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Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 1102 - 1113, 01.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.866181

Abstract

In this report, two different TiO2 solutions with and without HCl were, firstly, prepared. Then, totally twelve number of thin film samples were obtained using these solutions for each of these two different group films by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). Of these twelve samples, each of the four was created at three different spray times (25, 50, 75 min), respectively, and they were annealed at 500 C. Structural, morphological, and electro-optical properties of TiO2 thin films were performed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS). It was seen that the HCl addition improves the crystallinity of the thin film samples dramatically even though at low deposition temperatures. HCl addition causes densification on the surface of the films and these films also exhibited the best morphological and structural properties compared to thin films without HCl. Also, the bandgap values of all thin films prepared with and without HCl decreases from 3.40 to 3.21 eV and 3.29 to 3.15 eV, respectively. Increase in the thickness of films by the addition of HCl plays a vital role on the morphological, structural, and electro-optical properties of the samples.

Supporting Institution

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi

Project Number

4899-YL1-17

Thanks

This project was supported by Süleyman Demirel University “Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit”.

References

  • Arunachalam A, Dhanapandian S, Manoharan C, Sridhar R, 2015. Characterization of Sprayed TiO2 on ITO Substrates for Solar Cell Applications. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. Elsevier B.V., 149, pp. 904–912.
  • Bharathi JJ, Pappayee N, 2014. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Thin Film Based Gas Sensors. National Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies for Sustainable Future, pp. 59-61.
  • Biswas S, Rahman KH and Kar AK, 2018. Optical Properties of Titanium di-oxide Thin Films Prepared by Dip Coating Method. 2nd International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics AIP Conf. Proc. 1953, pp. 030004-1–030004-4.
  • Chandrasekhar PS, Kumar N, Swami SK, Dutta V, Komarala VK, 2016. Fabrication of Perovskite Films Using an Electrostatic Assisted Spray Technique: The Effect of the Electric Field on Morphology, Crystallinity and Solar Cell Performance. Nanoscale. Royal Society of Chemistry, 8(12), pp. 6792–6800.
  • Deshmukh HP, Shinde PS, Patil PS, 2006. Structural, Optical and Electrical Characterization of Spray-Deposited TiO2 Thin Films. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 130(1–3), pp. 220–227.
  • Essalhi Z, Hartiti B, Lfakir A, Siadat M, Thevenin P, 2016. Optical Properties of TiO2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel Method. J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 7 (4), pp. 1328-1333.
  • Golobostanfard MR, Abdizadeh H, 2013. Effects of Acid Catalyst Type on Structural, Morphological, and Optoelectrical Properties of Spin-Coated TiO2 Thin Film. Physica B: Condensed Matter. Elsevier, 413, pp. 40–46.
  • Guo MZ, Maury-Ramirez A, Poon CS, 2016. Self-Cleaning Ability of Titanium Dioxide Clear Paint Coated Architectural Mortar and Its Potential in Field Application. Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 112, pp. 3583–3588.
  • Haynes VN, Ward JE, Russell BJ, Agrios AG, 2017. Photocatalytic Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Aquatic Organisms-Current Knowledge and Suggestions for Future Research. Aquatic Toxicology. Elsevier B.V., 185, pp. 138–148.
  • Jang HK, Whangbo SW, Choi YK, Chung YD, Jeong K, Whang CN, 2000. Titanium Oxide Films on Si(100) Deposited by E-beam Evaporation. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 18(6), pp. 2932–2936.
  • Karunagaran B, Chung SJ, Suh EK, Mangalaraj D, 2005. Dielectric and Transport Properties of Magnetron Sputtered Titanium Dioxide Thin Films. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 369(1–4), pp. 129–134.
  • Koç M, 2018. Investigation of Physical and Optical Properties Sn-Doped Indium Oxide Thin Films Fabricated by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method and Heat Treatment under Different Nitrogen Flow Rate Atmospheres. Süleyman Demirel University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, PhD Thesis (Printed).
