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A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 53 - 61, 23.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.322565

Abstract

Aim of study: Residual stand densities are commonly defined using
basal area (m2 ha-1) (BA) and number of trees per hectare
(TPH) when using even-aged silvicultural methods such as clearcutting and
shelterwood methods in Scots pine (Pinus
sylvestris
L.) forests. However, it has been stated that absolute density
measures such as BA and TPH are not the most useful indexes because growing
space at a given BA or TPH varies with average tree diameter. Therefore,
silvicultural management tools such as stocking charts (SC) and density
management diagrams (DMD) have seemed to be more useful when allocating growing
space to achieve a broad range of silvicultural objectives in even-aged stands.
Given the importance of stand density on the regeneration success and growth of
Scots pine, and given the shortages of absolute density measures (i.e. BA and
TPH), a density diagram would be a useful tool for this tree species as well. Thus,
in this study, a stand stocking diagram (SD) was developed for Scots pine stands.

Material and Methods: Two published equations developed from open
grown Scots pine trees, and from normal Scots pine stands were utilized to
determine the minimum density of full site occupancy and the average maximum
density, respectively. The form of the diagram follows Gingrich stocking chart.

Main results: The A-line on the diagram represents the average
maximum density where trees, on average, have the minimum growing space needed
to survive. The B-line represents the lowest density where canopy closure can
occur and is the minimum stocking necessary for full site occupancy or canopy
closure. Consistent with a published Scots pine DMD, there is biological
relevance and utility to the stocking diagram created in this study.

Highlights: With the stocking diagram presented in this paper,
regeneration and tending applications will be more practical in Scots pine
forests because available growing space will be well-determined and utilized
using the diagram.

References

  • Bialobok, S. 1975. Scots pine – Pinus sylvestris L. Foreign Scientific Publication Dept., National Center for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information, Warsaw, p. 316.
  • Bozkurt, A.Y. 1971. Önemli bazı ağaç türleri odunlarının tanıtımı, teknolojik özellikleri ve kullanım yerleri. İ.Ü. Orman Fak. Yayın No: 177, İstanbul, 1971.
  • Boydak, M., Ertaş, A., Çalışkan, S. 2011. Eskişehir -Çatacık yöresi sarıçamlarında (Pinus sylvestris L.) tohum verimi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 61(2), 17-37.
  • Chisman, H.H., Schumacher, F.X. 1940. On the tree-area ratio and certain of its applications. Journal of Forestry, 38, 311-317.
  • Farnden, C. 1996. Stand density management diagrams for lodgepole pine, white spruce and interior douglas-fir. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. Rep. BC-X-360.
  • General Directorate of Forestry. 2014. Forest atlas. Publications of General Directorate of Forestry. 116 p. Available at: https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Orman%20Atlasi.pdf.
  • Gezer, G., Gülcü, S., Bilir, N. 2002. Isparta göller yöresi sarıçam (Pinus silvestris L.) orijin denemeleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 1-18.
  • Gingrich, S.F. 1967. Measuring and evaluating stocking and stand density in upland hardwood forests in the central states. Forest Science, 13, 38-53.
  • Goelz, J.C.G. 1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. South Journal of Applied Forestry, 19(3), 103–113.
  • Hasenauer, H. 1997. Dimensional relationships of open-grown trees in Austria. Forest Ecology and Management, 96, 197–206.
  • Johnson, P.S., Shifley, S.R., Rogers, R. 2009. The ecology and silviculture of oaks, 7th ed. CABI Publishing, New York, NY. 600 p.
  • Kara, F. 2016. Comparison of stand density measures as predictor of diameter increment. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 18, 39-47.
  • Krajicek, J.E., Brinkman, K.A., Gingrich, S.F. 1961. Crown competition a measure of density. Forest Science, 7, 35-42.
  • Larsen, D.R., Dey, D.C., Faust, T. 2010. A stocking diagram for Midwestern eastern cottonwood silver Maple-American sycamore bottomland forests. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 27, 132-139.
  • Martin, J. 1996. Wisconsin woodlands: Estimating stocking conditions in your timber stand. Available at: http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/G3362.PDF.
  • Mason, W.L., Alı´a, R., 2000. Current and future status of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in Europe. Investigacio´n Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales special, 1, 317–335.
  • Odabaşı, T., Calışkan, A., Bozkuş, H.F. 2004. Silvikültür Tekniği. Istanbul University Publications. Publication no: 4459.
  • Öner, N. 2003. Kapaklı (Beypazarı) yöresi orman alanlarında doğal ve yapay yolla yetiştirilen sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) fidanlarının boy gelişimleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 153-166.
  • Pretzsch, H., Biber, P. 2005. A re-evaluation of Reineke’s rule and stand density index. Forest Science, 51, 304–320.
  • Reineke, L.H. 1933. Perfecting a stand-density index for even-age forests. J Agri Res, 46, 627–638.
  • Richardson, D.M. 1998. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 546.
  • Sprintsin, M., Karnieli, A., Sprintsin, S., Cohen, S., Berliner, P. 2009. Relationships between stand density and canopy structure in a dryland forest as estimated by ground-based measurements and multi-spectral spaceborne images. Journal of Arid Environments, 73, 955–962.
  • Yang, Y., Titus, S.J. 2002. Maximum size-density relationship for constraining individual tree mortality functions. Forest Ecology and Management, 168, 259-273.
  • Williams, R.A. 2003. Use of stand density index as an alternative to stocking percent in upland hardwoods. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 20(3), 110–113.
  • Zeide, B. 1987. Analysis of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning. Forest Science, 33, 517-537.
  • Zeide, B. 2005. How to measure stand density? Trees, 19, 1-14.

Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) ormanlarındaki silvikültürel uygulamalar için yapılmış bir meşcere sıklık diyagramı

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 53 - 61, 23.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.322565

Abstract

Çalışmanın
amacı:
Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) ormanlarında tıraşlama ve siper-altı gibi aynı
yaşlı silvikültürel yöntemler kullanıldığında, nihai meşcere sıklığı genellikle
göğüs yüzeyi alanı (m2 ha-1) (BA) ve hektardaki ağaç
sayısı (TPH) gibi mutlak sıklık ölçü birimleri kullanılarak ifade edilmektedir.
Fakat belli bir BA ve TPH’daki sıkışıklık ortalama ağaç çapına göre değişiklik
göstereceğinden, BA ve TPH’nın kullanımında bazı sakıncalar olduğu
belirtilmiştir. Bu sebeple, aynı yaşlı ormanlarda belirlenen silvikültürel
amaçlara ulaşmak maksadıyla stok çizelgesi (SC) ve sıklık idare diyagramı (DMD)
gibi silvikültürel araçların çok daha faydalı olduğu belirtilmiştir. Meşcere
sıklığının sarıçamın gençleştirilmesi ve büyümesi üzerine olan etkisi göz önüne
alındığında, ayrıca BA ve TPH gibi mutlak sıklık ölçü birimlerinin eksiklikleri
dikkate alındığında, sıklık diyagramlarının bu tür için de faydalı olacağı
düşünülmektedir. Bu sebeple, bu çalışmada sarıçam ormanları için bir meşcere
stok diyagramı (SD) oluşturulmuştur.

Materyal
ve Yöntem:
Kapalılığın oluştuğu minimum sıklığı
ve ortalama maximum sıklığı belirlemek amacıyla, serbest büyüyen sarıçam
ağaçları ve normal sarıçam meşcereleri kullanılarak geliştirilen iki adet
formül kullanılmıştır. Bu diyagram Gingrich’in stok diyagramını temel
alınılarak oluşturulmuştur.

Sonuçlar: Diyagram üzerindeki A-line meşceredenin
ortalama maksimum sıklığını gösterirken, B-line kapalılığın oluştuğu minimum
sıklık derecesini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada oluşturulan SD ile mevcut DMD
arasındaki tutarlılık, elde edilen SD’nin biyolojik uygunluk ve
kullanışlılığını göstermektedir.

Araştırma Vurguları: Bu diyagram yardımıyla, daha
başarılı ve pratik sarıçam gençleştirme ve bakım müdahalelerinin yapılabilmesi
amaçlanmıştır çünkü bu diyagram mevcut meçcere sıkışıklığının daha doğru
şekilde belirlenmesi ve kullanılmasına imkân vermektedir.


