Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Plant species diversity and environmental factor relations in black pine, brutian pine, crimean juniper and oak forests

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 223 - 234, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1336614

Abstract

In this study, plant species diversity in Black pine, Red pine, Crimean juniper and oak forests in Dursunbey (Balıkesir) district was associated with some environmental variables and stand characteristics. Diversity calculations were performed at alpha, beta and gamma levels by using alternative indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Whittaker) and numerical transformations. According to the results of linear correlations and modeling analysis, alpha plant diversity was found to be higher in the forests where black pine (Pinus nigra), red pine (Pinus brutia), and juniper (Juniperus excelsa) species are dominant compared to oaks. In addition, the valley or canyon landforms contributed significantly to the alpha species diversity in these forests. Alternative scales used in the study caused significant differences in beta diversity. In the calculations made according to the data of 4 sub-samples of 20x20m, beta diversity was found to be the highest in oak forests, whereas in the data obtained from the main sample areas of 100x100m, on the contrary, the lowest beta diversity was calculated in oak forests and the highest in black pine forests. The degree of the canopy of the stands made a significant difference in beta diversity. Beta diversity is highest in discontinuous stands (1-10%), and the lowest in full canopy stands (71-100%). The most significant environmental variable for beta diversity was elevation. Changing climatic conditions and geomorphological heterogeneity due to the increase in elevation in the forests of the district have led to an increase in beta diversity. No statistically significant relationship was found between environmental variables and gamma diversity.

References

  • Abd El-Wahab, R.H., Zaghloul, M.S., Kamel, W.M., Moustafa, A.R.A., 2008. Diversity and distribution of medicinal plants in north sinai, Egypt. African Journal of Environmental Science and Tecnology, 2(7): 157-171.
  • Abutaha, M.M., El‐Khouly, A.A., Jürgens, N., Oldeland, J., 2021. Predictive mapping of plant diversity in an arid mountain environment (Gebel Elba, Egypt). Applied Vegetation Science, 24(2): e. 12582.
  • Aertsen, W., Kint, V., Van Orshoven, J., Özkan, K., Muys, B., 2010. Comparison and ranking of different modelling techniques for prediction of site index in Mediterranean mountain forests. Ecological Modelling, 221: 1119-1130.
  • Akman, Y., 1990. İklim ve Biyoiklim. Palme Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
  • Anderson, G.B., Bell, M.L., Peng, R.D., 2013. Methods to calculate the heat index as an exposure metric in environmental health research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(10): 1111-1119.
  • Antonelli, A., Kissling, W.D., Flantua, S.G., Bermúdez, M.A., Mulch, A., Muellner-Riehl, A.N., Kreft, H., Linder, H.P., Badgley, C., Fjeldså, J., Hoorn, C., 2018. Geological and climatic influences on mountain biodiversity. Nature Geoscience, 11(10): 718-725.
  • Arora, N.K., 2018. Biodiversity conservation for sustainable future. Environmental Sustainability, 1(2): 109-111.
  • Asbeck, T., Sabatini, F., Augustynczik, A.L., Basile, M., Helbach, J., Jonker, M., Knuff, A., Bauhus, J., 2021. Biodiversity response to forest management intensity, carbon stocks and net primary production in temperate montane forests. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 1-11.
  • Austrheim, G., Gunilla, E., Olsson, A., Grontvedt, E., 1999. Land use impact on plant communities in seminatural subalpine grasslands of Budalen, Central Norway. Biological Conservation, 87: 369-379.
  • Bar-On, Y.M., Phillips, R., Milo, R., 2018. The biomass distribution on earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25): 6506-6511.
  • Betts, M.G., Wolf, C., Ripple, W.J., Phalan, B., Millers, K.A., Duarte, A., Butchart, S.H., Levi, T., 2017. Global forest loss disproportionately erodes biodiversity in intact landscapes. Nature, 547(7664): 441-444.
  • Bohn, F.J., Huth, A., 2017. The importance of forest structure to biodiversity–productivity relationships. Royal Society Open Science, 4(1): 160521.
  • Braun-Blanquet, J., 1964. Pflanzensociologie: Grundzuge der Vegetationskunde. 3te aufl. Springer-Verlag, Wein. 865 pp.
  • Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Olshen, R., Stone, C., 1984. Classification and regression trees. Wadsworth International Group, 37(15): 237-251.
  • Brockway, D.G., 1998. Forest plant diversity at local and landscape scales in the Cascade Mountains of Southwestern Washington. Forest Ecology and Management, 109(1-3): 323-341.