  • Lee DS, Liu TK, 2002. Preparation of TiO2 Sol Using TiCl4 as A Precursor. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 25(2), pp. 121–136.
  • Li B, Xie Y, Huang J, Su H, Qian Y, 1999. Solvothermal Synthesis to NiE2 (E = Se, Te) Nanorods at Low Temperature. Nanostructured Materials, 11(8), pp. 1067–1071.
  • Mao X, Zhou R, Zhang S, Ding L, Wan L, Qin S, Chen Z, Xu J, Miao S, 2016. High Efficiency Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Constructed with Composites of TiO2 and the Hot-bubbling Synthesized Ultra-Small SnO2 Nanocrystals. Scientific Reports. Nature Publishing Group, 6(1), p. 19390.
  • Mazur M, 2017. Analysis of the Properties of Functional Titanium Dioxide Thin Films Deposited by Pulsed DC Magnetron Sputtering with Various O2:Ar Ratios. Optical Materials. Elsevier Ltd, 69, pp. 96–104.
  • Nakaruk A, Ragazzon D, Sorrell CC, 2010. Anatase Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. Elsevier B.V., 88(1), pp. 98–101.
  • Patil NB, Nimbalkar AR, Patil MG, 2018. ZnO Thin Film Prepared by a Sol-gel Spin Coating Technique for NO2 Detection. Materials Science and Engineering: B. Elsevier, 227(2), pp. 53–60.
  • Pelaez M, Nolan NT, Pillai SC, Seery MK, Falaras P, Kontos AG, Dunlop PSM, Hamilton JWJ, Byrne JA, O'Shea K, Entezari MH, Dionysios DD, 2012. A review on The Visible Light Active Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. Elsevier B.V., pp. 331–349.
  • Pradhan UU, Kumar, SKN, 2011. Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Thin Film Fabricated Using Spin Coating Technique. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 5(7), pp. 799–801.
  • Ramírez-Santos ÁA, Acevedo-Peña P, Córdoba EM, 2012. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Films by Modification with Polyethylene Glycol. Química Nova, 35(10), pp. 1931–1935.
  • Ranasinghe CSK, Vequizo JJM, Yamakata A, 2018. Fabrication of Robust TiO2 Thin Films by Atomized Spray Pyrolysis Deposition for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. Elsevier BV, 358, pp. 320–326.
  • Supekar AK, Bhise RB, Thorat SS, 2013. Optical , Structural and Morphological Study of TiO2 Thin Film Using Sol-gel Spin Coating Techniques. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 3(1), pp. 38-41.
  • Taziwa R, Meyer E, 2017. Fabrication of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis: Design and Optimization. Pyrolysis, Intech, Open Science, pp. 223-249.
  • Tsega M, Dejene FB 2017. Influence of Acidic pH on The Formulation of TiO2 Nanocrystalline Powders with Enhanced Photoluminescence Property. Heliyon Elsevier Ltd., 3(2), pp. e00246.
  • Vaiciulis I, Gırtan M, Stanculescu A, Leontie L, Habelhames F, Antohe S, 2012. On Titanium Oxide Spray Deposited Thin Films for Solar Cells Applications. Proceedings of the Romanian Academy Series a-Mathematics Physics Technical Sciences Information Science, 13(4), pp. 335–342.

Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 1102 - 1113, 01.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.866181

Abstract

In this report, two different TiO2 solutions with and without HCl were, firstly, prepared. Then, totally twelve number of thin film samples were obtained using these solutions for each of these two different group films by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). Of these twelve samples, each of the four was created at three different spray times (25, 50, 75 min), respectively, and they were annealed at 500 C. Structural, morphological, and electro-optical properties of TiO2 thin films were performed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS). It was seen that the HCl addition improves the crystallinity of the thin film samples dramatically even though at low deposition temperatures. HCl addition causes densification on the surface of the films and these films also exhibited the best morphological and structural properties compared to thin films without HCl. Also, the bandgap values of all thin films prepared with and without HCl decreases from 3.40 to 3.21 eV and 3.29 to 3.15 eV, respectively. Increase in the thickness of films by the addition of HCl plays a vital role on the morphological, structural, and electro-optical properties of the samples.

