Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Chitosan, Its Derivatives, Sources, Preparation Methods, and Applications: A Review

Year 2024, , 341 - 364, 04.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1336313

Abstract

Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that can be derived from various natural sources, including animals and marine organisms. When determining its quality, molecular weight, crystallinity, and degree of deacetylation of chitosan are considered. Biocompatibility, bioadhesive, solubility, and polycationic character are all based on these traits. Chitosan’s characteristics make it a good and appealing material for a variety of physical and chemical alterations. This review talks about the structure of chitosan and its properties. It also covers how chitosan is extracted from different sources. Special emphasis is placed on its utilization in the formation of metallic nanoparticles, drug delivery, and wastewater treatment.

References

  • 1. Elamri A, Zdiri K, Hamdaoui M, Harzallah O. Chitosan: A biopolymer for textile processes and products. Text Res J [Internet]. 2023 Mar 3;93(5–6):1456–84. Available from: <URL>.
  • 2. Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Chitosan: Sources, Processing and Modification Techniques. Gels [Internet]. 2022 Jun 21;8(7):393. Available from: <URL>.
  • 3. Erdogan S, Kaya M. High similarity in physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan from nymphs and adults of a grasshopper. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Aug 1;89:118–26. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Terkula Iber B, Azman Kasan N, Torsabo D, Wese Omuwa J. A Review of Various Sources of Chitin and Chitosan in Nature. J Renew Mater [Internet]. 2022;10(4):1097–123. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. Amor I Ben, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Abdelaziz AG, Barhoum A. Influence of chitosan source and degree of deacetylation on antibacterial activity and adsorption of AZO dye from water. Biomass Convers Biorefinery [Internet]. 2023 Jan 11;1–11. Available from: <URL>.
  • 6. Broek L, Boeriu CG, Stevens C. Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications. 2019;
  • 7. Allman AL, Williams EP, Place AR. Growth and Enzyme Production in Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) Fed Cellulose and Chitin Supplemented Diets. J Shellfish Res [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1;36(1):283–91. Available from: <URL>.
  • 8. Liu S, Sun J, Yu L, Zhang C, Bi J, Zhu F, et al. Extraction and Characterization of Chitin from the Beetle Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky. Molecules [Internet]. 2012 Apr 17;17(4):4604–11. Available from: <URL>.
  • 9. Vetter J. Chitin content of cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes. Food Chem [Internet]. 2007 Jan 1;102(1):6–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 10. Di Mario F, Rapanà P, Tomati U, Galli E. Chitin and chitosan from Basidiomycetes. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2008 Jul 1;43(1):8–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 11. Kaya M, Baran T. Description of a new surface morphology for chitin extracted from wings of cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1;75:7–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 12. Kaya M, Baran T, Karaarslan M. A new method for fast chitin extraction from shells of crab, crayfish and shrimp. Nat Prod Res [Internet]. 2015 Aug 3;29(15):1477–80. Available from: <URL>.
  • 13. Marei NH, El-Samie EA, Salah T, Saad GR, Elwahy AHM. Isolation and characterization of chitosan from different local insects in Egypt. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1;82:871–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 14. Kou S (Gabriel), Peters LM, Mucalo MR. Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1;169:85–94. Available from: <URL>.
  • 15. Aranaz I, Alcántara AR, Civera MC, Arias C, Elorza B, Heras Caballero A, et al. Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2021 Sep 24;13(19):3256. Available from: <URL>.
  • 16. Campana-Filho SP, Britto D de, Curti E, Abreu FR, Cardoso MB, Battisti M V., et al. Extraction, structures and properties of alpha-and beta-chitin. Quim Nova [Internet]. 2007 Jun;30(3):644–50. Available from: <URL>.
  • 17. Bastiaens L, Soetemans L, D’Hondt E, Elst K. Sources of Chitin and Chitosan and their Isolation. In: Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications [Internet]. Wiley; 2019. p. 1–34. Available from: <URL>.
  • 18. Sanuja RG, Kalutharage NK, Cumaranatunga PRT. Selection of the most suitable crustacean exoskeleton waste from fish processing industry to isolate chitosan. Sri Lanka J Aquat Sci [Internet]. 2017;22(1):45–53. Available from: <URL>.
  • 19. Casadidio C, Peregrina DV, Gigliobianco MR, Deng S, Censi R, Di Martino P. Chitin and Chitosans: Characteristics, Eco-Friendly Processes, and Applications in Cosmetic Science. Mar Drugs [Internet]. 2019 Jun 21;17(6):369. Available from: <URL>.
  • 20. Kaya M, Baran T, Erdoğan S, Menteş A, Aşan Özüsağlam M, Çakmak YS. Physicochemical comparison of chitin and chitosan obtained from larvae and adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Mater Sci Eng C [Internet]. 2014 Dec 1;45:72–81. Available from: <URL>.
  • 21. Trabelsi I, Ayadi D, Bejar W, Bejar S, Chouayekh H, Ben Salah R. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum immobilization in alginate coated with chitosan and gelatin on antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2014 Mar 1;64:84–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Al Sagheer FA, Al-Sughayer MA, Muslim S, Elsabee MZ. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine sources in Arabian Gulf. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2009 Jun 10;77(2):410–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Rasti H, Parivar K, Baharara J, Iranshahi M, Namvar F. Chitin from the Mollusc Chiton: Extraction, Characterization and Chitosan Preparation. Iran J Pharm Res IJPR [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1;16(1):366. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Hahn T, Roth A, Ji R, Schmitt E, Zibek S. Chitosan production with larval exoskeletons derived from the insect protein production. J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2020 Feb 20;310:62–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. Hamed I, Özogul F, Regenstein JM. Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2016 Feb 1;48:40–50. Available from: <URL>.
  • 26. Huet G, Hadad C, Husson E, Laclef S, Lambertyn V, Araya Farias M, et al. Straightforward extraction and selective bioconversion of high purity chitin from Bombyx eri larva: Toward an integrated insect biorefinery. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2020 Jan 15;228:115382. Available from: <URL>.
  • 27. Jucker C, Lupi D, Moore CD, Leonardi MG, Savoldelli S. Nutrient Recapture from Insect Farm Waste: Bioconversion with Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Sustainability [Internet]. 2020 Jan 2;12(1):362. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. John Kasongo K, Tubadi DJ, Bampole LD, Kaniki TA, Kanda NJM, Lukumu ME. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from Termitomyces titanicus. SN Appl Sci [Internet]. 2020 Mar 14;2(3):406. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Li X, Szczęsna-Antczak M, Daroch M. Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2019 Sep 27;7:243. Available from: <URL>.
  • 30. Zielinska K, Shostenko AG, Truszkowski S. Analysis of chitosan by gel permeation chromatography. High Energy Chem [Internet]. 2014 Mar 5;48(2):72–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 31. Aranaz I, Mengibar M, Harris R, Panos I, Miralles B, Acosta N, et al. Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan. Curr Chem Biol [Internet]. 2009 May 1;3(2):203–30. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Lavertu M, Méthot S, Tran-Khanh N, Buschmann MD. High efficiency gene transfer using chitosan/DNA nanoparticles with specific combinations of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Biomaterials [Internet]. 2006 Sep 1;27(27):4815–24. Available from: <URL>.
  • 33. Dutta PK, Ravikumar MN V., Dutta J. Chitin and Chitosan for Versatile Applications. J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev [Internet]. 2002 Aug 19;42(3):307–54. Available from: <URL>.
  • 34. Franco TT, Peter MG. Advances in chitin science [Internet]. 2010. Available from: <URL>.
  • 35. Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci [Internet]. 2006 Jul 1;31(7):603–32. Available from: <URL>.
  • 36. Fatima B. Quantitative analysis by IR: determination of chitin/chitosan DD. In: Khan M, do Nascimento GM, El-Azazy M, editors. Modern Spectroscopic Techniques and Applications [Internet]. London: IntechOpen; 2020. Available from: <URL>.