  • Brown, J.S.R., Ahl, R.S., 2011. The Region 1 Existing Vegetation Mapping Program (vmap) Beaverhead-Deerlodge Methodology. Region One Vegetation Classification, Mapping, Inventory And Analysis Report, No:11-02.
  • Burki, F., Roger, A.J., Brown, M.W., Simpson, A.G., 2020. The new tree of eukaryotes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 35(1): 43-55.
  • Chazdon, R.L., Brancalion, P.H., Laestadius, L., Bennett-Curry, A., Buckingham, K., Kumar, C., Moll-Rocek, J., Vieira, I.C.G., Wilson, S.J., 2016. When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration. Ambio, 45(5): 538-550.
  • Davis, P.H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, I-IX. Edinburg University Press, 355.
  • Davis, P.H., Tan, K., Mill, R.R., 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh University Press, United Kingdom.
  • Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R.T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K.M.A., Baste, I.A., Brauman, K.A., Polasky, S., Church, A., Lonsdale, M., Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P.W., Van Oudenhoven, A.P.E., Van Der Plaat, F., Schröter, M., Lavorel, S., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bukvareva, K., Davies, S., Demissew, G., Gunay, E., Failler, C., Guerra, C.A., Hewitt, C.L., Keune, H., Lindley, S., Shirayama, Y., 2018. Assessing nature's contributions to people. Science, 359(6373): 270-272.
  • Edwards, D.P., Socolar, J.B., Mills, S.C., Burivalova, Z., Koh, L.P., Wilcove, D.S., 2019. Conservation of tropical forests in the anthropocene. Current Biology, 29(19): 1008-1020.
  • Erinç, S., 1984. Klimatoloji ve Metotları. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Esmailzadeh, O., Hosseini, S.M., Asadi, H., Ghadiripour, P., Ahmadi, A., 2012. Plant biodiversity in relation to physiographical factors in afratakhteh yew (Taxus baccata L.) habitat, NE Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 4(12): 1-12.
  • Fick, S.E., Hijmans, R.J., 2017. WorldClim 2: New 1km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12): 4302–4315.
  • Fontaine, M., Aerts, R., Özkan, K., Mert, A., Gülsoy, S., Süel, H., Waelkensc, M., Muys, B., 2007. Elevation and exposition rather than soil types determine communities and site suitability in Mediterranean mountain forests of Southern Anatolia, Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management, 247(1-3): 18-25.
  • Fredericksen, T.S., 2021. Special issue editorial: Biodiversity conservation in managed forests. Forests, 12(8): 1054.
  • Gibbs, H.K., Ruesch, A.S., Achard, F., Clayton, M.K., Holmgren, P., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A., 2010. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38): 16732-16737.
  • Grime, J.P., 1973. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature, 242(5396): 344-347.
  • Gülsoy, S., Özkan, K., 2008. Tür çeşitliliğinin ekolojik önemi ve kullanılan bazı indisler. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1: 168-178.
  • Gümüş, S.A., Avcı, M., 2020. Biyoçeşitlilik indisleri kullanılarak öncelikli koruma alanı seçimine bir örnek: Kargı Çayı ve Karpuz Çayı vadileri (Akdeniz Bölgesi-Türkiye). Coğrafya Dergisi, 41(1): 147-164.
  • Hautier, Y., Niklaus, P.A., Hector, A., 2009. Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication. Science, 324(5927): 636-638.
  • Heikkinen, R.K., Neuvonen, S., 1997. Species richness of vascular plantsin the subarctic landscape of Northern Finland: modelling relationships to the environment. Biodiversity & Conservation, 6(9): 1181-1201.
  • Hosseinzadeh, R., Soosani, J., Alijani, V., Khosravi, S., Karimikia, H., 2016. Diversity of woody plant species and their relationship to physiographic factors in central Zagros Forests (Case study: Perc forest, Khorramabad, Iran). Journal of Forestry Research, 27(5): 1137-1141.
  • Işık, D., Uğurlu, E., 2011. Bitki kommunitelerinde beta çeşitlilik. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1): 154-171.
  • IUCN, 2019. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2019–3. https://www.iucnredlist.org, Accessed: 01.01.2022.
  • Hrdina, A., & Romportl, D. (2017). Evaluating global biodiversity hotspots–Very rich and even more endangered. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 10(1), 108-115.
  • Keenan, R.J., Reams, G.A., Achard, F., De Freitas, J.V., Grainger, A., Lindquist, E., 2015. Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO global forest resources assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management, 352: 9-20.
  • Lande, R., 1996. Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple communities. Oikos, 76: 5-13.
  • Legendre, P., Boccard, D., Peres-Neto, P.R., 2005. Analyzing beta diversity: partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data. Ecological Monograpy, 75(4): 435-450.