Project Number

4899-YL1-17

References

  • Arunachalam A, Dhanapandian S, Manoharan C, Sridhar R, 2015. Characterization of Sprayed TiO2 on ITO Substrates for Solar Cell Applications. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. Elsevier B.V., 149, pp. 904–912.
  • Bharathi JJ, Pappayee N, 2014. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Thin Film Based Gas Sensors. National Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies for Sustainable Future, pp. 59-61.
  • Biswas S, Rahman KH and Kar AK, 2018. Optical Properties of Titanium di-oxide Thin Films Prepared by Dip Coating Method. 2nd International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics AIP Conf. Proc. 1953, pp. 030004-1–030004-4.
  • Chandrasekhar PS, Kumar N, Swami SK, Dutta V, Komarala VK, 2016. Fabrication of Perovskite Films Using an Electrostatic Assisted Spray Technique: The Effect of the Electric Field on Morphology, Crystallinity and Solar Cell Performance. Nanoscale. Royal Society of Chemistry, 8(12), pp. 6792–6800.
  • Deshmukh HP, Shinde PS, Patil PS, 2006. Structural, Optical and Electrical Characterization of Spray-Deposited TiO2 Thin Films. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 130(1–3), pp. 220–227.
  • Essalhi Z, Hartiti B, Lfakir A, Siadat M, Thevenin P, 2016. Optical Properties of TiO2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel Method. J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 7 (4), pp. 1328-1333.
  • Golobostanfard MR, Abdizadeh H, 2013. Effects of Acid Catalyst Type on Structural, Morphological, and Optoelectrical Properties of Spin-Coated TiO2 Thin Film. Physica B: Condensed Matter. Elsevier, 413, pp. 40–46.
  • Guo MZ, Maury-Ramirez A, Poon CS, 2016. Self-Cleaning Ability of Titanium Dioxide Clear Paint Coated Architectural Mortar and Its Potential in Field Application. Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd, 112, pp. 3583–3588.
  • Haynes VN, Ward JE, Russell BJ, Agrios AG, 2017. Photocatalytic Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Aquatic Organisms-Current Knowledge and Suggestions for Future Research. Aquatic Toxicology. Elsevier B.V., 185, pp. 138–148.
  • Jang HK, Whangbo SW, Choi YK, Chung YD, Jeong K, Whang CN, 2000. Titanium Oxide Films on Si(100) Deposited by E-beam Evaporation. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 18(6), pp. 2932–2936.
  • Karunagaran B, Chung SJ, Suh EK, Mangalaraj D, 2005. Dielectric and Transport Properties of Magnetron Sputtered Titanium Dioxide Thin Films. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 369(1–4), pp. 129–134.
  • Koç M, 2018. Investigation of Physical and Optical Properties Sn-Doped Indium Oxide Thin Films Fabricated by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method and Heat Treatment under Different Nitrogen Flow Rate Atmospheres. Süleyman Demirel University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, PhD Thesis (Printed).
  • Lee DS, Liu TK, 2002. Preparation of TiO2 Sol Using TiCl4 as A Precursor. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 25(2), pp. 121–136.
  • Li B, Xie Y, Huang J, Su H, Qian Y, 1999. Solvothermal Synthesis to NiE2 (E = Se, Te) Nanorods at Low Temperature. Nanostructured Materials, 11(8), pp. 1067–1071.
  • Mao X, Zhou R, Zhang S, Ding L, Wan L, Qin S, Chen Z, Xu J, Miao S, 2016. High Efficiency Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Constructed with Composites of TiO2 and the Hot-bubbling Synthesized Ultra-Small SnO2 Nanocrystals. Scientific Reports. Nature Publishing Group, 6(1), p. 19390.
  • Mazur M, 2017. Analysis of the Properties of Functional Titanium Dioxide Thin Films Deposited by Pulsed DC Magnetron Sputtering with Various O2:Ar Ratios. Optical Materials. Elsevier Ltd, 69, pp. 96–104.
  • Nakaruk A, Ragazzon D, Sorrell CC, 2010. Anatase Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. Elsevier B.V., 88(1), pp. 98–101.
  • Patil NB, Nimbalkar AR, Patil MG, 2018. ZnO Thin Film Prepared by a Sol-gel Spin Coating Technique for NO2 Detection. Materials Science and Engineering: B. Elsevier, 227(2), pp. 53–60.
  • Pelaez M, Nolan NT, Pillai SC, Seery MK, Falaras P, Kontos AG, Dunlop PSM, Hamilton JWJ, Byrne JA, O'Shea K, Entezari MH, Dionysios DD, 2012. A review on The Visible Light Active Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. Elsevier B.V., pp. 331–349.
  • Pradhan UU, Kumar, SKN, 2011. Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Thin Film Fabricated Using Spin Coating Technique. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 5(7), pp. 799–801.
  • Ramírez-Santos ÁA, Acevedo-Peña P, Córdoba EM, 2012. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Films by Modification with Polyethylene Glycol. Química Nova, 35(10), pp. 1931–1935.
  • Ranasinghe CSK, Vequizo JJM, Yamakata A, 2018. Fabrication of Robust TiO2 Thin Films by Atomized Spray Pyrolysis Deposition for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. Elsevier BV, 358, pp. 320–326.
  • Supekar AK, Bhise RB, Thorat SS, 2013. Optical , Structural and Morphological Study of TiO2 Thin Film Using Sol-gel Spin Coating Techniques. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 3(1), pp. 38-41.
  • Taziwa R, Meyer E, 2017. Fabrication of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis: Design and Optimization. Pyrolysis, Intech, Open Science, pp. 223-249.
  • Tsega M, Dejene FB 2017. Influence of Acidic pH on The Formulation of TiO2 Nanocrystalline Powders with Enhanced Photoluminescence Property. Heliyon Elsevier Ltd., 3(2), pp. e00246.
  • Vaiciulis I, Gırtan M, Stanculescu A, Leontie L, Habelhames F, Antohe S, 2012. On Titanium Oxide Spray Deposited Thin Films for Solar Cells Applications. Proceedings of the Romanian Academy Series a-Mathematics Physics Technical Sciences Information Science, 13(4), pp. 335–342.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Metrology, Applied and Industrial Physics
Journal Section Fizik / Physics
Authors