  • 37. Rusu-Balaita L, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M. Formation of a biocompatible polyelectrolyte complex: chitosan-hyaluronan complex stability. Polym Bull [Internet]. 2003 Apr 1;50(1–2):91–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 38. Heux L, Brugnerotto J, Desbrières J, Versali M-F, Rinaudo M. Solid State NMR for Determination of Degree of Acetylation of Chitin and Chitosan. Biomacromolecules [Internet]. 2000 Dec 1;1(4):746–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 39. Ma J, Xin C, Tan C. Preparation, physicochemical and pharmaceutical characterization of chitosan from Catharsius molossus residue. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2015 Sep 1;80:547–56. Available from: <URL>.
  • 40. Kaya M, Baran T, Mentes A, Asaroglu M, Sezen G, Tozak KO. Extraction and Characterization of α-Chitin and Chitosan from Six Different Aquatic Invertebrates. Food Biophys [Internet]. 2014 Jun 8;9(2):145–57. Available from: <URL>.
  • 41. Akpan EI, Gbenebor OP, Adeosun SO. Synthesis and characterisation of chitin from periwinkle (Tympanotonus fusatus (L.)) and snail (Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich)) shells. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1;106:1080–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 42. Ogawa K, Yui T, Okuyama K. Three D structures of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2004 Apr 1;34(1–2):1–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 43. Kawada J, Yui T, Okuyama K, Ogawa K. Crystalline Behavior of Chitosan Organic Acid Salts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem [Internet]. 2001 Jan 22;65(11):2542–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 44. Kalita N, Baruah PP. Cyanobacteria as a potent platform for heavy metals biosorption: Uptake, responses and removal mechanisms. J Hazard Mater Adv [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1;11:100349. Available from: <URL>.
  • 45. Guibal E. Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review. Sep Purif Technol [Internet]. 2004 Jul 15;38(1):43–74. Available from: <URL>.
  • 46. Teli MD, Sheikh J. Extraction of chitosan from shrimp shells waste and application in antibacterial finishing of bamboo rayon. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1;50(5):1195–200. Available from: <URL>.
  • 47. Bello VE, Olafadehan OA. Comparative investigation of RSM and ANN for multi-response modeling and optimization studies of derived chitosan from Archachatina marginata shell. Alexandria Eng J [Internet]. 2021 Aug 1;60(4):3869–99. Available from: <URL>.
  • 48. Yen M-T, Yang J-H, Mau J-L. Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2009 Jan 5;75(1):15–21. Available from: <URL>.
  • 49. Song Y, Kim M, Moon C, Seo D, Han YS, Jo YH, et al. Extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium and whole body of edible mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Entomol Res [Internet]. 2018 May 23;48(3):227–33. Available from: <URL>.
  • 50. Fournier P, Szczepanski CR, Godeau R-P, Godeau G. Chitosan Extraction from Goliathus orientalis Moser, 1909: Characterization and Comparison with Commercially Available Chitosan. Biomimetics [Internet]. 2020 Apr 26;5(2):15. Available from: <URL>.
  • 51. Shin C-S, Kim D-Y, Shin W-S. Characterization of chitosan extracted from Mealworm Beetle (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio) and Rhinoceros Beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) and their antibacterial activities. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2019 Mar 15;125:72–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 52. Xia Z, Chen J, Wu S. Hypolipidemic activity of the chitooligosaccharides from Clanis bilineata (Lepidoptera), an edible insect. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2013 Aug 1;59:96–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 53. Simionato JI, Paulino AT, Garcia JC, Nozaki J. Adsorption of aluminium from wastewater by chitin and chitosan produced from silkworm chrysalides. Polym Int [Internet]. 2006 Nov 22;55(11):1243–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 54. Savin S, Craciunescu O, Oancea A, Ilie D, Ciucan T, Antohi LS, et al. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Preparations Extracted from Ganoderma Lucidum Mushroom. Chem Biodivers [Internet]. 2020 Jul 5;17(7):e2000175. Available from: <URL>.
  • 55. Luo Q, Wang Y, Han Q, Ji L, Zhang H, Fei Z, et al. Comparison of the physicochemical, rheological, and morphologic properties of chitosan from four insects. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1;209:266–75. Available from: <URL>.
  • 56. Khayrova A, Lopatin S, Varlamov V. Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens as a Novel Source of Chitin and Chitosan. Int J Sci [Internet]. 2019;8(4):81–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 57. Chawla S, Kanatt S, Sharma A. Chitosan, Polysaccharides. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing: Cham; 2015.
  • 58. Olafadehan OA, Ajayi TO, Amoo KO. Optimum Conditions for Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan from Callinectes amnicola Shell Waste. Theor Found Chem Eng [Internet]. 2020 Nov 15;54(6):1173–94. Available from: <URL>.
  • 59. Blumberg R, Southall CL, Van Rensburg NJ, Volckman OB. South african fish products. XXXII.—The rock lobster: A study of chitin production from processing wastes. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 1951 Dec 1;2(12):571–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 60. Trung TS, Tram LH, Van Tan N, Van Hoa N, Minh NC, Loc PT, et al. Improved method for production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shells. Carbohydr Res [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1;489:107913. Available from: <URL>.
  • 61. Yang H, Gözaydın G, Nasaruddin RR, Har JRG, Chen X, Wang X, et al. Toward the Shell Biorefinery: Processing Crustacean Shell Waste Using Hot Water and Carbonic Acid. ACS Sustain Chem Eng [Internet]. 2019 Mar 4;7(5):5532–42. Available from: <URL>.
  • 62. Kalut SA. Enhancement of degree of deacetylation of chitin in chitosan production. UMP; 2008.
  • 63. Schloemer GC, Schloemer DA. Preparation of 4,4′-diketo-β-carotene derivatives. Google Patents [Internet]. 2002 Sep 13; Available from: <URL>.
  • 64. Szymańska E, Winnicka K. Stability of Chitosan—A Challenge for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Mar Drugs [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1;13(4):1819–46. Available from: <URL>.
  • 65. Little DJ, Bamford NC, Pokrovskaya V, Robinson H, Nitz M, Howell PL. Structural Basis for the De-N-acetylation of Poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine in Gram-positive Bacteria. J Biol Chem [Internet]. 2014 Dec 26;289(52):35907–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 66. Mourya VK, Inamdar NN. Chitosan-modifications and applications: Opportunities galore. React Funct Polym [Internet]. 2008 Jun 1;68(6):1013–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 67. Shariatinia Z. Carboxymethyl chitosan: Properties and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;120:1406–19. Available from: <URL>.
  • 68. Lin Y, Chen Q, Luo H. Preparation and characterization of N-(2-carboxybenzyl)chitosan as a potential pH-sensitive hydrogel for drug delivery. Carbohydr Res [Internet]. 2007 Jan 15;342(1):87–95. Available from: <URL>.
  • 69. Skorik YA, Kritchenkov AS, Moskalenko YE, Golyshev AA, Raik S V., Whaley AK, et al. Synthesis of N-succinyl- and N-glutaryl-chitosan derivatives and their antioxidant, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2017 Jun 15;166:166–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 70. Petrova VA, Panevin AA, Zhuravskii SG, Gasilova ER, Vlasova EN, Romanov DP, et al. Preparation of N-succinyl-chitin nanoparticles and their applications in otoneurological pathology. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;120:1023–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 71. da Silva SB, Krolicka M, van den Broek LAM, Frissen AE, Boeriu CG. Water-soluble chitosan derivatives and pH-responsive hydrogels by selective C-6 oxidation mediated by TEMPO-laccase redox system. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2018 Apr 15;186:299–309. Available from: <URL>.
  • 72. Peng Y, Han B, Liu W, Xu X. Preparation and antimicrobial activity of hydroxypropyl chitosan. Carbohydr Res [Internet]. 2005 Aug 15;340(11):1846–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 73. Park EK, Kim SY, Lee SB, Lee YM. Folate-conjugated methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) amphiphilic block copolymeric micelles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Control Release [Internet]. 2005 Dec 5;109(1–3):158–68. Available from: <URL>.
  • 74. Ahmed S, Ikram S. Chitosan & its derivatives: a review in recent innovations. Int J Pharm Sci Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Dec 20];6(1):14–30. Available from: <URL>.
