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Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2024, , 96 - 103, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1406568

Abstract

Amaç: Gebelik dönemi, kadınlarda ruh sağlığı rahatsızlıklarının gelişmesi ve var olan hastalıkların artış göstermesinde risk faktörü olarak görülmektedir. COVID-19 salgın sürecinde özellikle gebe kadınların ruhsal yönden daha çok etkilenebilecekleri düşünüldüğünden; bu süreçte gerçekleştirilen çalışma, gebe kadınların gebelik süresince algılanan anksiyete ve kaygı düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve buna uygun önerilerin geliştirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Gerekli etik kurul ve kurum izinleri alındıktan sonra başlanan tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışmaya, Ankara Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Kadın Doğum Polikliniğine başvuran yalnızca gebelik tanılı 402 gebe dahil edildi. İstatistiksel analizler için SPSS 20.0 paket programı; veri toplama araçları olarak kişisel bilgi formu, BECK Anksiyete Ölçeği, Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği ve Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği kullanıldı. BECK Anksiyete Ölçeğinden alınan toplam puan bireyin yaşadığı anksiyetenin şiddetini göstermektedir. 0-7 puan minimal düzeyde, 8-15 puan hafif düzeyde, 16-25 puan orta düzeyde ve 26-63 puan şiddetli düzeyde anksiyeteye sahip olarak kabul edildi. Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği ve Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği ortalama puanları için; 0-19 puan ‘Anksiyete yok’, 20-39 puan ‘Hafif Anksiyete’, 40-59 puan ‘Orta Düzeyde Anksiyete’, 60-79 puan ‘Ağır Düzeyde Anksiyete’, 80 ve üstü puan ise ‘Panik’ olarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalamasının 26,04±4,84, BECK Anksiyete Ölçeği puan ortalamasının 16,94±11,22, Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği puan ortalamasının 41,83±16,23, Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği puan ortalamasının ise 44,20±13,07 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gebelerin BECK Anksiyete Ölçeği puanlarına göre; %28,4’ünün hafif düzeyde, %24,9’unun orta düzeyde, %24,1’inin şiddetli düzeyde anksiyetesinin olduğu ve %22,6’sının ise anksiyetesinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, COVID-19 sürecinin, gebelik döneminde görülen anksiyete ve kaygı düzeyi üzerine anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir ve COVID-19 sürecinde gebe olan kadınların kaygı düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır.

