Research Article
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Investigation of the effects of electric vehicle charging stations and solar energy integration on grid performance

Year 2023, , 206 - 219, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.59313/jsr-a.1397996

Abstract

In this study, the negative effects of electric vehicle charging stations, whose use has rapidly increased all over the world in the last few years, on the electricity network were analyzed. The charging station was purchased and installed in a suitable area. Measurements taken using the energy analyzer at this charging station were examined. An electrical network model has been prepared. IEEE 6-bus power test system data was used for this model. The model was built using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). In addition to the existing loads on the electricity grid, the loads that will occur with the increase in electric vehicle charging stations have also been added. In this case, this electrical network was analyzed using the Newton-Raphson load flow algorithm with the existing load data of the generators, buses and data of the added charging station loads in the IEEE 6-bus test system network. Considering that one thousand additional charging stations come as load for each load bus, 22 MW load was added. In order to reduce the power losses detected here, grid-connected solar power plants have been proposed. By adding these power plants, it is aimed to reduce the negative effects of the load increase caused by electric vehicle charging stations. For the case of adding solar power plants (SPP), the results were examined by making load flow and it was shown that the network losses decreased. As a result of the study, as a result of adding electric vehicle charging station loads (EVCS) to each load bus in addition to the existing loads, active power loss doubled and reactive power loss reached more than three times. In the buses with the recommended consumption, these losses, which increased with the energy production by load solar power plants, decreased by more than half.

Supporting Institution

KONYA TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ (BAP)