  • 75. Thanou M, Florea BI, Geldof M, Junginger HE, Borchard G. Quaternized chitosan oligomers as novel gene delivery vectors in epithelial cell lines. Biomaterials [Internet]. 2002 Jan 1;23(1):153–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 76. Morimoto M, Saimoto H, Shigemasa Y. Control of Functions of Chitin and Chitosan by Chemical Modification. Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol [Internet]. 2002;14(78):205–22. Available from: <URL>.
  • 77. Thang NH, Chien TB, Cuong DX. Polymer-Based Hydrogels Applied in Drug Delivery: An Overview. Gels [Internet]. 2023 Jun 27;9(7):523. Available from: <URL>.
  • 78. Feldman D. Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy. Appl Sci [Internet]. 2019 Sep 17;9(18):3899. Available from: <URL>.
  • 79. Argüelles-Monal W, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Fernández-Quiroz D, Recillas-Mota M, Montiel-Herrera M. Chitosan Derivatives: Introducing New Functionalities with a Controlled Molecular Architecture for Innovative Materials. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2018 Mar 20;10(3):342. Available from: <URL>.
  • 80. Zargar V, Asghari M, Dashti A. A Review on Chitin and Chitosan Polymers: Structure, Chemistry, Solubility, Derivatives, and Applications. ChemBioEng Rev [Internet]. 2015 Jun 30;2(3):204–26. Available from: <URL>.
  • 81. Schulze-Zachau F, Braunschweig B. C n TAB/polystyrene sulfonate mixtures at air–water interfaces: effects of alkyl chain length on surface activity and charging state. Phys Chem Chem Phys [Internet]. 2019 Apr 10;21(15):7847–56. Available from: <URL>.
  • 82. Chiappisi L, Gradzielski M. Co-assembly in chitosan–surfactant mixtures: thermodynamics, structures, interfacial properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1;220:92–107. Available from: <URL>.
  • 83. Wang W, Meng Q, Li Q, Liu J, Zhou M, Jin Z, et al. Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jan 12;21(2):487. Available from: <URL>.
  • 84. Bolshakov IN, Gornostaev LM, Fominykh OI, Svetlakov A V. Synthesis, Chemical and Biomedical Aspects of the Use of Sulfated Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 22;14(16):3431. Available from: <URL>.
  • 85. Kocabay S, Bahar MR, Tekin S, Akkaya R, Akkaya B. Chemical and biological characterization of sulfated chitosan oligomer as heparin mimics. Polym Polym Compos [Internet]. 2021 Nov 11;29(9_suppl):S1023–32. Available from: <URL>.
  • 86. Ding K, Wang Y, Wang H, Yuan L, Tan M, Shi X, et al. 6- O -Sulfated Chitosan Promoting the Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces [Internet]. 2014 Nov 26;6(22):20043–50. Available from: <URL>.
  • 87. Liu Q, Chen J, Yang X, Qiao C, Li Z, Xu C, et al. Synthesis, structure, and properties of N-2-hydroxylpropyl-3-trimethylammonium-O-carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;144:568–77. Available from: <URL>.
  • 88. Heras A, Rodríguez NM, Ramos VM, Agullo E. N-methylene phosphonic chitosan: a novel soluble derivative. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2001 Jan 1;44(1):1–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 89. Ramos V., Rodrı́guez N., Dı́az M., Rodrı́guez M., Heras A, Agulló E. N-methylene phosphonic chitosan. Effect of preparation methods on its properties. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2003 Apr 1;52(1):39–46. Available from: <URL>.
  • 90. Wojcik G. Metal corrosion inhibiting compositions containing chitosan derivatives. US Pat. 2003;6:958.
  • 91. Ramos V, Rodrıguez N, Rodrıguez M, Heras A, Agullo E. Modified chitosan carrying phosphonic and alkyl groups. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2003 Mar 1;51(4):425–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 92. Sahariah P, Gaware V, Lieder R, Jónsdóttir S, Hjálmarsdóttir M, Sigurjonsson O, et al. The Effect of Substituent, Degree of Acetylation and Positioning of the Cationic Charge on the Antibacterial Activity of Quaternary Chitosan Derivatives. Mar Drugs [Internet]. 2014 Aug 21;12(8):4635–58. Available from: <URL>.
  • 93. Suzuki K, Oda D, Shinobu T, Saimoto H, Shigemasa Y. New Selectively N-Substituted Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan Derivatives. Polym J [Internet]. 2000 Apr;32(4):334–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 94. Saravanan S, Sareen N, Abu-El-Rub E, Ashour H, Sequiera GL, Ammar HI, et al. Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanosheets Containing Chitosan Scaffold Improves Ventricular Contractility and Function After Implantation into Infarcted Heart. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2018 Oct 10;8(1):15069. Available from: <URL>.
  • 95. Feng W, Wang Z. Biomedical applications of chitosan-graphene oxide nanocomposites. iScience [Internet]. 2022 Jan 21;25(1):103629. Available from: <URL>.
  • 96. Bao H, Pan Y, Ping Y, Sahoo NG, Wu T, Li L, et al. Chitosan‐Functionalized Graphene Oxide as a Nanocarrier for Drug and Gene Delivery. Small [Internet]. 2011 Jun 6;7(11):1569–78. Available from: <URL>.
  • 97. Waśko A, Bulak P, Polak-Berecka M, Nowak K, Polakowski C, Bieganowski A. The first report of the physicochemical structure of chitin isolated from Hermetia illucens. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Nov 1;92:316–20. Available from: <URL>.
  • 98. Anand M, Kalaivani R, Maruthupandy M, Kumaraguru AK, Suresh S. Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from Marine Crab and Squilla Collected from the Gulf of Mannar Region, South India. J Chitin Chitosan Sci [Internet]. 2014 Dec 1;2(4):280–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 99. Song C, Yu H, Zhang M, Yang Y, Zhang G. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of chitosan from the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala larvae. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2013 Sep 1;60:347–54. Available from: <URL>.
  • 100. Ibitoye EB, Lokman IH, Hezmee MNM, Goh YM, Zuki ABZ, Jimoh AA. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket. Biomed Mater [Internet]. 2018 Jan 30;13(2):025009. Available from: <URL>.
  • 101. Mehranian M, Pourabad RF, Bashir NS, Taieban S. Physicochemical characterization of chitin from the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Macromol Sci Part A [Internet]. 2017 Oct 3;54(10):720–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 102. Kaya M, Bağrıaçık N, Seyyar O, Baran T. Comparison of chitin structures derived from three common wasp species (Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758, Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 and Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793)). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol [Internet]. 2015 Aug 7;89(4):204–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 103. Srinivasan H, Kanayairam V, Ravichandran R. Chitin and chitosan preparation from shrimp shells Penaeus monodon and its human ovarian cancer cell line, PA-1. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1;107(PartA):662–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 104. Sayari N, Sila A, Abdelmalek BE, Abdallah R Ben, Ellouz-Chaabouni S, Bougatef A, et al. Chitin and chitosan from the Norway lobster by-products: Antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1;87:163–71. Available from: <URL>.
  • 105. Mohan K, Ravichandran S, Muralisankar T, Uthayakumar V, Chandirasekar R, Rajeevgandhi C, et al. Extraction and characterization of chitin from sea snail Conus inscriptus (Reeve, 1843). Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1;126:555–60. Available from: <URL>.
  • 106. Caligiani A, Marseglia A, Leni G, Baldassarre S, Maistrello L, Dossena A, et al. Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids and chitin. Food Res Int [Internet]. 2018 Mar 1;105:812–20. Available from: <URL>.
  • 107. Park JH, Saravanakumar G, Kim K, Kwon IC. Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev [Internet]. 2010 Jan 31;62(1):28–41. Available from: <URL>.
  • 108. Crini G, Lichtfouse E. Sustainable agriculture reviews 36: chitin and chitosan: applications in food, agriculture, pharmacy, medicine and wastewater treatment. Crini G, Lichtfouse E, editors. Vol. 36. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019.
  • 109. Collado-González M, Montalbán MG, Peña-García J, Pérez-Sánchez H, Víllora G, Díaz Baños FG. Chitosan as stabilizing agent for negatively charged nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1;161:63–70. Available from: <URL>.
  • 110. Amor I Ben, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Temam H Ben, Zaoui H, Barhoum A. Biosynthesis MgO and ZnO nanoparticles using chitosan extracted from Pimelia Payraudi Latreille for antibacterial applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol [Internet]. 2023 Jan 21;39(1):19. Available from: <URL>.
  • 111. Frank LA, Onzi GR, Morawski AS, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Contri RV. Chitosan as a coating material for nanoparticles intended for biomedical applications. React Funct Polym [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;147:104459. Available from: <URL>.