References

  • Bialobok, S. 1975. Scots pine – Pinus sylvestris L. Foreign Scientific Publication Dept., National Center for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information, Warsaw, p. 316.
  • Bozkurt, A.Y. 1971. Önemli bazı ağaç türleri odunlarının tanıtımı, teknolojik özellikleri ve kullanım yerleri. İ.Ü. Orman Fak. Yayın No: 177, İstanbul, 1971.
  • Boydak, M., Ertaş, A., Çalışkan, S. 2011. Eskişehir -Çatacık yöresi sarıçamlarında (Pinus sylvestris L.) tohum verimi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 61(2), 17-37.
  • Chisman, H.H., Schumacher, F.X. 1940. On the tree-area ratio and certain of its applications. Journal of Forestry, 38, 311-317.
  • Farnden, C. 1996. Stand density management diagrams for lodgepole pine, white spruce and interior douglas-fir. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. Rep. BC-X-360.
  • General Directorate of Forestry. 2014. Forest atlas. Publications of General Directorate of Forestry. 116 p. Available at: https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Orman%20Atlasi.pdf.
  • Gezer, G., Gülcü, S., Bilir, N. 2002. Isparta göller yöresi sarıçam (Pinus silvestris L.) orijin denemeleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 1-18.
  • Gingrich, S.F. 1967. Measuring and evaluating stocking and stand density in upland hardwood forests in the central states. Forest Science, 13, 38-53.
  • Goelz, J.C.G. 1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. South Journal of Applied Forestry, 19(3), 103–113.
  • Hasenauer, H. 1997. Dimensional relationships of open-grown trees in Austria. Forest Ecology and Management, 96, 197–206.
  • Johnson, P.S., Shifley, S.R., Rogers, R. 2009. The ecology and silviculture of oaks, 7th ed. CABI Publishing, New York, NY. 600 p.
  • Kara, F. 2016. Comparison of stand density measures as predictor of diameter increment. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 18, 39-47.
  • Krajicek, J.E., Brinkman, K.A., Gingrich, S.F. 1961. Crown competition a measure of density. Forest Science, 7, 35-42.
  • Larsen, D.R., Dey, D.C., Faust, T. 2010. A stocking diagram for Midwestern eastern cottonwood silver Maple-American sycamore bottomland forests. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 27, 132-139.
  • Martin, J. 1996. Wisconsin woodlands: Estimating stocking conditions in your timber stand. Available at: http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/G3362.PDF.
  • Mason, W.L., Alı´a, R., 2000. Current and future status of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in Europe. Investigacio´n Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales special, 1, 317–335.
  • Odabaşı, T., Calışkan, A., Bozkuş, H.F. 2004. Silvikültür Tekniği. Istanbul University Publications. Publication no: 4459.
  • Öner, N. 2003. Kapaklı (Beypazarı) yöresi orman alanlarında doğal ve yapay yolla yetiştirilen sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) fidanlarının boy gelişimleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 153-166.
  • Pretzsch, H., Biber, P. 2005. A re-evaluation of Reineke’s rule and stand density index. Forest Science, 51, 304–320.
  • Reineke, L.H. 1933. Perfecting a stand-density index for even-age forests. J Agri Res, 46, 627–638.
  • Richardson, D.M. 1998. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 546.
  • Sprintsin, M., Karnieli, A., Sprintsin, S., Cohen, S., Berliner, P. 2009. Relationships between stand density and canopy structure in a dryland forest as estimated by ground-based measurements and multi-spectral spaceborne images. Journal of Arid Environments, 73, 955–962.
  • Yang, Y., Titus, S.J. 2002. Maximum size-density relationship for constraining individual tree mortality functions. Forest Ecology and Management, 168, 259-273.
  • Williams, R.A. 2003. Use of stand density index as an alternative to stocking percent in upland hardwoods. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 20(3), 110–113.
  • Zeide, B. 1987. Analysis of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning. Forest Science, 33, 517-537.
  • Zeide, B. 2005. How to measure stand density? Trees, 19, 1-14.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ferhat Kara

Publication Date March 23, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kara, F. (2018). A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 18(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.322565
AMA Kara F. A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. March 2018;18(1):53-61. doi:10.17475/kastorman.322565
Chicago Kara, Ferhat. “A Stocking Diagram for Silvicultural Implications in Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Stands”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 53-61. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.322565.
EndNote Kara F (March 1, 2018) A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 18 1 53–61.
IEEE F. Kara, “A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 53–61, 2018, doi: 10.17475/kastorman.322565.
ISNAD Kara, Ferhat. “A Stocking Diagram for Silvicultural Implications in Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Stands”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 18/1 (March 2018), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.322565.
JAMA Kara F. A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2018;18:53–61.
MLA Kara, Ferhat. “A Stocking Diagram for Silvicultural Implications in Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Stands”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 18, no. 1, 2018, pp. 53-61, doi:10.17475/kastorman.322565.
Vancouver Kara F. A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2018;18(1):53-61.

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