  • Sojinu, S. O., Sonibare, O. O., Ekundayo, O., & Zeng, E. Y. (2012). Assessing anthropogenic contamination in surface sed-iments of Niger Delta, Nigeria with fecal sterols and n-alkanes as indicators. Science of the Total Environment, 441, 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.015 google scholar
  • Sullivan, D., Brooks, P., Tindale, N., Chapman, S., & Ahmed, W. (2010). Faecal sterols analysis for the identification of human fae-cal pollution in a non-sewered catchment. Water Science and Tech-nology, 61(5), 1355-1361. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.227 google scholar
  • Sur, H.I., Özsoy, E., & Ünlüata, Ü. (1994). Boundary current instabil-ities, upwelling, shelf mixing and eutrophication processes in the Black Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 33, 249-302. google scholar
  • Tolosa, I., Mesa, M., & Alonso- Hernandez, C. M. (2014). Steroid markers to assess sewage and other sources of organic contaminants in surface sediments of Cienfue-gos Bay, Cuba. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 86(1-2), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.039 google scholar
  • Topçuoğlu, S., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç., & Yılmaz, Y. Z. (2004). Heavy metal levels in biota and sediments in the northern coast of the Marmara Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 96, 183-189. google scholar
  • Tuğrul, S., & Polat, C. (1995). Quantitative comparison of the influxes of nutrients and organic carbon into the Sea of Marmara both from anthropogenic sources and from the Black Sea. Water Science & Technology, 2, 115-121. google scholar
  • Vargas, V. M. F., Migliavacca, S. B., de Melo, A. C., Horn, R. C., Guidobono, R. R., de Sa Ferreira, I. C. F., & Pestana, M. H. D. (2001). Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environments under the influence of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Muta-tion Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene-sis, 490(2), 141-158. doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00159-5 google scholar
  • Yarahmadi, H., Duy, S. V., Hachad, M., Dorner, S., Sauve, S., & Prevost, M. (2018). Seasonal variations of steroid hormones re-leased by wastewater treatment plants to river water and sediments: Distribution between particulate and dissolved phases. Science of The Total Environment, 635, 144-155. google scholar
  • Ying, G. G., Kookana, R. S., &Ru, Y.J. (2002). Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment. Environment International, 28, 545-551. google scholar
  • Zeilinger, J., Steger-Hartmann, T., Maser, E., Goller, S., Vonk, R., & Lange, R. (2009). Effects of synthetic gestagens on fish repro-duction. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 28(12), 26632670. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-485.1 google scholar
  • Zhang, A., Li, Y., & Chen, L. (2014). Distribution and sea-sonal variation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting com-pounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential in the Huangpu River, China. Jour-nal of Environmental Sciences (China), 26(5), 1023-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60530-6 google scholar
Year 2023, Volume: 53 Issue: 3, 329 - 340, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041

Abstract

Project Number

SAG-C-DRP-110618-0301

References

  • Ali, M. M., Humrawali, N., & Latif, M. T. (2009). Phytosterols compo-sition in surface sediment of Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. European Journal of Scientific Research, 33(1), 187-194. google scholar
  • Âlvarez Sanchez, B., Capote, F.P., Jimenez, J.R., & Luque de Cas-tro, M.D. (2008). Automated solid-phase extraction for concen-tration and clean-up of female steroid hormones prior to liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrom-etry: An approach to lipidomics. Journal of Chromatography A, 1207(1-2), 46-54. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.085 google scholar
  • Aydoğan, D., & Yurdun, T. (2021). Determination of selected steroid compounds in sediment samples from Golden Horn Estuary (the Sea of Marmara, Turkey) using LC-ESI/MS-MS. Journal of the Black Sea/ Mediterranean Environment, 27(3), 342-364. google scholar
  • Biache, C., & Philp, R.P. (2013). The use of sterol distributions com-bined with compound specific isotope analyses as a tool to identify the origin of fecal contamination in rivers. Water Research, 47(3), 1201-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.037 google scholar
  • Birk, J. J., Dippold, M., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., & Glaser, B. (2012). Combined quantification of faecal sterols, stanols, stanones and bile acids in soils and terrestrial sediments by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1242, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.027 google scholar
  • Bortone, S. A., & Cody, R. P. (1999). Morphological masculin-ization in poeciliid females from a paper mill effluent receiv-ing tributary of the St. Johns River, Florida, USA. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63(2), 150-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900960 google scholar