  • 112. Phan TTV, Phan DT, Cao XT, Huynh T-C, Oh J. Roles of Chitosan in Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Nanomaterials [Internet]. 2021 Jan 21;11(2):273. Available from: <URL>.
  • 113. Ben Amor I, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Mahboub MS, Barhoum A. Sol-Gel Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Different Chitosan Sources: Effects on Antibacterial Activity and Photocatalytic Degradation of AZO Dye. Catalysts [Internet]. 2022 Dec 8;12(12):1611. Available from: <URL>.
  • 114. Galed G, Fernández-Valle M., Martı́nez A, Heras A. Application of MRI to monitor the process of ripening and decay in citrus treated with chitosan solutions. Magn Reson Imaging [Internet]. 2004 Jan 1;22(1):127–37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 115. Gudjónsdóttir M, Gacutan MD, Mendes AC, Chronakis IS, Jespersen L, Karlsson AH. Effects of electrospun chitosan wrapping for dry-ageing of beef, as studied by microbiological, physicochemical and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Food Chem [Internet]. 2015 Oct 1;184:167–75. Available from: <URL>.
  • 116. Ben Amor I, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Zeghoud S, Benzina M, Achour S, et al. Use of Insect-Derived Chitosan for the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater: Process Optimization Using a Central Composite Design. Materials [Internet]. 2023 Jul 17;16(14):5049. Available from: <URL>.
  • 117. Masindi V, Muedi KL. Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals. In: El-Din M. Saleh H, Aglan R, editors. Heavy Metals [Internet]. London: InTech; 2018. p. 115–32. Available from: <URL>.
  • 118. Nechita P. Applications of Chitosan in Wastewater Treatment. In: Shalaby E, editor. Biological Activities and Application of Marine Polysaccharides [Internet]. London: InTech; 2017. p. 209–28. Available from: <URL>.
  • 119. Hesami F, Bina B, Ebrahimi A. The effectiveness of chitosan as coagulant aid in turbidity removal from water. Int J Environ Health Eng [Internet]. 2014 Apr 1;2(6):46–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 120. Akhouairi S, Ouachtak H, Addi AA, Jada A, Douch J. Natural Sawdust as Adsorbent for the Eriochrome Black T Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution. Water, Air, Soil Pollut [Internet]. 2019 Aug 25;230(8):181. Available from: <URL>.
  • 121. Hegab HM, Wimalasiri Y, Ginic-Markovic M, Zou L. Improving the fouling resistance of brackish water membranes via surface modification with graphene oxide functionalized chitosan. Desalination [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1;365:99–107. Available from: <URL>.
  • 122. Ivanova DG, Yaneva ZL. Antioxidant Properties and Redox-Modulating Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Biomaterials with Application in Cancer Therapy. Biores Open Access [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1;9(1):64–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 123. Tan C, Wei H, Zhao X, Xu C, Peng J. Effects of dietary fibers with high water-binding capacity and swelling capacity on gastrointestinal functions, food intake and body weight in male rats. Food Nutr Res [Internet]. 2017 Jan 3;61(1):1308118. Available from: <URL>.
  • 124. Liu D, Yang F, Xiong F, Gu N. The Smart Drug Delivery System and Its Clinical Potential. Theranostics [Internet]. 2016;6(9):1306–23. Available from: <URL>.
  • 125. Mansuri S, Kesharwani P, Jain K, Tekade RK, Jain NK. Mucoadhesion: A promising approach in drug delivery system. React Funct Polym [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1;100:151–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 126. Khutoryanskiy V V. Advances in Mucoadhesion and Mucoadhesive Polymers. Macromol Biosci [Internet]. 2011 Jun 14;11(6):748–64. Available from: <URL>.
  • 127. Chen K, Guo B, Luo J. Quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite as a novel cosmetic ingredient against skin aging. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2017 Oct 1;173:100–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 128. Zhang J, Tan W, Wang G, Yin X, Li Q, Dong F, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and the antioxidant activity of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan salts. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Oct 15;118:9–14. Available from: <URL>.
  • 129. Zhang L, Wang J, Chi H, Wang S. Local anesthetic lidocaine delivery system: chitosan and hyaluronic acid-modified layer-by-layer lipid nanoparticles. Drug Deliv [Internet]. 2016 Nov 21;23(9):3529–37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 130. Wang J, Xu M, Cheng X, Kong M, Liu Y, Feng C, et al. Positive/negative surface charge of chitosan based nanogels and its potential influence on oral insulin delivery. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2016 Jan 20;136:867–74. Available from: <URL>.
  • 131. Lee SH, Song JG, Han H-K. Development of pH-responsive organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites as an effective oral delivery system of protein drugs. J Control Release [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1;311–312:74–84. Available from: <URL>.
  • 132. Bajracharya R, Song JG, Back SY, Han H-K. Recent Advancements in Non-Invasive Formulations for Protein Drug Delivery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1;17:1290–308. Available from: <URL>.
  • 133. Trivedi A, Hoffman J, Arora R. Gene therapy for atrial fibrillation - How close to clinical implementation? Int J Cardiol [Internet]. 2019 Dec 1;296:177–83. Available from: <URL>.
  • 134. Singh B, Maharjan S, Cho K-H, Cui L, Park I-K, Choi Y-J, et al. Chitosan-based particulate systems for the delivery of mucosal vaccines against infectious diseases. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Apr 15;110:54–64. Available from: <URL>.
  • 135. Sousa Â, Almeida AM, Faria R, Konate K, Boisguerin P, Queiroz JA, et al. Optimization of peptide-plasmid DNA vectors formulation for gene delivery in cancer therapy exploring design of experiments. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;183:110417. Available from: <URL>.
  • 136. Chuan D, Jin T, Fan R, Zhou L, Guo G. Chitosan for gene delivery: Methods for improvement and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1;268:25–38. Available from: <URL>.
  • 137. Confederat LG, Tuchilus CG, Dragan M, Sha’at M, Dragostin OM. Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: A Concise Review. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 Jun 17;26(12):3694. Available from: <URL>.
  • 138. Sahariah P, Másson M. Antimicrobial Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives: A Review of the Structure–Activity Relationship. Biomacromolecules [Internet]. 2017 Nov 13;18(11):3846–68. Available from: <URL>.
  • 139. Tanikonda R, Ravi RK, Kantheti S, Divella S. Chitosan: Applications in dentistry. Trends Biomater Artif Organs [Internet]. 2014;28(2):74–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 140. Ahsan SM, Thomas M, Reddy KK, Sooraparaju SG, Asthana A, Bhatnagar I. Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Apr 15;110:97–109. Available from: <URL>.
  • 141. Kabashima K, Honda T, Ginhoux F, Egawa G. The immunological anatomy of the skin. Nat Rev Immunol [Internet]. 2019 Jan 14;19(1):19–30. Available from: <URL>.
  • 142. Behera SS, Das U, Kumar A, Bissoyi A, Singh AK. Chitosan/TiO 2 composite membrane improves proliferation and survival of L929 fibroblast cells: Application in wound dressing and skin regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2017 May 1;98:329–40. Available from: <URL>.
  • 143. Chen Y, Qiu H, Dong M, Cheng B, Jin Y, Tong Z, et al. Preparation of hydroxylated lecithin complexed iodine/carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate composite membrane by microwave drying and its applications in infected burn wound treatment. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2019 Feb 15;206:435–45. Available from: <URL>.
  • 144. Madni A, Kousar R, Naeem N, Wahid F. Recent advancements in applications of chitosan-based biomaterials for skin tissue engineering. J Bioresour Bioprod [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1;6(1):11–25. Available from: <URL>.
  • 145. Xie Y, Yi Z, Wang J, Hou T, Jiang Q. Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan - crosslinked chitosan sponges for wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Jun 1;112:1225–33. Available from: <URL>.
  • 146. Adeli H, Khorasani MT, Parvazinia M. Wound dressing based on electrospun PVA/chitosan/starch nanofibrous mats: Fabrication, antibacterial and cytocompatibility evaluation and in vitro healing assay. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2019 Feb 1;122:238–54. Available from: <URL>.
Year 2024, , 341 - 364, 04.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1336313