Project Number

231102009

References

  • M. Moradijoz, M. Parsa Moghaddam, M.R. Haghifam, E. Alishahi, A multi-objective optimization problem for allocating parking lots in a distribution network, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 46, 2013, Pages 115-122, ISSN 0142-0615, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.10.041.
  • K. Olcay and N. Cetinkaya, Solar Power Plant Suggestion for Charging Electric Vehicles and The Effects of the System on The Electric Network and CO2 Emission, 2021 IEEE 2nd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek), pp. 249-254, 2021, doi: 10.1109/KhPIWeek53812.2021.9570056.
  • Nathan Parker, Hanna L. Breetz, Deborah Salon, Matthew Wigginton Conway, Jeffrey Williams, Maxx Patterson, who saves money buying electric vehicles? Heterogeneity in total cost of ownership, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment”, Volume 96, 102893, ISSN 1361-9209, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102893.
  • Fan Xiaochao, et al. High voltage gain DC/DC converter using coupled inductor and VM techniques IEEE Access, 8, pp. 131975-131987, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3002902.
  • Ye Haixiong, et al. “High step-up interleaved dc/dc converter with high efficiency”, Energy Sources A, pp. 1-20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1716111.
  • Hamian Melika, et al. A framework to expedite joint energy-reserve payment cost minimization using a custom-designed method based on mixed integer genetic algorithm Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., pp. 203-212, 72 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2018.03.022.
  • Serradilla, J.; Wardle, J.; Blythe, P.; Gibbon, “J. An evidence-based approach for investment in rapid-charging infrastructure”, Energy Policy, 106, 514–524, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.007.
  • Olcay, K.; Çetinkaya, “N. Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Effects on the Electricity Network with Artificial Neural Network” Energies, 16, 1282, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031282.
  • W. Xifan, S. Chengcheng, W. Xiuli and Du Chao, “Overview of EV Charging Load and Dispatching Control Strategy”, Journal of China Electrical Engineering, vol. 33, no. 01, pp. 1-10, 2013.
  • J. Zhenya and H. Xueliang, “Plug-in electric vehicle charging infrastructure deployment of China towards 2020: policies methodologies and challenges”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 90, pp. 710-727, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.011.
  • D. Khandelwal, S. Painuli, S. Bhowmick and R. Saha, “A Comparison of Practical Electric Vehicle Charging Policies to Improve the Performance of Power Distribution Systems”, 2023 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical, Electronics & Digital Healthcare Technologies (REEDCON), New Delhi, India, pp. 7-12, 2023, doi: 10.1109/REEDCON57544.2023.10151097.
  • L. Pieltain Fernández, T.G.S. Román, R. Cossent, C.M. Domingo and P. Frías, "Assessment of the Impact of plug-in electric vehicles on distribution networks", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 206-213, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2049133.
  • S. Painuli, M. S. Rawat and D. R. Rayudu, “A Comprehensive Review on Electric Vehicles Operation Development and Grid Stability”, 2018 International Conference on Power Energy Environment and Intelligent Control (PEEIC), pp. 807-814, 2018, doi: 10.1109/PEEIC.2018.8665643.
  • A. Aljanad and A. Mohamed, “Harmonic Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle on Electric Distribution System”, Model. Simul. Eng., pp. 1-7, Aug. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5968943.
  • M. K. Gray and W. G. Morsi, “Power Quality Assessment in Distribution Systems Embedded With Plug-In Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 663-671, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2332058.
  • Fareed Ahmad, Atif Iqbal, Imtiaz Ashraf, Mousa Marzband, Irfan khan, “Optimal location of electric vehicle charging station and its impact on distribution network: A review”, Energy Reports, Volume 8, Pages 2314-2333, 2022, ISSN 2352-4847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.180.
  • K. Mohammed, H. K. Wolde and S. M. S. Alarefi, “Optimal Space Utilisation for Solar Powered EV Charging Station”, 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon), Gammarth, Tunisia, 2020, pp. 562-567, doi: 10.1109/ENERGYCon48941.2020.9236538.
  • W. Ruan, X. Yu, W. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Yu and C. Wu, “Optimal Charging Strategy for EVs in Microgrid Considering Customer Urgency”, 2020 12th IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Nanjing, China, 2020, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/APPEEC48164.2020.9220439.
  • S. Haifeng and L. Zhirui, “Orderly Charging Control Method for Residential Quarters of Household EVs Based on Peak-valley Electricity Price”, Power Automation Equipment, vol. 35, no. 06, pp. 17-22, 2015.
  • Y. Cao, S Tang, C Li et al., “An Optimized EV Charging Model Considering TOU Price and SOC Curve”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 01, pp. 388-393, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2159630.
  • S. Xiaoming, W. Wong, S. Su, J. Jiuchun, X. Lijie and He Xuanhu, “Orderly Charging Control Strategy Design for EVs Based on Time-of-Use Electricity Price”, vol. 37, no. 01, pp. 191-195, 2013.
  • B. Kulkarni, D. Patil and R. G. Suryavanshi, “IOT Based PV assisted EV Charging Station for Confronting Duck Curve”, International Conference on Computational Techniques, Electronics and Mechanical Systems (CTEMS), Belgaum, India, 2018, pp. 36-39, 2018, doi: 10.1109/CTEMS.2018.8769145.
  • Himabindu N., Santoshkumar Hampannavar, Deepa B., Omowunmi Mary Longe, Swapna Mansani, Vahini Komanapalli, “Assessment of microgrid integrated biogas–photovoltaic powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) for sustainable future”, Energy Reports, Volume 9, Supplement 12, Pages 139-143, 2023, ISSN 2352-4847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.09.098.
  • Ömer Kaya, Ahmet Tortum, Kadir Diler Alemdar, M. Yasin Çodur, “Site selection for EVCS in Istanbul by GIS and multi-criteria decision-making”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 80, 102271, 2020, ISSN 1361-9209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102271.
  • Khalil Gholami, Shahram Karimi, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, “Multi-objective Stochastic Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Unbalanced Distribution Networks Supported by Smart Photovoltaic Inverters”, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 84, 104029, ISSN 2210-6707, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104029.
  • J.J. Jamian, M.W. Mustafa, H. Mokhlis, M.A. Baharudin, “Minimization of Power Losses in Distribution System via Sequential Placement of Distributed Generation and Charging Station”, Arab J. Sci. Eng., 39 (4), pp. 3023-3031, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0922-5.
  • Sigma Ray, Kumari Kasturi, Samarjit Patnaik, Manas Ranjan Nayak, “Review of electric vehicles integration impacts in distribution networks: Placement, charging/discharging strategies, objectives and optimisation models”, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 72, Part D, 108672, 2023, ISSN 2352-152X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108672.
  • Hussain Shareef, Md Mainul Islam, Azah Mohamed, “A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles”, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., pp. 403-420, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.033.
  • Fareed Ahmad, et al. “Placement and capacity of ev charging stations by considering uncertainties with energy management strategies”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 59 pp. 3865-3874, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2023.3253817.
  • Muhammad Amjad, et al. “A review of EVs charging: from the perspective of energy optimization, optimization approaches, and charging techniques”, Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ., 62 (2018), pp. 386-417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.03.006.
  • X. Liang and E. Tanyi, “Charging electric cars from solar energy”, 2016.
  • P. Bauer, Y. Zhou, J. Doppler and N. Stembridge, "Charging of electric vehicles and impact on the grid," 13th Mechatronika, Trencianske Teplice, Slovakia, 2010, pp. 121-127, 2010.
  • C. T. Ma, System planning of grid-connected electric vehicle charging stations and key technologies: A review”, Energies, vol. 12, no. 21, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214201.
  • Yesilbudak M, Ermiş S, Bayındır R ,“Farklı Bara Sayısına Sahip Güç Sistemlerinde Yük Akışı Analiz Metotlarının Karşılaştırılması”, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji, 5(3), 237 – 246, 2017.
Year 2023, , 206 - 219, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.59313/jsr-a.1397996