  • Bradley, P. M., Barber, L. B., Chapelle, F. H., Gray, J. L., Kolpin, D. W., & McMahon, P. B. (2009). Biodegradation of 17-estradiol, estrone and testosterone in stream sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(6), 1902-1910. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802797j google scholar
  • Bull, I. D., Lockheart, M. J., Elhmmali, M. M., Roberts, D. J., & Evershed, R. P. (2002). The origin of faeces by means of biomarker detection. Environment International, 27(8), 647-654. DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00124-6 google scholar
  • Chang, C. C., & Huang, S. D. (2010). Determination of the steroid hor-mone levels in water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microex-traction with solidification of a floating organic drop followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta, 662(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.003 google scholar
  • Chang, H., Wan, Y., & Hu, J. (2009). Determination and source ap-portionment of five classes of steroid hormones in urban rivers. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(20), 7691-7698. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803653j google scholar
  • Chapman, P. M., Wang, F., Janssen, C., Persoone, G., & Allen, H. E. (1998). Ecotoxicology of metals in aquatic sediments: binding and release, bioavailability, risk assessment, and remediation. Cana-dian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 2221-2243. google scholar
  • Charman, C., , C. C., & Liu, Y. P. (2004). Deter-mination of fecal sterols in the sediments of differ-ent wastewater outputs by GC-MS. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 84(5), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310410001680019& Williams, H. (2003). The use of corticosteroids and corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis. Clinics in Dermatology, 21(3), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00368-1 C google scholar
  • Chou, C. C., & Liu, Y. P. (2004). Determination of fecal sterols in the sediments of different wastewater outputs by GC-MS. Inter-national Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 84(5), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310410001680019 google scholar
  • Cleve, A., Fritzemeier, K.-H., Haendler, B., Heinrich, N., Möller,C., Schwede, W., & Wintermantel, T. (2012). Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Sex Steroid Hormone Receptor Modula-tors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 214, 543-587. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_24 google scholar
  • Dartan, G., Cevik, M., Aksu, M. B., Can, Z. S., Keskins, Y., Yurdun, T., Deliorman, G., Süsleyici B. (2022). Investigation the ef-fects of treatment plants on heavy metal levels and mutagenicity of wastewaters. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,31, 8B, 89528957. google scholar
  • De Castro Martins, C., Montone, R. C., Carvalho Gamba, R., & Pel-lizari, V. H. (2005). Sterols and fecal indicator microorganisms in sediments from Admiralty Bay, Antarctica. Brazilian jour-nal oceanography 53(1/2),1-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592005000100001 google scholar
  • D^az-Cruz, M. S., Garaa-Galan, M. J., Guerra, P., Jelic, A., Postigo, C., Eljarrat, E., Farre, M., Lopez de Alda, M. J., Petrovic, M., Barcelo, D., Petrovic, M. & Barcelo, D. (2009). Analysis of selected emerging contaminants in sewage sludge. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 28(11), 1263-1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2009.09.003 google scholar
  • Drysdale, D. T., & Bortone, S. A. (1989). Laboratory induction of intersexuality in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, using paper mill effluent. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxi-cology, 43, 611-617. doi: 10.1007/BF01701943 google scholar
  • Erel, T. L. (1992). Marmara Denizi çevresinde 1950-1990 yılları arasında şehirleşme Türkiye Coğrafya Dergisi, 27, 85-104. google scholar
  • Erel, T. L (1997) Trakya’da kır, şehir ve kıyı yerleşmelerinin nüfus özellikleri (1935-1990). Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 32, 35-53. google scholar
  • Estil, S., Nelson, E., Trass, M., & Misa, A. (2016). Rapid extraction and analysis of steroid hormones from sediments by QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS. Phenomenex Applications TN-0096. google scholar
  • Fick, J., Lindberg, R. H., Tysklind, M., & Larsson, D. G. J. (2010). Pre-dicted critical environmental concentrations for 500 pharmaceuti-cals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 58(3), 516-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.025 google scholar
  • Flor, S., Lucangioli, S., Contin, M., & Tripodi, V. (2010). Simultane-ous determination of nine endogenous steroids in human urine by polymeric-mixed micelle capillary electrophoresis. Electrophore-sis, 31(19), 3305-3313. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201000096 google scholar