Abstract

References

  • 1. Elamri A, Zdiri K, Hamdaoui M, Harzallah O. Chitosan: A biopolymer for textile processes and products. Text Res J [Internet]. 2023 Mar 3;93(5–6):1456–84. Available from: <URL>.
  • 2. Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Chitosan: Sources, Processing and Modification Techniques. Gels [Internet]. 2022 Jun 21;8(7):393. Available from: <URL>.
  • 3. Erdogan S, Kaya M. High similarity in physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan from nymphs and adults of a grasshopper. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Aug 1;89:118–26. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Terkula Iber B, Azman Kasan N, Torsabo D, Wese Omuwa J. A Review of Various Sources of Chitin and Chitosan in Nature. J Renew Mater [Internet]. 2022;10(4):1097–123. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. Amor I Ben, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Abdelaziz AG, Barhoum A. Influence of chitosan source and degree of deacetylation on antibacterial activity and adsorption of AZO dye from water. Biomass Convers Biorefinery [Internet]. 2023 Jan 11;1–11. Available from: <URL>.
  • 6. Broek L, Boeriu CG, Stevens C. Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications. 2019;
  • 7. Allman AL, Williams EP, Place AR. Growth and Enzyme Production in Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) Fed Cellulose and Chitin Supplemented Diets. J Shellfish Res [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1;36(1):283–91. Available from: <URL>.
  • 8. Liu S, Sun J, Yu L, Zhang C, Bi J, Zhu F, et al. Extraction and Characterization of Chitin from the Beetle Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky. Molecules [Internet]. 2012 Apr 17;17(4):4604–11. Available from: <URL>.
  • 9. Vetter J. Chitin content of cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes. Food Chem [Internet]. 2007 Jan 1;102(1):6–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 10. Di Mario F, Rapanà P, Tomati U, Galli E. Chitin and chitosan from Basidiomycetes. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2008 Jul 1;43(1):8–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 11. Kaya M, Baran T. Description of a new surface morphology for chitin extracted from wings of cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1;75:7–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 12. Kaya M, Baran T, Karaarslan M. A new method for fast chitin extraction from shells of crab, crayfish and shrimp. Nat Prod Res [Internet]. 2015 Aug 3;29(15):1477–80. Available from: <URL>.
  • 13. Marei NH, El-Samie EA, Salah T, Saad GR, Elwahy AHM. Isolation and characterization of chitosan from different local insects in Egypt. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1;82:871–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 14. Kou S (Gabriel), Peters LM, Mucalo MR. Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1;169:85–94. Available from: <URL>.
  • 15. Aranaz I, Alcántara AR, Civera MC, Arias C, Elorza B, Heras Caballero A, et al. Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2021 Sep 24;13(19):3256. Available from: <URL>.
  • 16. Campana-Filho SP, Britto D de, Curti E, Abreu FR, Cardoso MB, Battisti M V., et al. Extraction, structures and properties of alpha-and beta-chitin. Quim Nova [Internet]. 2007 Jun;30(3):644–50. Available from: <URL>.
  • 17. Bastiaens L, Soetemans L, D’Hondt E, Elst K. Sources of Chitin and Chitosan and their Isolation. In: Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications [Internet]. Wiley; 2019. p. 1–34. Available from: <URL>.
  • 18. Sanuja RG, Kalutharage NK, Cumaranatunga PRT. Selection of the most suitable crustacean exoskeleton waste from fish processing industry to isolate chitosan. Sri Lanka J Aquat Sci [Internet]. 2017;22(1):45–53. Available from: <URL>.
  • 19. Casadidio C, Peregrina DV, Gigliobianco MR, Deng S, Censi R, Di Martino P. Chitin and Chitosans: Characteristics, Eco-Friendly Processes, and Applications in Cosmetic Science. Mar Drugs [Internet]. 2019 Jun 21;17(6):369. Available from: <URL>.
  • 20. Kaya M, Baran T, Erdoğan S, Menteş A, Aşan Özüsağlam M, Çakmak YS. Physicochemical comparison of chitin and chitosan obtained from larvae and adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Mater Sci Eng C [Internet]. 2014 Dec 1;45:72–81. Available from: <URL>.
  • 21. Trabelsi I, Ayadi D, Bejar W, Bejar S, Chouayekh H, Ben Salah R. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum immobilization in alginate coated with chitosan and gelatin on antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2014 Mar 1;64:84–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Al Sagheer FA, Al-Sughayer MA, Muslim S, Elsabee MZ. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine sources in Arabian Gulf. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2009 Jun 10;77(2):410–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Rasti H, Parivar K, Baharara J, Iranshahi M, Namvar F. Chitin from the Mollusc Chiton: Extraction, Characterization and Chitosan Preparation. Iran J Pharm Res IJPR [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1;16(1):366. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Hahn T, Roth A, Ji R, Schmitt E, Zibek S. Chitosan production with larval exoskeletons derived from the insect protein production. J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2020 Feb 20;310:62–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. Hamed I, Özogul F, Regenstein JM. Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2016 Feb 1;48:40–50. Available from: <URL>.
  • 26. Huet G, Hadad C, Husson E, Laclef S, Lambertyn V, Araya Farias M, et al. Straightforward extraction and selective bioconversion of high purity chitin from Bombyx eri larva: Toward an integrated insect biorefinery. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2020 Jan 15;228:115382. Available from: <URL>.
  • 27. Jucker C, Lupi D, Moore CD, Leonardi MG, Savoldelli S. Nutrient Recapture from Insect Farm Waste: Bioconversion with Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Sustainability [Internet]. 2020 Jan 2;12(1):362. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. John Kasongo K, Tubadi DJ, Bampole LD, Kaniki TA, Kanda NJM, Lukumu ME. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from Termitomyces titanicus. SN Appl Sci [Internet]. 2020 Mar 14;2(3):406. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Li X, Szczęsna-Antczak M, Daroch M. Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2019 Sep 27;7:243. Available from: <URL>.
  • 30. Zielinska K, Shostenko AG, Truszkowski S. Analysis of chitosan by gel permeation chromatography. High Energy Chem [Internet]. 2014 Mar 5;48(2):72–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 31. Aranaz I, Mengibar M, Harris R, Panos I, Miralles B, Acosta N, et al. Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan. Curr Chem Biol [Internet]. 2009 May 1;3(2):203–30. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Lavertu M, Méthot S, Tran-Khanh N, Buschmann MD. High efficiency gene transfer using chitosan/DNA nanoparticles with specific combinations of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Biomaterials [Internet]. 2006 Sep 1;27(27):4815–24. Available from: <URL>.
  • 33. Dutta PK, Ravikumar MN V., Dutta J. Chitin and Chitosan for Versatile Applications. J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev [Internet]. 2002 Aug 19;42(3):307–54. Available from: <URL>.
  • 34. Franco TT, Peter MG. Advances in chitin science [Internet]. 2010. Available from: <URL>.
  • 35. Rinaudo M. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci [Internet]. 2006 Jul 1;31(7):603–32. Available from: <URL>.
  • 36. Fatima B. Quantitative analysis by IR: determination of chitin/chitosan DD. In: Khan M, do Nascimento GM, El-Azazy M, editors. Modern Spectroscopic Techniques and Applications [Internet]. London: IntechOpen; 2020. Available from: <URL>.
  • 37. Rusu-Balaita L, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M. Formation of a biocompatible polyelectrolyte complex: chitosan-hyaluronan complex stability. Polym Bull [Internet]. 2003 Apr 1;50(1–2):91–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 38. Heux L, Brugnerotto J, Desbrières J, Versali M-F, Rinaudo M. Solid State NMR for Determination of Degree of Acetylation of Chitin and Chitosan. Biomacromolecules [Internet]. 2000 Dec 1;1(4):746–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 39. Ma J, Xin C, Tan C. Preparation, physicochemical and pharmaceutical characterization of chitosan from Catharsius molossus residue. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2015 Sep 1;80:547–56. Available from: <URL>.
  • 40. Kaya M, Baran T, Mentes A, Asaroglu M, Sezen G, Tozak KO. Extraction and Characterization of α-Chitin and Chitosan from Six Different Aquatic Invertebrates. Food Biophys [Internet]. 2014 Jun 8;9(2):145–57. Available from: <URL>.