  • Li, X., 2020. Prospects for Forest and Biodiversity Protection. In Green Civilization,171-188.
  • Lughadha, E.N., Govaerts, R., Belyaeva, I., Black, N., Lindon, H., Allkin, R., Magill, R.E., Nicolson, N., 2016. Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates. Phytotaxa, 272(1): 82-88.
  • Mert, A., Kıraç, A., 2017. Isparta-Sütçüler yöresinde Anatololacerta danfordi (Günter, 1876)’nin habitat uygunluk haritalaması. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 1(1): 16-22.
  • Messier, C., Bauhus, J., Doyon, F., Maure, F., Sousa-Silva, R., Nolet, P., Mina, M., Aquilué, N., Fortin, M.J., Puettmann, K., 2019. The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes. Forest Ecosystems, 6(1): 1-16.
  • Mitchel, A., 2005. The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2: Spartial measurements and statistics. ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis.
  • Mitchell, A., Minami, M., 1999. The ESRI guide to GIS analysis: Geographic patterns & relationships (Vol. 1). ESRI, Inc.
  • Mitchell, A., 2012. The ESRI guide to GIS analysis: modeling suitability, movement, and interaction (Vol. 3). Esri Press.
  • Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffman, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., 2004. Hotspots revisited: earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
  • Moisen, G.G., Frescino, T.S., 2002. Comparing five modelling techniques for predicting forest characteristics. Ecological Modelling, 157(2-3): 209-225.
  • Morales-Hidalgo, D., Oswalt, S.N., Somanathan, E., 2015. Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management, 352: 68-77.
  • MTA, 2011. Burdur ve Isparta İllerine Ait 1/100000 Ölçekli sayısal jeoloji haritaları. http://www.mta.gov.tr, Erişim: 01.01.2022.
  • Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A., Kent, J., 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772): 853-858.
  • Negiz, M.G., Aygül, T.İ., 2019. Kurucuova Yöresi’nde odunsu tür zenginliğinin yetişme ortamı faktörlerine göre dağılımı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 20: 123-132.
  • Negiz, M.G., Kurt, E.Ö., 2017. Orman yetişme ortamında alfa tür çeşitliliğinin hesaplanması ve çevresel değişkenlerle ilişkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(1): 93-98.
  • Neuwirth, E., 2014. RColorBrewer: ColorBrewer palettes. R package version 1.1-2. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RColorBrewer. Accessed: 01.09.2021.
  • Noroozi, J., Zare, G., Sherafati, M., Mahmoodi, M., Moser, D., Asgarpour, Z., Schneeweiss, G. M., 2019. Patterns of endemism in Turkey, the meeting point of three global biodiversity hotspots, based on three diverse families of vascular plants. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 159.
  • Özçelik, R., 2006. Biyolojik çeşitliliği korumaya yönelik yapılan (Planlama ve Koruma) çalışmalar ve Türkiye ormancılığına yansımaları. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 7(2): 23-36.
  • Özdamar, K., 2013. Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi (Cilt 1). Nisan Kitapevi, Ankara,
  • Özdemir, İ., Özçelik, R., Asan, Ü., Eler, Ü., 2005. Biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve fonksiyonel planlama sistemine entegrasyonu. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, 8-10 Eylül, Isparta, 579-585.
  • Özhatay, N., Kültür, S., Aslan, S., 2009. Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement flora of Turkey IV. Turkish Journal of Botany, 33: 191-226.
  • Özkan, K., 2006. Beyşehir Gölü havzası Çarıksaraylar yetişme ortamı yöreler grubunda fizyografik yetişme ortamı faktörleri ile ağaç ve çalı tür çeşitliliği arasındaki ilişkiler analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7: 157-166.
  • Özkan, K., 2010. Orman ekosistem çeşitliliği haritalama çalışmaları için ekoloijk alan çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir öneri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2): 136-148.
  • Özkan, K., 2016. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri (α, β ve γ) Nasıl Ölçülür? Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Yayınları, Isparta.
  • Özkan, K., Küçüksille, E., Mert, A., Gülsoy, S., Süel, H., Başar, M., 2020. Biyolojik çeşitlilik bileşenleri (BİÇEB) hesaplama yazılımı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(3): 344-348.
  • Özkan, K., Süel, H., 2008. Endemic plant species in a karstic canyon (Mediterranean Region, Turkey): relation to relief and vegetation diversity. Polish Journal of Ecology, 56(4): 709-715.
  • Pal-Axel, O., Linda-Maria, M., Hans-Henrik, B., 2009. Acidification of sandy grasslands – consequences for plant diversity. Applied Vegetation Science, 12: 350-361.
  • Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Phillips, O.L., Jackson, R.B., 2013. The structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44: 593-622.
  • Pan, Y., McCullough, K., Hollinger, D.Y., 2018. Forest biodiversity, relationships to structural and functional attributes, and stability in New England Forests. Forest Ecosystems, 5(1): 1-12.
  • Parker, K.C., 1988. Environmental relationships and vegetation associates of columnar cacti in the northern Sonoran Desert. Vegetatio, 78: 125-140.
  • Peet, R.K., 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5(1): 285-307.
  • Peterson, A.T., Papeş, M., Eaton, M., 2007. Transferability and model evaluation in ecological niche modeling: a comparison of GARP and Maxent. Ecography, 30: 550–560.
  • Pielou, E.C., 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 13: 131-144.
  • Primack, R.B., 2014. Essentials of Conservation Biology, 6th edn. Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press.
  • Reid, W.V., 1998. Biodiversity hotspots. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13(7): 275-280.
  • Revelle, W., 2019. An introduction to the psych package: Part I: Data Entry and Data Description. Northwestern University.
  • Shannon, C.E., 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3): 379-423.
  • Simpson, G.G., 1943. Mammals and the nature of continents. American Journal of Science, 241(1): 1-31.
  • Storch, F., Dormann, C.F., Bauhus, J., 2018. Quantifying forest structural diversity based on large-scale inventory data: a new approach to support biodiversity monitoring. Forest Ecosystems, 5(1): 1-14.
  • Şentürk, Ö., Negiz, M.G., Gülsoy, S., 2019. Kızılçam meşcerelerinde alfa tür çeşitliliği– yetişme ortamı ilişkileri: Gölhisar Yöresi örneği. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 3:178-188.
  • Takhtajan, A., 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press.
  • Teshager, Z., Argaw, M., Eshete, A., 2018. Woody species diversity, structure and regeneration status in Weiramba Forest of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Implications of managing forests for biodiversity conservation. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 8(5): 16-31.
  • Thornthwaite, C.W., 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, 38(1): 55-94.
  • Wei, T., Simko, V., 2017. An Introduction to Corrplot Package. R package version.
  • Wei, X., Z., Jiang, M., X., Huang, H., D., Yang, J., Y., Yu, J., 2010. Relationships between environment and mountain riparian plant communities associated with two rare tertiary-relict tree species, Euptelea pleiospermum (Eupteleaceae) and Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Cercidiphyllaceae). Flora, 205: 841-852.
  • Westhoff, V., Van Der Maarel, E., 1973. The BraunBlanquet Approach. In R. H. Whittaker (Ed.), Handbook of Vegetation Science 5: Ordination and classification of communities. (pp. 617-726)
  • Whittaker, R.H., 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30: 279-338.
  • Whittaker, R.H., 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21(2-3): 213-251.
  • Wickham, H., 2011. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: Computational statistics, 3(2): 180-185.
  • Yue, Q., Hao, M., Geng, Y., Wang, X., Von Gadow, K., Zhang, C., Zhao, X., Gao, L., 2022. Evaluating alternative hypotheses behind biodiversity and multifunctionality relationships in the forests of Northeastern China. Forest Ecosystems, 9: 100027.
  • Zeleny, D., Chytry, M., 2007. Environmental control of the vegetation pattern indeep river valleys of the Bohemian Massif. Preslia, 79: 205-222.

Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 223 - 234, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1336614

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Dursunbey (Balıkesir) ilçesinde Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında, bitki tür çeşitliliği ile çevresel değişkenler ve bazı meşçere özellikleri ilişkilendirilmiştir. Alternatif indis (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Whittaker) ve sayısal dönüşümlerden faydalanılarak alfa, beta ve gama düzeylerinde çeşitlilik hesaplamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkili doğrusal ilişkiler ve modelleme analiz sonuçlarına göre, yörede karaçam, kızılçam ve boylu ardıç türlerinin hâkim olduğu ormanlarda, meşe ormanlarına kıyasla alfa bitki çeşitliliği daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca vadi ya da kanyon arazi yüzey formu özelliği bu ormanlardaki alfa tür çeşitliliğine önemli katkı sağlamıştır. Beta çeşitliliğinde kullanılan alternatif ölçekler ilişkilerde önemli farklılığa sebep olmuştur. 20x20m ölçekli dört alt örnek alan verisine göre yapılan hesaplamalarda beta çeşitliliği meşe ormanlarında en yüksek bulunurken, 100x100m boyutlarındaki ana örnek alanlardan elde edilen verilerde bu durumun tersi olarak meşe ormanlarında en düşük, karaçam ormanlarında ise en yüksek beta çeşitliliği hesaplanmıştır. Diğer yandan meşçerelerin kapalılık derecesi beta çeşitliliğinde önemli fark oluşturmuştur. Beta çeşitliliği en yüksek boşluklu kapalı meşçerelerde (%1-10 arası), en düşük ise tam kapalı meşçerelerde (%71-100 arası)’dir. Beta çeşitliliğinde en etkili çevresel değişken ise yükselti olmuştur. İlçe ormanlarında yükseltinin artışı ile değişen iklim koşulları ve jeomorfolojik heterojenlik beta çeşitliliğinin yükselmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada gama çeşitlilik düzeyinde ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark oluşturan herhangi bir çevresel değişken belirlenememiştir.