  • Frena, M., Bataglion, G. A., Tonietto, A. E., Eberlin, M. N., Alexandre, M. R., & Madureira, L. A. S. (2016). Assessment of anthropogenic contamination with sterol markers in surface sediments of a tropi-cal estuary (Itajaf-Açu, Brazil). Science of the Total Environment, 544, 432-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.137 google scholar
  • Frena, M., Santos, A. P. S., Santos, E., Silva, R. P., Souza, M. R. R., Madureira, L. A. S., & Alexandre, M. R. (2016). Distribution and sources of sterol biomarkers in sediments collected from a tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(22), 23291-23299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7744-4 google scholar
  • Froehner, S., MacEno, M., & Martins, R. F. (2010). Sediments as a potential tool for assessment of sewage pollution in Barigüi River, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170(1-4), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1230-0 google scholar
  • Froehner, S., Martins, R. F., & Errera, M. R. (2009). Assessment of fecal sterols in Barigui River sediments in Curitiba, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157(1-4), 591-600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0559-0 google scholar
  • Furtula, V., Osachoff, H., Derksen, G., Juahir, H., Colodey, A., & Chambers, P. (2012). Inorganic nitrogen, sterols and bacterial source tracking as tools to characterize water quality and possible contamination sources in surface water. Water Research, 46(4),1079-1092. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.002 google scholar
  • Galbraith, H. (2002). Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues. Nutrition Research Reviews, 15(2), 293-314. https://doi.org/10.1079/nrr200246G google scholar
  • Gonzalez-Oreja, J.A., & Saiz-Salinas, I. (1998). Short-term spatio-temporal changes in urban pollution by means of faecal sterols analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(11), 868-875. google scholar
  • Gutendorf, B., & Westendorf, J. (2001). Comparison of an array ofin vitro assays for the assessment of the estrogenic potential of nat-ural and synthetic estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens. Toxicology, 166, 79-89. google scholar
  • Hajkova, K., Pulkrabova, J., Schûrek, J., Hajslova, J., Poustka, J., Nâpravntkovâ, M., & Kocourek, V. (2007). Novel ap-proaches to the analysis of steroid estrogens in river sediments. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 387(4), 1351-1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-1026-9 google scholar
  • Jenkins, R., Angus, R. A., Mcnatt, H., Howell, W. M., Kemppainen, J. A., Kirk, M., & Wilson, E. M. (2001). Identification of an-drostenedione in a river containing paper mill effluent. Environ-mental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20(6), 1325-1331. google scholar
  • Jenkins, R. L., Wilson, E. M., Angus, R. A., Howell, W. M., & Kirk, M. (2003). Androstenedione and progesterone in the sediment of a river receiving paper mill effluent. Toxicological Sciences, 73(1), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfg042 google scholar
  • Jing, X., Grebenok, R. J., & Behmer, S. T. (2013). Sterol/steroid metabolism and absorption in a generalist and specialist cater-pillar: Effects of dietary sterol/steroid structure, mixture and ra-tio. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(7), 580-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.03.012 google scholar
  • Kut, D., Topcuoglu, S., Esen, N., Küçükcezzar, R., & Güven, K. C. (2000). Trace metals in marine algae and sediment samples from the Bosphorus. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 118, 2733. google scholar
  • Lastair, A., Ood, J. J. W., Arrie, C., Agatell, J. B., & Remner, J. B. (1996). Androgens in men- uses and abuses. Drug therapy, 334(11), 707-714. google scholar
  • Liu, J., Wang, R., Huang, B., Lin, C., Zhou, J., & Pan, X. (2012). Biological effects and bioaccumulation of steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in high-back crucian carp exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluents. Environmental Pollution, 162, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.036 google scholar
  • Lopes, G., Sousa, C., Valentâo, P., & Andrade, P B. (2013). Sterols in Algae and Health. InB. Hernandez-Ledesma & M. Herrero (Eds.), Bioactive Compounds from Marine Foods (pp. 173-191). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118412893.ch9 google scholar
  • Lopez de Alda, M. J., Gil, A., Paz, E., & Barcelo, D. (2002). Occur-rence and analysis of estrogens and progestogens in river sedi-ments by liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry. Analyst, 127(10), 1299-1304. https://doi.org/10.1039/b207658f google scholar
  • Lyons, B. P., Devlin, M. J., Abdul Hamid, S. A., Al-Otiabi, A. F., Al-Enezi, M., Massoud, M. S., Al-Zaidan, A. S., Smith, A. J., Morris, S., Bersuder, P., Barber, J. L., Papachlimitzou, A., & Al-Sarawi, H. A. (2015). Microbial water quality and sedimentary faecal sterols as markers of sewage contamina-tion in Kuwait. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 100(2), 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.043 google scholar