  • 41. Akpan EI, Gbenebor OP, Adeosun SO. Synthesis and characterisation of chitin from periwinkle (Tympanotonus fusatus (L.)) and snail (Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich)) shells. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1;106:1080–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 42. Ogawa K, Yui T, Okuyama K. Three D structures of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2004 Apr 1;34(1–2):1–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 43. Kawada J, Yui T, Okuyama K, Ogawa K. Crystalline Behavior of Chitosan Organic Acid Salts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem [Internet]. 2001 Jan 22;65(11):2542–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 44. Kalita N, Baruah PP. Cyanobacteria as a potent platform for heavy metals biosorption: Uptake, responses and removal mechanisms. J Hazard Mater Adv [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1;11:100349. Available from: <URL>.
  • 45. Guibal E. Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review. Sep Purif Technol [Internet]. 2004 Jul 15;38(1):43–74. Available from: <URL>.
  • 46. Teli MD, Sheikh J. Extraction of chitosan from shrimp shells waste and application in antibacterial finishing of bamboo rayon. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2012 Jun 1;50(5):1195–200. Available from: <URL>.
  • 47. Bello VE, Olafadehan OA. Comparative investigation of RSM and ANN for multi-response modeling and optimization studies of derived chitosan from Archachatina marginata shell. Alexandria Eng J [Internet]. 2021 Aug 1;60(4):3869–99. Available from: <URL>.
  • 48. Yen M-T, Yang J-H, Mau J-L. Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2009 Jan 5;75(1):15–21. Available from: <URL>.
  • 49. Song Y, Kim M, Moon C, Seo D, Han YS, Jo YH, et al. Extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium and whole body of edible mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Entomol Res [Internet]. 2018 May 23;48(3):227–33. Available from: <URL>.
  • 50. Fournier P, Szczepanski CR, Godeau R-P, Godeau G. Chitosan Extraction from Goliathus orientalis Moser, 1909: Characterization and Comparison with Commercially Available Chitosan. Biomimetics [Internet]. 2020 Apr 26;5(2):15. Available from: <URL>.
  • 51. Shin C-S, Kim D-Y, Shin W-S. Characterization of chitosan extracted from Mealworm Beetle (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio) and Rhinoceros Beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) and their antibacterial activities. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2019 Mar 15;125:72–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 52. Xia Z, Chen J, Wu S. Hypolipidemic activity of the chitooligosaccharides from Clanis bilineata (Lepidoptera), an edible insect. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2013 Aug 1;59:96–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 53. Simionato JI, Paulino AT, Garcia JC, Nozaki J. Adsorption of aluminium from wastewater by chitin and chitosan produced from silkworm chrysalides. Polym Int [Internet]. 2006 Nov 22;55(11):1243–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 54. Savin S, Craciunescu O, Oancea A, Ilie D, Ciucan T, Antohi LS, et al. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Preparations Extracted from Ganoderma Lucidum Mushroom. Chem Biodivers [Internet]. 2020 Jul 5;17(7):e2000175. Available from: <URL>.
  • 55. Luo Q, Wang Y, Han Q, Ji L, Zhang H, Fei Z, et al. Comparison of the physicochemical, rheological, and morphologic properties of chitosan from four insects. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1;209:266–75. Available from: <URL>.
  • 56. Khayrova A, Lopatin S, Varlamov V. Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens as a Novel Source of Chitin and Chitosan. Int J Sci [Internet]. 2019;8(4):81–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 57. Chawla S, Kanatt S, Sharma A. Chitosan, Polysaccharides. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing: Cham; 2015.
  • 58. Olafadehan OA, Ajayi TO, Amoo KO. Optimum Conditions for Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan from Callinectes amnicola Shell Waste. Theor Found Chem Eng [Internet]. 2020 Nov 15;54(6):1173–94. Available from: <URL>.
  • 59. Blumberg R, Southall CL, Van Rensburg NJ, Volckman OB. South african fish products. XXXII.—The rock lobster: A study of chitin production from processing wastes. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 1951 Dec 1;2(12):571–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 60. Trung TS, Tram LH, Van Tan N, Van Hoa N, Minh NC, Loc PT, et al. Improved method for production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shells. Carbohydr Res [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1;489:107913. Available from: <URL>.
  • 61. Yang H, Gözaydın G, Nasaruddin RR, Har JRG, Chen X, Wang X, et al. Toward the Shell Biorefinery: Processing Crustacean Shell Waste Using Hot Water and Carbonic Acid. ACS Sustain Chem Eng [Internet]. 2019 Mar 4;7(5):5532–42. Available from: <URL>.
  • 62. Kalut SA. Enhancement of degree of deacetylation of chitin in chitosan production. UMP; 2008.
  • 63. Schloemer GC, Schloemer DA. Preparation of 4,4′-diketo-β-carotene derivatives. Google Patents [Internet]. 2002 Sep 13; Available from: <URL>.
  • 64. Szymańska E, Winnicka K. Stability of Chitosan—A Challenge for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Mar Drugs [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1;13(4):1819–46. Available from: <URL>.
  • 65. Little DJ, Bamford NC, Pokrovskaya V, Robinson H, Nitz M, Howell PL. Structural Basis for the De-N-acetylation of Poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine in Gram-positive Bacteria. J Biol Chem [Internet]. 2014 Dec 26;289(52):35907–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 66. Mourya VK, Inamdar NN. Chitosan-modifications and applications: Opportunities galore. React Funct Polym [Internet]. 2008 Jun 1;68(6):1013–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 67. Shariatinia Z. Carboxymethyl chitosan: Properties and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;120:1406–19. Available from: <URL>.
  • 68. Lin Y, Chen Q, Luo H. Preparation and characterization of N-(2-carboxybenzyl)chitosan as a potential pH-sensitive hydrogel for drug delivery. Carbohydr Res [Internet]. 2007 Jan 15;342(1):87–95. Available from: <URL>.
  • 69. Skorik YA, Kritchenkov AS, Moskalenko YE, Golyshev AA, Raik S V., Whaley AK, et al. Synthesis of N-succinyl- and N-glutaryl-chitosan derivatives and their antioxidant, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2017 Jun 15;166:166–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 70. Petrova VA, Panevin AA, Zhuravskii SG, Gasilova ER, Vlasova EN, Romanov DP, et al. Preparation of N-succinyl-chitin nanoparticles and their applications in otoneurological pathology. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;120:1023–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 71. da Silva SB, Krolicka M, van den Broek LAM, Frissen AE, Boeriu CG. Water-soluble chitosan derivatives and pH-responsive hydrogels by selective C-6 oxidation mediated by TEMPO-laccase redox system. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2018 Apr 15;186:299–309. Available from: <URL>.
  • 72. Peng Y, Han B, Liu W, Xu X. Preparation and antimicrobial activity of hydroxypropyl chitosan. Carbohydr Res [Internet]. 2005 Aug 15;340(11):1846–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 73. Park EK, Kim SY, Lee SB, Lee YM. Folate-conjugated methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) amphiphilic block copolymeric micelles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Control Release [Internet]. 2005 Dec 5;109(1–3):158–68. Available from: <URL>.
  • 74. Ahmed S, Ikram S. Chitosan & its derivatives: a review in recent innovations. Int J Pharm Sci Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Dec 20];6(1):14–30. Available from: <URL>.
  • 75. Thanou M, Florea BI, Geldof M, Junginger HE, Borchard G. Quaternized chitosan oligomers as novel gene delivery vectors in epithelial cell lines. Biomaterials [Internet]. 2002 Jan 1;23(1):153–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 76. Morimoto M, Saimoto H, Shigemasa Y. Control of Functions of Chitin and Chitosan by Chemical Modification. Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol [Internet]. 2002;14(78):205–22. Available from: <URL>.
  • 77. Thang NH, Chien TB, Cuong DX. Polymer-Based Hydrogels Applied in Drug Delivery: An Overview. Gels [Internet]. 2023 Jun 27;9(7):523. Available from: <URL>.
  • 78. Feldman D. Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy. Appl Sci [Internet]. 2019 Sep 17;9(18):3899. Available from: <URL>.