References

  • Alagaili, A. N., Briese, T., Mishra, N., Kapoor, V., Sameroff, S. C., de Wit, E., Munster, V. J., Hensley, L. E., Z almout, I. S., Kapoor, A., Epstein, J. H., Karesh, W. B., Daszak, P., Mohammed, O. B., & lan Lipkin, W. Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. MBio, 2014;5(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00884-14
  • Woody, C., A., Ferrari, A., Siskind, et al. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. 2017; 219,86-92. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003.
  • Liang, H., Acharya, G. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow. ActaObstetGynecolScand. 2020; 99(4), 439-42.
  • Yang, H., Wang, C., Poon, LC. Novel Corona virus infection and pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 55(4):435-37.
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Coronavirus infection and pregnancy [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-researchservices/guidelines/coronaviruspregnancy/covid-19-virus-infection-and-pregnancy/.
  • Brooks, S. K., Weston, D., & Greenberg, N. Psychological impact of infectious disease outbreaks on pregnant women: Rapid evidence review. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20068031
  • Bussières, E.-L., Tarabulsy, G. M., Pearson, J., Tessier, R., Forest, J.-C., Giguère, Y. Maternal prenatal stress and infant birth weigh tand gestational age: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Developmental Review. 2015;36,179-199. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.04.001.
  • Öner, N., Le Compte, A. Durumluluk Süreklilik Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. Boğaziçi Yayınları. 1985;133,28.
  • Aydemir, Ö., Köroğlu, E. Psikiyatride Kullanılan Klinik Ölçekler. Hekimler Yayın Birliği. 2000;153-63.
  • Bacanlı, H., İlhan, T., Aslan, S. Beş faktör kuramına dayalı bir kişilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: sıfatlara dayalı kişilik testi (SDKT), Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2009;(2),261-279.
  • Teixeira, C., Rosa, R. G., Sganzerla, D., Sanchez, E. C., Robinson, C. C., Dietrich, C., Kochhann, R., de Souza, D., Rech, G. S., da R DosSantos, R., Schneider, D., Boldo, R., Sharshar, T., Bozza, F. A., Falavigna, M., &Friedman, G. The Burden of Mental Illness Among Survivors of Critical Care-Risk Factors and Impact on Quality of Life: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. 2021;160(1),157–164.
  • Ulusoy, M., Şahin, N. H., Erkmen, H. Turkish Version of The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2021;12(2),163-172.
  • George, D. (2011). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5),1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • Khan, S., Peng, L., Siddique, R., Nabi, G., Nawsherwan, Xue, M., Liu, J., & Han, G. Impact of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy outcomes and the risk of maternal-to-neonatal intrapartum transmission of COVID-19 during natural birth. In Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (Vol. 41, Issue 6). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.84
  • Karkın, P.Ö., Sezer, G., Şen, S., Duran, M. Gebe Olan ve Olmayan Kadınlarda Koronavirüs-19 Fobisinin Karşılaştırılması, Kocaeli Med J. 2021;10(Ek Sayı 2):176-180.
  • Demir, E.T., Kilic, F. Determination of The Anxiety Level in Pregnant Women Who Administer to The Obstetrics Clinic Within The Covid-19 Pandemia Period. Selcuk Med J. 2020;36(4): 352-356.
  • Spiniello, L., di Mascio, D., Bianco, C., Esposito, O., Giangiordano, I., Muzii, L., Giancotti, A., Brunelli, R., & Saccone, G. All we know about COVID-19 in pregnancy: from perinatal to ethical and psychological perspective. Perinatal Journal. 2020;28(2). https://doi.org/10.2399/prn.20.0282008
  • Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;277,5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2020.07.126
  • Nur, N., Dağlar, G. Gebelerin stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyi ile ilişkisi. Cumhuriyet Tıp Dergisi. 2014;36,429-441.
  • Kotabagi, P., Fortune, L., Essien, S., Nauta, M., Yoong, W. Anxiety and depression level samong pregnant women with COVID-19. 2020. doi:10.1111/aogs.13928.
  • Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Hehir, M. P., Lindow, S. W., O’connell, M. P. Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2020;249,96. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7194619.
  • Zanardo, V., Manghina, V., Giliberti, L., Vettore, M., Severino, L., Straface, G. Psychologi calimpact of COVID-19 quarantine measures in North eastern Italy on mothers in the immediate postpartum period. 2020. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13249.
  • Akgör, U., Fadıloglu, E., Soyak, B., Unal, C., Cagan, M., Temiz, B. E., Erzenoglu, B. E., Ak, S., Gultekin, M., Ozyuncu, O. Anxiety, depression and concerns of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2021;304(1),125–130.
  • Andersson, L., Sundstrom-Poromaa, I., Wulff, M., Astrom, M., Bixo, M. Implications of antenatal depression and anxiety for obstetric outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;104,467-76.
  • Dule, A. Psychological Distress Among Ethiopian Pregnant Women During COVID-19: Negative Correlation with Self-Efficacy. Psychology research and behavior management. 2021;14,1001–1010.
  • Türen Demir, E., ve Kılıç, F. COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Kadın Doğum Kliniğine Başvuran Gebelerde Anksiyete Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. Selcuk Med J. 2020;36 (4): 352-356.
  • Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, H., Duan, C., Li, C., Fan, J., Li, H.,… Huang, H.F. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;223(2),1-9.240. Doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.009.
  • Ding, W., Lu, J., Zhou, Y., Wei, W., Zhou, Z., Chen, M. Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and influencing factors of anxiety among pregnant women in Wuhan during the outbreak of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2021;21(1), 80.
  • Maharlouei, N., Keshavarz, P., Salemi, N., Lankarani, KB. Depression and anxiety among pregnant mothers in the initial stage of the Coronavirus 62 Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the southwest of Iran. Reproductive health. 2021;18(1),111.
  • Zuckerman, B., Amaro, H., Bauchner, H., et al. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy; relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160,1107.
  • Nur N, Dağlar G (2014). Gebelerin stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyi ile ilişkisi. Cumhuriyet Tıp Derg 2014; 36: 429-441
  • Dule A. (2021). Psychological Distress Among Ethiopian Pregnant Women During COVID-19: Negative Correlation with Self-Efficacy. Psychology research and behavior management, 14, 1001–1010.
  • Genez, D. Hamile Kadınların Kaygı Düzeyleri (tez). Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. 2002.
  • Salehi, L., Rahimzade, M., Molaei, E., Zaheri, H., Esmaelzadeh-Saeieh, S. The relationship among fear and anxiety of COVID-19, pregnancy experience, and mental health disorder in pregnant women: A structural equation model, Brain Behav. 2020Nov;10(11):e01835. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1835. Epub 2020 Sep 23.
  • Yang, H., Wang, C., Poon, LC. Novel Corona virus infection and pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 55(4):435-37.