Abstract

Project Number

231102009

References

  • M. Moradijoz, M. Parsa Moghaddam, M.R. Haghifam, E. Alishahi, A multi-objective optimization problem for allocating parking lots in a distribution network, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 46, 2013, Pages 115-122, ISSN 0142-0615, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.10.041.
  • K. Olcay and N. Cetinkaya, Solar Power Plant Suggestion for Charging Electric Vehicles and The Effects of the System on The Electric Network and CO2 Emission, 2021 IEEE 2nd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek), pp. 249-254, 2021, doi: 10.1109/KhPIWeek53812.2021.9570056.
  • Nathan Parker, Hanna L. Breetz, Deborah Salon, Matthew Wigginton Conway, Jeffrey Williams, Maxx Patterson, who saves money buying electric vehicles? Heterogeneity in total cost of ownership, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment”, Volume 96, 102893, ISSN 1361-9209, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102893.
  • Fan Xiaochao, et al. High voltage gain DC/DC converter using coupled inductor and VM techniques IEEE Access, 8, pp. 131975-131987, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3002902.
  • Ye Haixiong, et al. “High step-up interleaved dc/dc converter with high efficiency”, Energy Sources A, pp. 1-20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1716111.
  • Hamian Melika, et al. A framework to expedite joint energy-reserve payment cost minimization using a custom-designed method based on mixed integer genetic algorithm Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., pp. 203-212, 72 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2018.03.022.
  • Serradilla, J.; Wardle, J.; Blythe, P.; Gibbon, “J. An evidence-based approach for investment in rapid-charging infrastructure”, Energy Policy, 106, 514–524, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.007.
  • Olcay, K.; Çetinkaya, “N. Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Effects on the Electricity Network with Artificial Neural Network” Energies, 16, 1282, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031282.
  • W. Xifan, S. Chengcheng, W. Xiuli and Du Chao, “Overview of EV Charging Load and Dispatching Control Strategy”, Journal of China Electrical Engineering, vol. 33, no. 01, pp. 1-10, 2013.
  • J. Zhenya and H. Xueliang, “Plug-in electric vehicle charging infrastructure deployment of China towards 2020: policies methodologies and challenges”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 90, pp. 710-727, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.011.
  • D. Khandelwal, S. Painuli, S. Bhowmick and R. Saha, “A Comparison of Practical Electric Vehicle Charging Policies to Improve the Performance of Power Distribution Systems”, 2023 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical, Electronics & Digital Healthcare Technologies (REEDCON), New Delhi, India, pp. 7-12, 2023, doi: 10.1109/REEDCON57544.2023.10151097.
  • L. Pieltain Fernández, T.G.S. Román, R. Cossent, C.M. Domingo and P. Frías, "Assessment of the Impact of plug-in electric vehicles on distribution networks", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 206-213, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2049133.
  • S. Painuli, M. S. Rawat and D. R. Rayudu, “A Comprehensive Review on Electric Vehicles Operation Development and Grid Stability”, 2018 International Conference on Power Energy Environment and Intelligent Control (PEEIC), pp. 807-814, 2018, doi: 10.1109/PEEIC.2018.8665643.
  • A. Aljanad and A. Mohamed, “Harmonic Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle on Electric Distribution System”, Model. Simul. Eng., pp. 1-7, Aug. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5968943.
  • M. K. Gray and W. G. Morsi, “Power Quality Assessment in Distribution Systems Embedded With Plug-In Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 663-671, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2332058.
  • Fareed Ahmad, Atif Iqbal, Imtiaz Ashraf, Mousa Marzband, Irfan khan, “Optimal location of electric vehicle charging station and its impact on distribution network: A review”, Energy Reports, Volume 8, Pages 2314-2333, 2022, ISSN 2352-4847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.180.
  • K. Mohammed, H. K. Wolde and S. M. S. Alarefi, “Optimal Space Utilisation for Solar Powered EV Charging Station”, 2020 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon), Gammarth, Tunisia, 2020, pp. 562-567, doi: 10.1109/ENERGYCon48941.2020.9236538.
  • W. Ruan, X. Yu, W. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Yu and C. Wu, “Optimal Charging Strategy for EVs in Microgrid Considering Customer Urgency”, 2020 12th IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Nanjing, China, 2020, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/APPEEC48164.2020.9220439.