  • 79. Argüelles-Monal W, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Fernández-Quiroz D, Recillas-Mota M, Montiel-Herrera M. Chitosan Derivatives: Introducing New Functionalities with a Controlled Molecular Architecture for Innovative Materials. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2018 Mar 20;10(3):342. Available from: <URL>.
  • 80. Zargar V, Asghari M, Dashti A. A Review on Chitin and Chitosan Polymers: Structure, Chemistry, Solubility, Derivatives, and Applications. ChemBioEng Rev [Internet]. 2015 Jun 30;2(3):204–26. Available from: <URL>.
  • 81. Schulze-Zachau F, Braunschweig B. C n TAB/polystyrene sulfonate mixtures at air–water interfaces: effects of alkyl chain length on surface activity and charging state. Phys Chem Chem Phys [Internet]. 2019 Apr 10;21(15):7847–56. Available from: <URL>.
  • 82. Chiappisi L, Gradzielski M. Co-assembly in chitosan–surfactant mixtures: thermodynamics, structures, interfacial properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1;220:92–107. Available from: <URL>.
  • 83. Wang W, Meng Q, Li Q, Liu J, Zhou M, Jin Z, et al. Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jan 12;21(2):487. Available from: <URL>.
  • 84. Bolshakov IN, Gornostaev LM, Fominykh OI, Svetlakov A V. Synthesis, Chemical and Biomedical Aspects of the Use of Sulfated Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 22;14(16):3431. Available from: <URL>.
  • 85. Kocabay S, Bahar MR, Tekin S, Akkaya R, Akkaya B. Chemical and biological characterization of sulfated chitosan oligomer as heparin mimics. Polym Polym Compos [Internet]. 2021 Nov 11;29(9_suppl):S1023–32. Available from: <URL>.
  • 86. Ding K, Wang Y, Wang H, Yuan L, Tan M, Shi X, et al. 6- O -Sulfated Chitosan Promoting the Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces [Internet]. 2014 Nov 26;6(22):20043–50. Available from: <URL>.
  • 87. Liu Q, Chen J, Yang X, Qiao C, Li Z, Xu C, et al. Synthesis, structure, and properties of N-2-hydroxylpropyl-3-trimethylammonium-O-carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;144:568–77. Available from: <URL>.
  • 88. Heras A, Rodríguez NM, Ramos VM, Agullo E. N-methylene phosphonic chitosan: a novel soluble derivative. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2001 Jan 1;44(1):1–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 89. Ramos V., Rodrı́guez N., Dı́az M., Rodrı́guez M., Heras A, Agulló E. N-methylene phosphonic chitosan. Effect of preparation methods on its properties. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2003 Apr 1;52(1):39–46. Available from: <URL>.
  • 90. Wojcik G. Metal corrosion inhibiting compositions containing chitosan derivatives. US Pat. 2003;6:958.
  • 91. Ramos V, Rodrıguez N, Rodrıguez M, Heras A, Agullo E. Modified chitosan carrying phosphonic and alkyl groups. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2003 Mar 1;51(4):425–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 92. Sahariah P, Gaware V, Lieder R, Jónsdóttir S, Hjálmarsdóttir M, Sigurjonsson O, et al. The Effect of Substituent, Degree of Acetylation and Positioning of the Cationic Charge on the Antibacterial Activity of Quaternary Chitosan Derivatives. Mar Drugs [Internet]. 2014 Aug 21;12(8):4635–58. Available from: <URL>.
  • 93. Suzuki K, Oda D, Shinobu T, Saimoto H, Shigemasa Y. New Selectively N-Substituted Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan Derivatives. Polym J [Internet]. 2000 Apr;32(4):334–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 94. Saravanan S, Sareen N, Abu-El-Rub E, Ashour H, Sequiera GL, Ammar HI, et al. Graphene Oxide-Gold Nanosheets Containing Chitosan Scaffold Improves Ventricular Contractility and Function After Implantation into Infarcted Heart. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2018 Oct 10;8(1):15069. Available from: <URL>.
  • 95. Feng W, Wang Z. Biomedical applications of chitosan-graphene oxide nanocomposites. iScience [Internet]. 2022 Jan 21;25(1):103629. Available from: <URL>.
  • 96. Bao H, Pan Y, Ping Y, Sahoo NG, Wu T, Li L, et al. Chitosan‐Functionalized Graphene Oxide as a Nanocarrier for Drug and Gene Delivery. Small [Internet]. 2011 Jun 6;7(11):1569–78. Available from: <URL>.
  • 97. Waśko A, Bulak P, Polak-Berecka M, Nowak K, Polakowski C, Bieganowski A. The first report of the physicochemical structure of chitin isolated from Hermetia illucens. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Nov 1;92:316–20. Available from: <URL>.
  • 98. Anand M, Kalaivani R, Maruthupandy M, Kumaraguru AK, Suresh S. Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from Marine Crab and Squilla Collected from the Gulf of Mannar Region, South India. J Chitin Chitosan Sci [Internet]. 2014 Dec 1;2(4):280–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 99. Song C, Yu H, Zhang M, Yang Y, Zhang G. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of chitosan from the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala larvae. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2013 Sep 1;60:347–54. Available from: <URL>.
  • 100. Ibitoye EB, Lokman IH, Hezmee MNM, Goh YM, Zuki ABZ, Jimoh AA. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket. Biomed Mater [Internet]. 2018 Jan 30;13(2):025009. Available from: <URL>.
  • 101. Mehranian M, Pourabad RF, Bashir NS, Taieban S. Physicochemical characterization of chitin from the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Macromol Sci Part A [Internet]. 2017 Oct 3;54(10):720–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 102. Kaya M, Bağrıaçık N, Seyyar O, Baran T. Comparison of chitin structures derived from three common wasp species (Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758, Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 and Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793)). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol [Internet]. 2015 Aug 7;89(4):204–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 103. Srinivasan H, Kanayairam V, Ravichandran R. Chitin and chitosan preparation from shrimp shells Penaeus monodon and its human ovarian cancer cell line, PA-1. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Feb 1;107(PartA):662–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 104. Sayari N, Sila A, Abdelmalek BE, Abdallah R Ben, Ellouz-Chaabouni S, Bougatef A, et al. Chitin and chitosan from the Norway lobster by-products: Antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1;87:163–71. Available from: <URL>.
  • 105. Mohan K, Ravichandran S, Muralisankar T, Uthayakumar V, Chandirasekar R, Rajeevgandhi C, et al. Extraction and characterization of chitin from sea snail Conus inscriptus (Reeve, 1843). Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1;126:555–60. Available from: <URL>.
  • 106. Caligiani A, Marseglia A, Leni G, Baldassarre S, Maistrello L, Dossena A, et al. Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids and chitin. Food Res Int [Internet]. 2018 Mar 1;105:812–20. Available from: <URL>.
  • 107. Park JH, Saravanakumar G, Kim K, Kwon IC. Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev [Internet]. 2010 Jan 31;62(1):28–41. Available from: <URL>.
  • 108. Crini G, Lichtfouse E. Sustainable agriculture reviews 36: chitin and chitosan: applications in food, agriculture, pharmacy, medicine and wastewater treatment. Crini G, Lichtfouse E, editors. Vol. 36. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019.
  • 109. Collado-González M, Montalbán MG, Peña-García J, Pérez-Sánchez H, Víllora G, Díaz Baños FG. Chitosan as stabilizing agent for negatively charged nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1;161:63–70. Available from: <URL>.
  • 110. Amor I Ben, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Temam H Ben, Zaoui H, Barhoum A. Biosynthesis MgO and ZnO nanoparticles using chitosan extracted from Pimelia Payraudi Latreille for antibacterial applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol [Internet]. 2023 Jan 21;39(1):19. Available from: <URL>.
  • 111. Frank LA, Onzi GR, Morawski AS, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Contri RV. Chitosan as a coating material for nanoparticles intended for biomedical applications. React Funct Polym [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;147:104459. Available from: <URL>.
  • 112. Phan TTV, Phan DT, Cao XT, Huynh T-C, Oh J. Roles of Chitosan in Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Nanomaterials [Internet]. 2021 Jan 21;11(2):273. Available from: <URL>.
  • 113. Ben Amor I, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Mahboub MS, Barhoum A. Sol-Gel Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Different Chitosan Sources: Effects on Antibacterial Activity and Photocatalytic Degradation of AZO Dye. Catalysts [Internet]. 2022 Dec 8;12(12):1611. Available from: <URL>.