Determination of Anxiety, State and Trait Anxiety Levels of Pregnant Women During Covid-19 Process

Year 2024, , 96 - 103, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1406568

Abstract

Aim: Pregnancy is seen as a risk factor for the development of mental health disorders in women and the increase in existing diseases. Since it is thought that pregnant women may be more affected psychologically during the COVID-19 epidemic; The study carried out in this process was conducted to determine the perceived anxiety and anxiety levels of pregnant women during pregnancy and to develop appropriate recommendations.
Material and Methods: Only 402 pregnant women diagnosed with pregnancy who applied to Ankara Training and Research Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Polyclinic were included in this descriptive study, which was started after obtaining the necessary ethics committee and institutional permissions. SPSS 20.0 package program for statistical analysis; Personal information form, BECK Anxiety Scale, State Anxiety Scale and Trait Anxiety Scale were used as data collection tools. The total score obtained from the BECK Anxiety Scale shows the severity of anxiety experienced by the individual. 0-7 points were considered to have minimal anxiety, 8-15 points to have mild anxiety, 16-25 points to have moderate anxiety, and 26-63 points to have severe anxiety. For the State Anxiety Scale and Trait Anxiety Scale mean scores; 0-19 points were considered as 'No Anxiety', 20-39 points as 'Mild Anxiety', 40-59 points as 'Moderate Anxiety', 60-79 points as 'Severe Anxiety', and 80 and above points as 'Panic'.
Results: The average age of the participants is 26.04±4.84, the average BECK Anxiety Scale score is 16.94±11.22, the State Anxiety Scale average score is 41.83±16.23, and the Trait Anxiety Scale average score is 44.20±13.07. It has been determined that . According to BECK Anxiety Scale scores of pregnant women; It was determined that 28.4% had mild anxiety, 24.9% had moderate anxiety, 24.1% had severe anxiety, and 22.6% had no anxiety.
Conclusion: This study showed that the COVID-19 process did not have a significant effect on the level of anxiety and anxiety seen during pregnancy, and no significant difference was found in the anxiety levels of women who were pregnant during the COVID-19 period.