Ahmet Buğrahan Bayram 0000-0002-7364-8559

Murat Koç 0000-0002-1048-6150

Salih Akyürekli 0000-0001-6005-667X

Murat Kaleli 0000-0002-3290-2020

Project Number 4899-YL1-17
Publication Date June 1, 2021
Submission Date January 25, 2021
Acceptance Date March 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bayram, A. B., Koç, M., Akyürekli, S., Kaleli, M. (2021). Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(2), 1102-1113. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.866181
AMA Bayram AB, Koç M, Akyürekli S, Kaleli M. Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. June 2021;11(2):1102-1113. doi:10.21597/jist.866181
Chicago Bayram, Ahmet Buğrahan, Murat Koç, Salih Akyürekli, and Murat Kaleli. “Comparison of Structural and Electro-Optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions With and Without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (June 2021): 1102-13. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.866181.
EndNote Bayram AB, Koç M, Akyürekli S, Kaleli M (June 1, 2021) Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11 2 1102–1113.
IEEE A. B. Bayram, M. Koç, S. Akyürekli, and M. Kaleli, “Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1102–1113, 2021, doi: 10.21597/jist.866181.
ISNAD Bayram, Ahmet Buğrahan et al. “Comparison of Structural and Electro-Optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions With and Without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11/2 (June 2021), 1102-1113. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.866181.
JAMA Bayram AB, Koç M, Akyürekli S, Kaleli M. Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2021;11:1102–1113.
MLA Bayram, Ahmet Buğrahan et al. “Comparison of Structural and Electro-Optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions With and Without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 1102-13, doi:10.21597/jist.866181.
Vancouver Bayram AB, Koç M, Akyürekli S, Kaleli M. Comparison of Structural and Electro-optical Properties of Thin Films Fabricated for Different Deposition Times Using TiO2 Precursor Solutions with and without HCl by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2021;11(2):1102-13.