References

  • Abd El-Wahab, R.H., Zaghloul, M.S., Kamel, W.M., Moustafa, A.R.A., 2008. Diversity and distribution of medicinal plants in north sinai, Egypt. African Journal of Environmental Science and Tecnology, 2(7): 157-171.
  • Abutaha, M.M., El‐Khouly, A.A., Jürgens, N., Oldeland, J., 2021. Predictive mapping of plant diversity in an arid mountain environment (Gebel Elba, Egypt). Applied Vegetation Science, 24(2): e. 12582.
  • Aertsen, W., Kint, V., Van Orshoven, J., Özkan, K., Muys, B., 2010. Comparison and ranking of different modelling techniques for prediction of site index in Mediterranean mountain forests. Ecological Modelling, 221: 1119-1130.
  • Akman, Y., 1990. İklim ve Biyoiklim. Palme Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
  • Anderson, G.B., Bell, M.L., Peng, R.D., 2013. Methods to calculate the heat index as an exposure metric in environmental health research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(10): 1111-1119.
  • Antonelli, A., Kissling, W.D., Flantua, S.G., Bermúdez, M.A., Mulch, A., Muellner-Riehl, A.N., Kreft, H., Linder, H.P., Badgley, C., Fjeldså, J., Hoorn, C., 2018. Geological and climatic influences on mountain biodiversity. Nature Geoscience, 11(10): 718-725.
  • Arora, N.K., 2018. Biodiversity conservation for sustainable future. Environmental Sustainability, 1(2): 109-111.
  • Asbeck, T., Sabatini, F., Augustynczik, A.L., Basile, M., Helbach, J., Jonker, M., Knuff, A., Bauhus, J., 2021. Biodiversity response to forest management intensity, carbon stocks and net primary production in temperate montane forests. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 1-11.
  • Austrheim, G., Gunilla, E., Olsson, A., Grontvedt, E., 1999. Land use impact on plant communities in seminatural subalpine grasslands of Budalen, Central Norway. Biological Conservation, 87: 369-379.
  • Bar-On, Y.M., Phillips, R., Milo, R., 2018. The biomass distribution on earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25): 6506-6511.
  • Betts, M.G., Wolf, C., Ripple, W.J., Phalan, B., Millers, K.A., Duarte, A., Butchart, S.H., Levi, T., 2017. Global forest loss disproportionately erodes biodiversity in intact landscapes. Nature, 547(7664): 441-444.
  • Bohn, F.J., Huth, A., 2017. The importance of forest structure to biodiversity–productivity relationships. Royal Society Open Science, 4(1): 160521.
  • Braun-Blanquet, J., 1964. Pflanzensociologie: Grundzuge der Vegetationskunde. 3te aufl. Springer-Verlag, Wein. 865 pp.
  • Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Olshen, R., Stone, C., 1984. Classification and regression trees. Wadsworth International Group, 37(15): 237-251.
  • Brockway, D.G., 1998. Forest plant diversity at local and landscape scales in the Cascade Mountains of Southwestern Washington. Forest Ecology and Management, 109(1-3): 323-341.
  • Brown, J.S.R., Ahl, R.S., 2011. The Region 1 Existing Vegetation Mapping Program (vmap) Beaverhead-Deerlodge Methodology. Region One Vegetation Classification, Mapping, Inventory And Analysis Report, No:11-02.
  • Burki, F., Roger, A.J., Brown, M.W., Simpson, A.G., 2020. The new tree of eukaryotes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 35(1): 43-55.
  • Chazdon, R.L., Brancalion, P.H., Laestadius, L., Bennett-Curry, A., Buckingham, K., Kumar, C., Moll-Rocek, J., Vieira, I.C.G., Wilson, S.J., 2016. When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration. Ambio, 45(5): 538-550.