  • 114. Galed G, Fernández-Valle M., Martı́nez A, Heras A. Application of MRI to monitor the process of ripening and decay in citrus treated with chitosan solutions. Magn Reson Imaging [Internet]. 2004 Jan 1;22(1):127–37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 115. Gudjónsdóttir M, Gacutan MD, Mendes AC, Chronakis IS, Jespersen L, Karlsson AH. Effects of electrospun chitosan wrapping for dry-ageing of beef, as studied by microbiological, physicochemical and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Food Chem [Internet]. 2015 Oct 1;184:167–75. Available from: <URL>.
  • 116. Ben Amor I, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Zeghoud S, Benzina M, Achour S, et al. Use of Insect-Derived Chitosan for the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater: Process Optimization Using a Central Composite Design. Materials [Internet]. 2023 Jul 17;16(14):5049. Available from: <URL>.
  • 117. Masindi V, Muedi KL. Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals. In: El-Din M. Saleh H, Aglan R, editors. Heavy Metals [Internet]. London: InTech; 2018. p. 115–32. Available from: <URL>.
  • 118. Nechita P. Applications of Chitosan in Wastewater Treatment. In: Shalaby E, editor. Biological Activities and Application of Marine Polysaccharides [Internet]. London: InTech; 2017. p. 209–28. Available from: <URL>.
  • 119. Hesami F, Bina B, Ebrahimi A. The effectiveness of chitosan as coagulant aid in turbidity removal from water. Int J Environ Health Eng [Internet]. 2014 Apr 1;2(6):46–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 120. Akhouairi S, Ouachtak H, Addi AA, Jada A, Douch J. Natural Sawdust as Adsorbent for the Eriochrome Black T Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution. Water, Air, Soil Pollut [Internet]. 2019 Aug 25;230(8):181. Available from: <URL>.
  • 121. Hegab HM, Wimalasiri Y, Ginic-Markovic M, Zou L. Improving the fouling resistance of brackish water membranes via surface modification with graphene oxide functionalized chitosan. Desalination [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1;365:99–107. Available from: <URL>.
  • 122. Ivanova DG, Yaneva ZL. Antioxidant Properties and Redox-Modulating Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Biomaterials with Application in Cancer Therapy. Biores Open Access [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1;9(1):64–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 123. Tan C, Wei H, Zhao X, Xu C, Peng J. Effects of dietary fibers with high water-binding capacity and swelling capacity on gastrointestinal functions, food intake and body weight in male rats. Food Nutr Res [Internet]. 2017 Jan 3;61(1):1308118. Available from: <URL>.
  • 124. Liu D, Yang F, Xiong F, Gu N. The Smart Drug Delivery System and Its Clinical Potential. Theranostics [Internet]. 2016;6(9):1306–23. Available from: <URL>.
  • 125. Mansuri S, Kesharwani P, Jain K, Tekade RK, Jain NK. Mucoadhesion: A promising approach in drug delivery system. React Funct Polym [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1;100:151–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 126. Khutoryanskiy V V. Advances in Mucoadhesion and Mucoadhesive Polymers. Macromol Biosci [Internet]. 2011 Jun 14;11(6):748–64. Available from: <URL>.
  • 127. Chen K, Guo B, Luo J. Quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite as a novel cosmetic ingredient against skin aging. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2017 Oct 1;173:100–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 128. Zhang J, Tan W, Wang G, Yin X, Li Q, Dong F, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and the antioxidant activity of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan salts. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Oct 15;118:9–14. Available from: <URL>.
  • 129. Zhang L, Wang J, Chi H, Wang S. Local anesthetic lidocaine delivery system: chitosan and hyaluronic acid-modified layer-by-layer lipid nanoparticles. Drug Deliv [Internet]. 2016 Nov 21;23(9):3529–37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 130. Wang J, Xu M, Cheng X, Kong M, Liu Y, Feng C, et al. Positive/negative surface charge of chitosan based nanogels and its potential influence on oral insulin delivery. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2016 Jan 20;136:867–74. Available from: <URL>.
  • 131. Lee SH, Song JG, Han H-K. Development of pH-responsive organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites as an effective oral delivery system of protein drugs. J Control Release [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1;311–312:74–84. Available from: <URL>.
  • 132. Bajracharya R, Song JG, Back SY, Han H-K. Recent Advancements in Non-Invasive Formulations for Protein Drug Delivery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1;17:1290–308. Available from: <URL>.
  • 133. Trivedi A, Hoffman J, Arora R. Gene therapy for atrial fibrillation - How close to clinical implementation? Int J Cardiol [Internet]. 2019 Dec 1;296:177–83. Available from: <URL>.
  • 134. Singh B, Maharjan S, Cho K-H, Cui L, Park I-K, Choi Y-J, et al. Chitosan-based particulate systems for the delivery of mucosal vaccines against infectious diseases. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Apr 15;110:54–64. Available from: <URL>.
  • 135. Sousa Â, Almeida AM, Faria R, Konate K, Boisguerin P, Queiroz JA, et al. Optimization of peptide-plasmid DNA vectors formulation for gene delivery in cancer therapy exploring design of experiments. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;183:110417. Available from: <URL>.
  • 136. Chuan D, Jin T, Fan R, Zhou L, Guo G. Chitosan for gene delivery: Methods for improvement and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1;268:25–38. Available from: <URL>.
  • 137. Confederat LG, Tuchilus CG, Dragan M, Sha’at M, Dragostin OM. Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: A Concise Review. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 Jun 17;26(12):3694. Available from: <URL>.
  • 138. Sahariah P, Másson M. Antimicrobial Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives: A Review of the Structure–Activity Relationship. Biomacromolecules [Internet]. 2017 Nov 13;18(11):3846–68. Available from: <URL>.
  • 139. Tanikonda R, Ravi RK, Kantheti S, Divella S. Chitosan: Applications in dentistry. Trends Biomater Artif Organs [Internet]. 2014;28(2):74–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 140. Ahsan SM, Thomas M, Reddy KK, Sooraparaju SG, Asthana A, Bhatnagar I. Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Apr 15;110:97–109. Available from: <URL>.
  • 141. Kabashima K, Honda T, Ginhoux F, Egawa G. The immunological anatomy of the skin. Nat Rev Immunol [Internet]. 2019 Jan 14;19(1):19–30. Available from: <URL>.
  • 142. Behera SS, Das U, Kumar A, Bissoyi A, Singh AK. Chitosan/TiO 2 composite membrane improves proliferation and survival of L929 fibroblast cells: Application in wound dressing and skin regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2017 May 1;98:329–40. Available from: <URL>.
  • 143. Chen Y, Qiu H, Dong M, Cheng B, Jin Y, Tong Z, et al. Preparation of hydroxylated lecithin complexed iodine/carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate composite membrane by microwave drying and its applications in infected burn wound treatment. Carbohydr Polym [Internet]. 2019 Feb 15;206:435–45. Available from: <URL>.
  • 144. Madni A, Kousar R, Naeem N, Wahid F. Recent advancements in applications of chitosan-based biomaterials for skin tissue engineering. J Bioresour Bioprod [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1;6(1):11–25. Available from: <URL>.
  • 145. Xie Y, Yi Z, Wang J, Hou T, Jiang Q. Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan - crosslinked chitosan sponges for wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2018 Jun 1;112:1225–33. Available from: <URL>.
  • 146. Adeli H, Khorasani MT, Parvazinia M. Wound dressing based on electrospun PVA/chitosan/starch nanofibrous mats: Fabrication, antibacterial and cytocompatibility evaluation and in vitro healing assay. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2019 Feb 1;122:238–54. Available from: <URL>.
There are 146 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Polymer Science and Technologies
Journal Section REVIEW ARTICLES
Authors

Hadia Hemmamı This is me

Ilham Ben Amor 0000-0003-4850-485X

Asma Ben Amor This is me

Soumeia Zeghoud This is me

Shakeel Ahmed This is me

Ali Alnazza Alhamad This is me

Publication Date February 4, 2024
Submission Date August 1, 2023
Acceptance Date December 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

Vancouver Hemmamı H, Ben Amor I, Ben Amor A, Zeghoud S, Ahmed S, Alhamad AA. Chitosan, Its Derivatives, Sources, Preparation Methods, and Applications: A Review. JOTCSA. 2024;11(1):341-64.