  • Maclatchy, D., Peters, L., Nickle, J., & Van Der Kraak, G. (1997). Exposure to-sitosterol alters the endocrine status of goldfish dif-ferently than 17-estradiol. Environmental Toxicology and Chem-istry,16(9), 1895-1904. google scholar
  • Martins, C. D. C., Fillmann, G., & Montone, R. C. (2007). Natural and anthropogenic sterols inputs in surface sediments of Patos Lagoon, Brazil. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18(1),106-115. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532007000100012 google scholar
  • Matic Bujagic, I., Grujic, S., Jaukovic, Z., & Lausevic, M. (2016). Sterol ratios as a tool for sewage pollution assessment of river sediments in Serbia. Environmental Pollution, 213, 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.036 google scholar
  • Matic, I., Grujic, S., Jaukovic, Z., & Lausevic, M. (2014). Trace anal-ysis of selected hormones and sterols in river sediments by liq-uid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1364, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.061 google scholar
  • Miettinen, T. A., Strandberg, T. E., & Gylling, H. (2000). Noncholes-terol sterols and cholesterol lowering by long-term simvastatin treatment in coronary patients relation to basal serum cholestanol. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 20(5), 13401346. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.20.5.1340 google scholar
  • Mills, L. J., & Chichester, C. (2005). Review of evidence: Are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment im-pacting fish populations?. Science of the Total Environment, 343(1/3), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.070 google scholar
  • Mulabagal, V., Wilson, C., & Hayworth, J. S. (2017). An ultrahigh-performance chromatography/tandem mass spectrom-etry quantitative method for trace analysis of potential en-docrine disrupting steroid hormones in estuarine sediments. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 31(5), 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7807 google scholar
  • Omar, T. F. T., Aris, A. Z., Yusoff, F. M., & Mustafa, S. (2018). Occur-rence, distribution, and sources of emerging organic contaminants in tropical coastal sediments of anthropogenically impacted Klang River estuary, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.019 google scholar
  • Orhon, D., Uslu, O., Meriç, S., Salihoğlu, I., Filibeli, A. (1994). Wastewater management for Istanbul: basis for treatment and dis-posal. Environmental Pollution, 84, 167-178. google scholar
  • Orrego, R., Guchardi, J., Krause, R., & Holdway, D. (2010). Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects of wood extractives present in pulp and paper mill effluents on rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology, 99(2), 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.016 google scholar
  • Pisani, O., Oros, D. R., Oyo-Ita, O. E., Ekpo, B. O., Jaffe, R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2013). Biomarkers in surface sedi-ments from the Cross River and estuary system, SE Nige-ria: Assessment of organic matter sources of natural and anthropogenic origins. Applied Geochemistry, 31, 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.01.010 google scholar
  • Praveena, S. M., Kwan, O. W., & Aris, A. Z. (2012). Effect of data pre-treatment procedures on principal component analy-sis: A case study for mangrove surface sediment datasets. En-vironmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(11), 6855-6868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2463-2 google scholar
  • Readman, J. W., Fillmann, G., Tolosa, I., Bartocci, J., & Mee, L. D. (2005). The use of steroid markers to assess sewage contamina-tion of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(3), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.002 google scholar
  • Refsdal, A. O. (2000). To treat or not to treat: a proper use of hormones and antibiotics. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00094-4 google scholar
  • Ryan, B. C., & Vandenbergh, J. G. (2006). Developmental expo-sure to environmental estrogens alters anxiety and spatial mem-ory in female mice. Hormones and Behavior, 50(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.01.007 google scholar
  • Sadılek, J., Spalovska, P., Vrana, B., Vavrova, M., Marsalek, B., & Simek, Z. (2016). Comparison of extraction tech-niques for isolation of steroid oestrogens in environmentally google scholar
  • relevant concentrations from sediment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 96(11), 1022-1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2016.1232718 google scholar
  • Sojinu, S. O., Sonibare, O. O., Ekundayo, O., & Zeng, E. Y. (2012). Assessing anthropogenic contamination in surface sed-iments of Niger Delta, Nigeria with fecal sterols and n-alkanes as indicators. Science of the Total Environment, 441, 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.015 google scholar