  • Davis, P.H., 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, I-IX. Edinburg University Press, 355.
  • Davis, P.H., Tan, K., Mill, R.R., 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh University Press, United Kingdom.
  • Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R.T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K.M.A., Baste, I.A., Brauman, K.A., Polasky, S., Church, A., Lonsdale, M., Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P.W., Van Oudenhoven, A.P.E., Van Der Plaat, F., Schröter, M., Lavorel, S., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bukvareva, K., Davies, S., Demissew, G., Gunay, E., Failler, C., Guerra, C.A., Hewitt, C.L., Keune, H., Lindley, S., Shirayama, Y., 2018. Assessing nature's contributions to people. Science, 359(6373): 270-272.
  • Edwards, D.P., Socolar, J.B., Mills, S.C., Burivalova, Z., Koh, L.P., Wilcove, D.S., 2019. Conservation of tropical forests in the anthropocene. Current Biology, 29(19): 1008-1020.
  • Erinç, S., 1984. Klimatoloji ve Metotları. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Esmailzadeh, O., Hosseini, S.M., Asadi, H., Ghadiripour, P., Ahmadi, A., 2012. Plant biodiversity in relation to physiographical factors in afratakhteh yew (Taxus baccata L.) habitat, NE Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 4(12): 1-12.
  • Fick, S.E., Hijmans, R.J., 2017. WorldClim 2: New 1km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12): 4302–4315.
  • Fontaine, M., Aerts, R., Özkan, K., Mert, A., Gülsoy, S., Süel, H., Waelkensc, M., Muys, B., 2007. Elevation and exposition rather than soil types determine communities and site suitability in Mediterranean mountain forests of Southern Anatolia, Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management, 247(1-3): 18-25.
  • Fredericksen, T.S., 2021. Special issue editorial: Biodiversity conservation in managed forests. Forests, 12(8): 1054.
  • Gibbs, H.K., Ruesch, A.S., Achard, F., Clayton, M.K., Holmgren, P., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A., 2010. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38): 16732-16737.
  • Grime, J.P., 1973. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature, 242(5396): 344-347.
  • Gülsoy, S., Özkan, K., 2008. Tür çeşitliliğinin ekolojik önemi ve kullanılan bazı indisler. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 1: 168-178.
  • Gümüş, S.A., Avcı, M., 2020. Biyoçeşitlilik indisleri kullanılarak öncelikli koruma alanı seçimine bir örnek: Kargı Çayı ve Karpuz Çayı vadileri (Akdeniz Bölgesi-Türkiye). Coğrafya Dergisi, 41(1): 147-164.
  • Hautier, Y., Niklaus, P.A., Hector, A., 2009. Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication. Science, 324(5927): 636-638.
  • Heikkinen, R.K., Neuvonen, S., 1997. Species richness of vascular plantsin the subarctic landscape of Northern Finland: modelling relationships to the environment. Biodiversity & Conservation, 6(9): 1181-1201.
  • Hosseinzadeh, R., Soosani, J., Alijani, V., Khosravi, S., Karimikia, H., 2016. Diversity of woody plant species and their relationship to physiographic factors in central Zagros Forests (Case study: Perc forest, Khorramabad, Iran). Journal of Forestry Research, 27(5): 1137-1141.
  • Işık, D., Uğurlu, E., 2011. Bitki kommunitelerinde beta çeşitlilik. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1): 154-171.
  • IUCN, 2019. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2019–3. https://www.iucnredlist.org, Accessed: 01.01.2022.
  • Hrdina, A., & Romportl, D. (2017). Evaluating global biodiversity hotspots–Very rich and even more endangered. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 10(1), 108-115.
  • Keenan, R.J., Reams, G.A., Achard, F., De Freitas, J.V., Grainger, A., Lindquist, E., 2015. Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO global forest resources assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management, 352: 9-20.
  • Lande, R., 1996. Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple communities. Oikos, 76: 5-13.
  • Legendre, P., Boccard, D., Peres-Neto, P.R., 2005. Analyzing beta diversity: partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data. Ecological Monograpy, 75(4): 435-450.
  • Li, X., 2020. Prospects for Forest and Biodiversity Protection. In Green Civilization,171-188.
  • Lughadha, E.N., Govaerts, R., Belyaeva, I., Black, N., Lindon, H., Allkin, R., Magill, R.E., Nicolson, N., 2016. Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates. Phytotaxa, 272(1): 82-88.
  • Mert, A., Kıraç, A., 2017. Isparta-Sütçüler yöresinde Anatololacerta danfordi (Günter, 1876)’nin habitat uygunluk haritalaması. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 1(1): 16-22.