References

  • Alagaili, A. N., Briese, T., Mishra, N., Kapoor, V., Sameroff, S. C., de Wit, E., Munster, V. J., Hensley, L. E., Z almout, I. S., Kapoor, A., Epstein, J. H., Karesh, W. B., Daszak, P., Mohammed, O. B., & lan Lipkin, W. Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. MBio, 2014;5(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00884-14
  • Woody, C., A., Ferrari, A., Siskind, et al. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. 2017; 219,86-92. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003.
  • Liang, H., Acharya, G. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow. ActaObstetGynecolScand. 2020; 99(4), 439-42.
  • Yang, H., Wang, C., Poon, LC. Novel Corona virus infection and pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 55(4):435-37.
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Coronavirus infection and pregnancy [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2020 May 02]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-researchservices/guidelines/coronaviruspregnancy/covid-19-virus-infection-and-pregnancy/.
  • Brooks, S. K., Weston, D., & Greenberg, N. Psychological impact of infectious disease outbreaks on pregnant women: Rapid evidence review. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20068031
  • Bussières, E.-L., Tarabulsy, G. M., Pearson, J., Tessier, R., Forest, J.-C., Giguère, Y. Maternal prenatal stress and infant birth weigh tand gestational age: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Developmental Review. 2015;36,179-199. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.04.001.
  • Öner, N., Le Compte, A. Durumluluk Süreklilik Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. Boğaziçi Yayınları. 1985;133,28.
  • Aydemir, Ö., Köroğlu, E. Psikiyatride Kullanılan Klinik Ölçekler. Hekimler Yayın Birliği. 2000;153-63.
  • Bacanlı, H., İlhan, T., Aslan, S. Beş faktör kuramına dayalı bir kişilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: sıfatlara dayalı kişilik testi (SDKT), Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2009;(2),261-279.
  • Teixeira, C., Rosa, R. G., Sganzerla, D., Sanchez, E. C., Robinson, C. C., Dietrich, C., Kochhann, R., de Souza, D., Rech, G. S., da R DosSantos, R., Schneider, D., Boldo, R., Sharshar, T., Bozza, F. A., Falavigna, M., &Friedman, G. The Burden of Mental Illness Among Survivors of Critical Care-Risk Factors and Impact on Quality of Life: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. 2021;160(1),157–164.
  • Ulusoy, M., Şahin, N. H., Erkmen, H. Turkish Version of The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2021;12(2),163-172.
  • George, D. (2011). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5),1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • Khan, S., Peng, L., Siddique, R., Nabi, G., Nawsherwan, Xue, M., Liu, J., & Han, G. Impact of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy outcomes and the risk of maternal-to-neonatal intrapartum transmission of COVID-19 during natural birth. In Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (Vol. 41, Issue 6). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.84
  • Karkın, P.Ö., Sezer, G., Şen, S., Duran, M. Gebe Olan ve Olmayan Kadınlarda Koronavirüs-19 Fobisinin Karşılaştırılması, Kocaeli Med J. 2021;10(Ek Sayı 2):176-180.
  • Demir, E.T., Kilic, F. Determination of The Anxiety Level in Pregnant Women Who Administer to The Obstetrics Clinic Within The Covid-19 Pandemia Period. Selcuk Med J. 2020;36(4): 352-356.
  • Spiniello, L., di Mascio, D., Bianco, C., Esposito, O., Giangiordano, I., Muzii, L., Giancotti, A., Brunelli, R., & Saccone, G. All we know about COVID-19 in pregnancy: from perinatal to ethical and psychological perspective. Perinatal Journal. 2020;28(2). https://doi.org/10.2399/prn.20.0282008
  • Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;277,5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2020.07.126
  • Nur, N., Dağlar, G. Gebelerin stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyi ile ilişkisi. Cumhuriyet Tıp Dergisi. 2014;36,429-441.
  • Kotabagi, P., Fortune, L., Essien, S., Nauta, M., Yoong, W. Anxiety and depression level samong pregnant women with COVID-19. 2020. doi:10.1111/aogs.13928.
  • Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Hehir, M. P., Lindow, S. W., O’connell, M. P. Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2020;249,96. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7194619.
  • Zanardo, V., Manghina, V., Giliberti, L., Vettore, M., Severino, L., Straface, G. Psychologi calimpact of COVID-19 quarantine measures in North eastern Italy on mothers in the immediate postpartum period. 2020. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13249.