  • Sullivan, D., Brooks, P., Tindale, N., Chapman, S., & Ahmed, W. (2010). Faecal sterols analysis for the identification of human fae-cal pollution in a non-sewered catchment. Water Science and Tech-nology, 61(5), 1355-1361. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.227 google scholar
  • Sur, H.I., Özsoy, E., & Ünlüata, Ü. (1994). Boundary current instabil-ities, upwelling, shelf mixing and eutrophication processes in the Black Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 33, 249-302. google scholar
  • Tolosa, I., Mesa, M., & Alonso- Hernandez, C. M. (2014). Steroid markers to assess sewage and other sources of organic contaminants in surface sediments of Cienfue-gos Bay, Cuba. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 86(1-2), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.039 google scholar
  • Topçuoğlu, S., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç., & Yılmaz, Y. Z. (2004). Heavy metal levels in biota and sediments in the northern coast of the Marmara Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 96, 183-189. google scholar
  • Tuğrul, S., & Polat, C. (1995). Quantitative comparison of the influxes of nutrients and organic carbon into the Sea of Marmara both from anthropogenic sources and from the Black Sea. Water Science & Technology, 2, 115-121. google scholar
  • Vargas, V. M. F., Migliavacca, S. B., de Melo, A. C., Horn, R. C., Guidobono, R. R., de Sa Ferreira, I. C. F., & Pestana, M. H. D. (2001). Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environments under the influence of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Muta-tion Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene-sis, 490(2), 141-158. doi:10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00159-5 google scholar
  • Yarahmadi, H., Duy, S. V., Hachad, M., Dorner, S., Sauve, S., & Prevost, M. (2018). Seasonal variations of steroid hormones re-leased by wastewater treatment plants to river water and sediments: Distribution between particulate and dissolved phases. Science of The Total Environment, 635, 144-155. google scholar
  • Ying, G. G., Kookana, R. S., &Ru, Y.J. (2002). Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment. Environment International, 28, 545-551. google scholar
  • Zeilinger, J., Steger-Hartmann, T., Maser, E., Goller, S., Vonk, R., & Lange, R. (2009). Effects of synthetic gestagens on fish repro-duction. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 28(12), 26632670. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-485.1 google scholar
  • Zhang, A., Li, Y., & Chen, L. (2014). Distribution and sea-sonal variation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting com-pounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential in the Huangpu River, China. Jour-nal of Environmental Sciences (China), 26(5), 1023-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60530-6 google scholar
There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Esra Aysel 0000-0002-5824-0731

Türkan Yurdun 0000-0002-2554-1204

Project Number SAG-C-DRP-110618-0301
Publication Date December 28, 2023
Submission Date April 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 53 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aysel, E., & Yurdun, T. (2023). Analysis of selected steroid hormones in sea of Marmara sediment samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 53(3), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041
AMA Aysel E, Yurdun T. Analysis of selected steroid hormones in sea of Marmara sediment samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS. iujp. December 2023;53(3):329-340. doi:10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041
Chicago Aysel, Esra, and Türkan Yurdun. “Analysis of Selected Steroid Hormones in Sea of Marmara Sediment Samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 53, no. 3 (December 2023): 329-40. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041.
EndNote Aysel E, Yurdun T (December 1, 2023) Analysis of selected steroid hormones in sea of Marmara sediment samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 53 3 329–340.
IEEE E. Aysel and T. Yurdun, “Analysis of selected steroid hormones in sea of Marmara sediment samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS”, iujp, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 329–340, 2023, doi: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041.
ISNAD Aysel, Esra - Yurdun, Türkan. “Analysis of Selected Steroid Hormones in Sea of Marmara Sediment Samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 53/3 (December 2023), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041.
JAMA Aysel E, Yurdun T. Analysis of selected steroid hormones in sea of Marmara sediment samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS. iujp. 2023;53:329–340.
MLA Aysel, Esra and Türkan Yurdun. “Analysis of Selected Steroid Hormones in Sea of Marmara Sediment Samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 53, no. 3, 2023, pp. 329-40, doi:10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2023.1277041.
Vancouver Aysel E, Yurdun T. Analysis of selected steroid hormones in sea of Marmara sediment samples by LC-ESI/MS-MS. iujp. 2023;53(3):329-40.