  • Messier, C., Bauhus, J., Doyon, F., Maure, F., Sousa-Silva, R., Nolet, P., Mina, M., Aquilué, N., Fortin, M.J., Puettmann, K., 2019. The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes. Forest Ecosystems, 6(1): 1-16.
  • Mitchel, A., 2005. The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2: Spartial measurements and statistics. ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis.
  • Mitchell, A., Minami, M., 1999. The ESRI guide to GIS analysis: Geographic patterns & relationships (Vol. 1). ESRI, Inc.
  • Mitchell, A., 2012. The ESRI guide to GIS analysis: modeling suitability, movement, and interaction (Vol. 3). Esri Press.
  • Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffman, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., 2004. Hotspots revisited: earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
  • Moisen, G.G., Frescino, T.S., 2002. Comparing five modelling techniques for predicting forest characteristics. Ecological Modelling, 157(2-3): 209-225.
  • Morales-Hidalgo, D., Oswalt, S.N., Somanathan, E., 2015. Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management, 352: 68-77.
  • MTA, 2011. Burdur ve Isparta İllerine Ait 1/100000 Ölçekli sayısal jeoloji haritaları. http://www.mta.gov.tr, Erişim: 01.01.2022.
  • Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A., Kent, J., 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772): 853-858.
  • Negiz, M.G., Aygül, T.İ., 2019. Kurucuova Yöresi’nde odunsu tür zenginliğinin yetişme ortamı faktörlerine göre dağılımı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 20: 123-132.
  • Negiz, M.G., Kurt, E.Ö., 2017. Orman yetişme ortamında alfa tür çeşitliliğinin hesaplanması ve çevresel değişkenlerle ilişkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(1): 93-98.
  • Neuwirth, E., 2014. RColorBrewer: ColorBrewer palettes. R package version 1.1-2. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RColorBrewer. Accessed: 01.09.2021.
  • Noroozi, J., Zare, G., Sherafati, M., Mahmoodi, M., Moser, D., Asgarpour, Z., Schneeweiss, G. M., 2019. Patterns of endemism in Turkey, the meeting point of three global biodiversity hotspots, based on three diverse families of vascular plants. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 159.
  • Özçelik, R., 2006. Biyolojik çeşitliliği korumaya yönelik yapılan (Planlama ve Koruma) çalışmalar ve Türkiye ormancılığına yansımaları. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 7(2): 23-36.
  • Özdamar, K., 2013. Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi (Cilt 1). Nisan Kitapevi, Ankara,
  • Özdemir, İ., Özçelik, R., Asan, Ü., Eler, Ü., 2005. Biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve fonksiyonel planlama sistemine entegrasyonu. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, 8-10 Eylül, Isparta, 579-585.
  • Özhatay, N., Kültür, S., Aslan, S., 2009. Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement flora of Turkey IV. Turkish Journal of Botany, 33: 191-226.
  • Özkan, K., 2006. Beyşehir Gölü havzası Çarıksaraylar yetişme ortamı yöreler grubunda fizyografik yetişme ortamı faktörleri ile ağaç ve çalı tür çeşitliliği arasındaki ilişkiler analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7: 157-166.
  • Özkan, K., 2010. Orman ekosistem çeşitliliği haritalama çalışmaları için ekoloijk alan çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir öneri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2): 136-148.
  • Özkan, K., 2016. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri (α, β ve γ) Nasıl Ölçülür? Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Yayınları, Isparta.
  • Özkan, K., Küçüksille, E., Mert, A., Gülsoy, S., Süel, H., Başar, M., 2020. Biyolojik çeşitlilik bileşenleri (BİÇEB) hesaplama yazılımı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(3): 344-348.
  • Özkan, K., Süel, H., 2008. Endemic plant species in a karstic canyon (Mediterranean Region, Turkey): relation to relief and vegetation diversity. Polish Journal of Ecology, 56(4): 709-715.
  • Pal-Axel, O., Linda-Maria, M., Hans-Henrik, B., 2009. Acidification of sandy grasslands – consequences for plant diversity. Applied Vegetation Science, 12: 350-361.
  • Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Phillips, O.L., Jackson, R.B., 2013. The structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44: 593-622.
  • Pan, Y., McCullough, K., Hollinger, D.Y., 2018. Forest biodiversity, relationships to structural and functional attributes, and stability in New England Forests. Forest Ecosystems, 5(1): 1-12.
  • Parker, K.C., 1988. Environmental relationships and vegetation associates of columnar cacti in the northern Sonoran Desert. Vegetatio, 78: 125-140.
  • Peet, R.K., 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5(1): 285-307.