  • Akgör, U., Fadıloglu, E., Soyak, B., Unal, C., Cagan, M., Temiz, B. E., Erzenoglu, B. E., Ak, S., Gultekin, M., Ozyuncu, O. Anxiety, depression and concerns of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2021;304(1),125–130.
  • Andersson, L., Sundstrom-Poromaa, I., Wulff, M., Astrom, M., Bixo, M. Implications of antenatal depression and anxiety for obstetric outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;104,467-76.
  • Dule, A. Psychological Distress Among Ethiopian Pregnant Women During COVID-19: Negative Correlation with Self-Efficacy. Psychology research and behavior management. 2021;14,1001–1010.
  • Türen Demir, E., ve Kılıç, F. COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Kadın Doğum Kliniğine Başvuran Gebelerde Anksiyete Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. Selcuk Med J. 2020;36 (4): 352-356.
  • Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, H., Duan, C., Li, C., Fan, J., Li, H.,… Huang, H.F. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;223(2),1-9.240. Doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.009.
  • Ding, W., Lu, J., Zhou, Y., Wei, W., Zhou, Z., Chen, M. Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and influencing factors of anxiety among pregnant women in Wuhan during the outbreak of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2021;21(1), 80.
  • Maharlouei, N., Keshavarz, P., Salemi, N., Lankarani, KB. Depression and anxiety among pregnant mothers in the initial stage of the Coronavirus 62 Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the southwest of Iran. Reproductive health. 2021;18(1),111.
  • Zuckerman, B., Amaro, H., Bauchner, H., et al. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy; relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160,1107.
  • Nur N, Dağlar G (2014). Gebelerin stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyi ile ilişkisi. Cumhuriyet Tıp Derg 2014; 36: 429-441
  • Dule A. (2021). Psychological Distress Among Ethiopian Pregnant Women During COVID-19: Negative Correlation with Self-Efficacy. Psychology research and behavior management, 14, 1001–1010.
  • Genez, D. Hamile Kadınların Kaygı Düzeyleri (tez). Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. 2002.
  • Salehi, L., Rahimzade, M., Molaei, E., Zaheri, H., Esmaelzadeh-Saeieh, S. The relationship among fear and anxiety of COVID-19, pregnancy experience, and mental health disorder in pregnant women: A structural equation model, Brain Behav. 2020Nov;10(11):e01835. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1835. Epub 2020 Sep 23.
  • Yang, H., Wang, C., Poon, LC. Novel Corona virus infection and pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 55(4):435-37.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Midwifery (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hatice Kınacı 0009-0007-0424-4992

Suzan Onur 0000-0001-8145-6090

Publication Date March 28, 2024
Submission Date December 18, 2023
Acceptance Date March 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Kınacı, H., & Onur, S. (2024). Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 15(1), 96-103. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1406568
AMA Kınacı H, Onur S. Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. TJCL. March 2024;15(1):96-103. doi:10.18663/tjcl.1406568
Chicago Kınacı, Hatice, and Suzan Onur. “Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk Ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15, no. 1 (March 2024): 96-103. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1406568.
EndNote Kınacı H, Onur S (March 1, 2024) Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15 1 96–103.
IEEE H. Kınacı and S. Onur, “Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi”, TJCL, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 96–103, 2024, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.1406568.
ISNAD Kınacı, Hatice - Onur, Suzan. “Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk Ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15/1 (March 2024), 96-103. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1406568.
JAMA Kınacı H, Onur S. Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. TJCL. 2024;15:96–103.
MLA Kınacı, Hatice and Suzan Onur. “Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk Ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, vol. 15, no. 1, 2024, pp. 96-103, doi:10.18663/tjcl.1406568.
Vancouver Kınacı H, Onur S. Covid-19 Sürecinde Gebelerin Anksiyete, Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. TJCL. 2024;15(1):96-103.


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