  • S. Haifeng and L. Zhirui, “Orderly Charging Control Method for Residential Quarters of Household EVs Based on Peak-valley Electricity Price”, Power Automation Equipment, vol. 35, no. 06, pp. 17-22, 2015.
  • Y. Cao, S Tang, C Li et al., “An Optimized EV Charging Model Considering TOU Price and SOC Curve”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 01, pp. 388-393, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2011.2159630.
  • S. Xiaoming, W. Wong, S. Su, J. Jiuchun, X. Lijie and He Xuanhu, “Orderly Charging Control Strategy Design for EVs Based on Time-of-Use Electricity Price”, vol. 37, no. 01, pp. 191-195, 2013.
  • B. Kulkarni, D. Patil and R. G. Suryavanshi, “IOT Based PV assisted EV Charging Station for Confronting Duck Curve”, International Conference on Computational Techniques, Electronics and Mechanical Systems (CTEMS), Belgaum, India, 2018, pp. 36-39, 2018, doi: 10.1109/CTEMS.2018.8769145.
  • Himabindu N., Santoshkumar Hampannavar, Deepa B., Omowunmi Mary Longe, Swapna Mansani, Vahini Komanapalli, “Assessment of microgrid integrated biogas–photovoltaic powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) for sustainable future”, Energy Reports, Volume 9, Supplement 12, Pages 139-143, 2023, ISSN 2352-4847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.09.098.
  • Ömer Kaya, Ahmet Tortum, Kadir Diler Alemdar, M. Yasin Çodur, “Site selection for EVCS in Istanbul by GIS and multi-criteria decision-making”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 80, 102271, 2020, ISSN 1361-9209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102271.
  • Khalil Gholami, Shahram Karimi, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, “Multi-objective Stochastic Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Unbalanced Distribution Networks Supported by Smart Photovoltaic Inverters”, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 84, 104029, ISSN 2210-6707, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104029.
  • J.J. Jamian, M.W. Mustafa, H. Mokhlis, M.A. Baharudin, “Minimization of Power Losses in Distribution System via Sequential Placement of Distributed Generation and Charging Station”, Arab J. Sci. Eng., 39 (4), pp. 3023-3031, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0922-5.
  • Sigma Ray, Kumari Kasturi, Samarjit Patnaik, Manas Ranjan Nayak, “Review of electric vehicles integration impacts in distribution networks: Placement, charging/discharging strategies, objectives and optimisation models”, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 72, Part D, 108672, 2023, ISSN 2352-152X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108672.
  • Hussain Shareef, Md Mainul Islam, Azah Mohamed, “A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles”, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., pp. 403-420, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.033.
  • Fareed Ahmad, et al. “Placement and capacity of ev charging stations by considering uncertainties with energy management strategies”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 59 pp. 3865-3874, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2023.3253817.
  • Muhammad Amjad, et al. “A review of EVs charging: from the perspective of energy optimization, optimization approaches, and charging techniques”, Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ., 62 (2018), pp. 386-417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.03.006.
  • X. Liang and E. Tanyi, “Charging electric cars from solar energy”, 2016.
  • P. Bauer, Y. Zhou, J. Doppler and N. Stembridge, "Charging of electric vehicles and impact on the grid," 13th Mechatronika, Trencianske Teplice, Slovakia, 2010, pp. 121-127, 2010.
  • C. T. Ma, System planning of grid-connected electric vehicle charging stations and key technologies: A review”, Energies, vol. 12, no. 21, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214201.
  • Yesilbudak M, Ermiş S, Bayındır R ,“Farklı Bara Sayısına Sahip Güç Sistemlerinde Yük Akışı Analiz Metotlarının Karşılaştırılması”, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji, 5(3), 237 – 246, 2017.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Electrical Energy Transmission, Networks and Systems, Power Plants, Photovoltaic Power Systems
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kadir Olcay 0000-0001-7918-6482

Nurettin Çetinkaya 0000-0002-6111-7769

Project Number 231102009
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 29, 2023
Acceptance Date December 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

IEEE K. Olcay and N. Çetinkaya, “Investigation of the effects of electric vehicle charging stations and solar energy integration on grid performance”, JSR-A, no. 055, pp. 206–219, December 2023, doi: 10.59313/jsr-a.1397996.