  • Peterson, A.T., Papeş, M., Eaton, M., 2007. Transferability and model evaluation in ecological niche modeling: a comparison of GARP and Maxent. Ecography, 30: 550–560.
  • Pielou, E.C., 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 13: 131-144.
  • Primack, R.B., 2014. Essentials of Conservation Biology, 6th edn. Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press.
  • Reid, W.V., 1998. Biodiversity hotspots. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13(7): 275-280.
  • Revelle, W., 2019. An introduction to the psych package: Part I: Data Entry and Data Description. Northwestern University.
  • Shannon, C.E., 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3): 379-423.
  • Simpson, G.G., 1943. Mammals and the nature of continents. American Journal of Science, 241(1): 1-31.
  • Storch, F., Dormann, C.F., Bauhus, J., 2018. Quantifying forest structural diversity based on large-scale inventory data: a new approach to support biodiversity monitoring. Forest Ecosystems, 5(1): 1-14.
  • Şentürk, Ö., Negiz, M.G., Gülsoy, S., 2019. Kızılçam meşcerelerinde alfa tür çeşitliliği– yetişme ortamı ilişkileri: Gölhisar Yöresi örneği. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 3:178-188.
  • Takhtajan, A., 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press.
  • Teshager, Z., Argaw, M., Eshete, A., 2018. Woody species diversity, structure and regeneration status in Weiramba Forest of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Implications of managing forests for biodiversity conservation. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 8(5): 16-31.
  • Thornthwaite, C.W., 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, 38(1): 55-94.
  • Wei, T., Simko, V., 2017. An Introduction to Corrplot Package. R package version.
  • Wei, X., Z., Jiang, M., X., Huang, H., D., Yang, J., Y., Yu, J., 2010. Relationships between environment and mountain riparian plant communities associated with two rare tertiary-relict tree species, Euptelea pleiospermum (Eupteleaceae) and Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Cercidiphyllaceae). Flora, 205: 841-852.
  • Westhoff, V., Van Der Maarel, E., 1973. The BraunBlanquet Approach. In R. H. Whittaker (Ed.), Handbook of Vegetation Science 5: Ordination and classification of communities. (pp. 617-726)
  • Whittaker, R.H., 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30: 279-338.
  • Whittaker, R.H., 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21(2-3): 213-251.
  • Wickham, H., 2011. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: Computational statistics, 3(2): 180-185.
  • Yue, Q., Hao, M., Geng, Y., Wang, X., Von Gadow, K., Zhang, C., Zhao, X., Gao, L., 2022. Evaluating alternative hypotheses behind biodiversity and multifunctionality relationships in the forests of Northeastern China. Forest Ecosystems, 9: 100027.
  • Zeleny, D., Chytry, M., 2007. Environmental control of the vegetation pattern indeep river valleys of the Bohemian Massif. Preslia, 79: 205-222.
There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Forest Biodiversity
Journal Section Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Halil İbrahim Ürkmez 0000-0003-4492-4347

Serkan Gülsoy 0000-0003-2011-8324

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Acceptance Date August 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ürkmez, H. İ., & Gülsoy, S. (2023). Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 24(3), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1336614
AMA Ürkmez Hİ, Gülsoy S. Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry. September 2023;24(3):223-234. doi:10.18182/tjf.1336614
Chicago Ürkmez, Halil İbrahim, and Serkan Gülsoy. “Karaçam, kızılçam, Boylu ardıç Ve meşe ormanlarında Bitki tür çeşitliliği Ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 24, no. 3 (September 2023): 223-34. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1336614.
EndNote Ürkmez Hİ, Gülsoy S (September 1, 2023) Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry 24 3 223–234.
IEEE H. İ. Ürkmez and S. Gülsoy, “Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 223–234, 2023, doi: 10.18182/tjf.1336614.
ISNAD Ürkmez, Halil İbrahim - Gülsoy, Serkan. “Karaçam, kızılçam, Boylu ardıç Ve meşe ormanlarında Bitki tür çeşitliliği Ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 24/3 (September 2023), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1336614.
JAMA Ürkmez Hİ, Gülsoy S. Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2023;24:223–234.
MLA Ürkmez, Halil İbrahim and Serkan Gülsoy. “Karaçam, kızılçam, Boylu ardıç Ve meşe ormanlarında Bitki tür çeşitliliği Ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri”. Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 24, no. 3, 2023, pp. 223-34, doi:10.18182/tjf.1336614.
Vancouver Ürkmez Hİ, Gülsoy S. Karaçam, kızılçam, boylu ardıç ve meşe ormanlarında bitki tür çeşitliliği ve çevresel faktör ilişkileri. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2023;24(3):223-34.