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BREXIT VE TÜRKİYE-AB VE TÜRKİYE-BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK İLİŞKİLERİNE ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2021, , 325 - 350, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.979278

Öz

2020 yılı sona ererken Birleşik Krallık AB üyeliğini geride bırakmaktadır. Brexit olarak adlandırılan bu çıkış sonrasında ilişkileri düzenleyecek bir Anlaşma üzerinde
görüşmeler devam ederken, Türkiye de süreci yakından izlemektedir. Brexit Türkiye’yi farklı açılardan ilgilendirmektedir. Öncelikle Birleşik Krallığın ayrılığının AB iç dengeleri ve genişleme ve bütünleşme süreçlerinin gelişimi açısından etkileri Türkiye’nin AB adaylığı ve üyelik hedefi açısından önemlidir. Birleşik Krallık gibi
genişleme politikasının taraftarı olan ve daha gevşek bir bütünleşmeyi öngören bir üyenin ayrılması AB’nin lider ülkeleri Federal Almanya ve Fransa’nın AB içinde
daha belirleyici bir konumda olacağı ve bu politikalara şekil vereceği anlamına gelmektedir. Bunun yanında, Türkiye’nin yakın ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkiler içinde
olduğu Birleşik Krallık ile Brexit sonrası ilişkilerinde değişim ve işbirliği imkanlarının artması söz konusu olabilir. Makale Brexit ile gelen etkiler ve değişimleri Türkiye-AB ve Türkiye-Birleşik Krallık ilişkileri açısından analiz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Access to EU Law, “Mutual Defence Clause”, https://eurlex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/mutual_defence.html
  • Aljazeera, “Macron slams Turkey’s ‘violation’ of Greek, Cypriot sovereignty”, 23.07.2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/23/macron-slams-turkeysviolation-of-greek-cypriot-sovereignty
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, “Commission drafts negotiating frameworks for Albania and North Macedonia”, 01.07.2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_1021
  • BBC News, “EU blocks Albania and North Macedonia membership bids”, 18.10.2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50100201
  • Blair, Tony (2000), Address given to the Polish Stock Exchange (Warsaw, 6 October 2000), CVCE (Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe), University of Luxembourg, https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/address_given_by_tony_blair_to_the_polish_stock_exchange_warsaw_6_october_2000-en-f8c765d9- ad33-4ce3-bfbe-7dd6d01141d7.html
  • Birleşik Krallık İçişleri Bakanlığı (Home Office), “The UK's points-based immigration system: policy statement”, Politika Belgesi, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uks-points-basedimmigration-system-policy-statement/the-uks-points-based-immigrationsystem-policystatement#:~:text=From%20January%202021%2C%20we%20will,a%20releva nt%20and%20competent%20body.
  • Bulmer, Simon (2008), “New Labour, New European Policy? Blair, Brown and Utilitarian Supranationalism”, Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 61, Issue 4, October 2008, 597–620.
  • Case C-16/05, Tum and Darı, Judgment of the Court, (Second Chamber), 20.09.2007, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62005CJ0016&from=EN
  • Council of the EU, “Foreign Affairs Council: Main Results”, 13.07.2020, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/fac/2020/07/13/
  • Cox, Michael (2017) The rise of populism and the crisis of globalisation: Brexit, Trump and beyond. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 28. pp. 9-17.
  • Deutsche welle, “Germany's Maas calls on Greece and Turkey to avoid 'catastrophe'”, 25.08.2020, https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-maas-calls-on-greece-andturkey-to-avoid-catastrophe/a-54693420
  • Dünya Bankası, “GDP: United Kingdom, Turkey”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=GB-TR,
  • Tuba Şahin, “Turkey's economy grows 0.9% in 2019”, Anadolu Agency, 28.02.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkeys-economy-grows-09-in2019/1748063
  • Erem, Onur, “Ankara Anlaşması: 31 Aralık'ta sona erecek anlaşma kapsamında vize başvuruları rekor kırıyor”, BBC Türkçe, 08.12.2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya55224051#:~:text=1%20Ocak%202010%20%2D%2031%20Eyl%C3%BCl,say%C4%B1s%C4%B1%2018%20bin%20976%20oldu.&text=Bu%20y%C3%B Czden%20Ankara%20Anla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1%20vesilesiyle,bu%20konuda%20bir%20veri%20bulunmuyor.
  • European Council Conclusions, Brüksel, 22.03.2018, EUCO 1/18, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/33457/22-euco-final-conclusionsen.pdf
  • European Council Conclusions, EUCO 13/20, Brüksel, 02.10.2020, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/45910/021020-euco-finalconclusions.pdf
  • European Council, Conclusions, Brüksel, 11.12.2020, EUCO 22/20, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/47296/1011-12-20-euco-conclusionsen.pdf
  • European External Action Service, “Turkey: Remarks by HR/VP Josep Borrell at the press conference following his meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlut Çavuşoğlu”, 06.07.2020, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/82146/turkeyremarks-hrvp-josep-borrell-press-conference-following-his-meeting-ministerforeign_en
  • Garton Ash, Timothy (2020), “Europe (and yes, that includes Britain) can still be a superpower”, The Guardian, 02.03.2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2020/mar/02/europebritain-superpower-european
  • George, Stephen (1994), Britain in the European Community: An Awkward Partner, Oxford University Press.
  • Gillingham, John (2003), European Integration (1950-2003): Superstate or New Market Economy?, Cambridge University Press.
  • Gnath, Katharina, “Brexit to cost EU citizens up to 40 billion euros annually”, Bertelsmann Stiftung, 21.03.2019, https://www.bertelsmannstiftung.de/en/topics/latest-news/2019/march/brexit-to-cost-eu-citizens-up-to40-billion-euros-annually
  • Gönültaş, Bahattin, Sevgi Ceren Gökkoyun, “Türkiye ekonomisine Birleşik Krallık ilgisi”, Anadolu Ajansı, 08.02.2018, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiyeekonomisine-birlesik-krallik-ilgisi/1057577
  • Habertürk, “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ın AB hedefi sözleri gündemde”, 22.11.2020, https://www.haberturk.com/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-in-abhedefi-sozleri-gundemde-2877854
  • Hatip, Yusuf, Şerife Çetin,Ata Ufuk Şeker, “AB liderlerinden Brexit sonrası 'daha istekli çalışma' mesajı”, Anadolu Ajansı, 31.01.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ab-liderlerinden-brexit-sonrasi-daha-isteklicalisma-mesaji/1720314 Scott, Mike, “Cambridge Analytica did work for
  • Brexit groups, says ex-staffer”, Politico, 30.07.2019, https://www.politico.eu/article/cambridge-analytica-leave-eu-ukip-brexitfacebook/
  • Henley, Jon, Philip Oltermann (2016), “Ventotene summit to chart roadmap for EU's response to Brexit vote”, The Guardian, 22.08.2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/21/ventotene-summit-franceitaly-germany-eu-brexit-vote
  • Henley, Jon (2017), “Angela Merkel: EU cannot completely rely on US and Britain any more”, The Guardian, 28.05.2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/28/merkel-says-eu-cannotcompletely-rely-on-us-and-britain-any-more-g7-talks
  • Kaletsky, Anatole, “Europe’s Hamiltonian Moment”, New Europe, 22.05.2020, https://www.neweurope.eu/article/europes-hamiltonian-moment/
  • Kartal, Ahmet Gürhan“UK to carry on with Ankara Agreement visa until 2021”, Anadolu Ajansı, 05.02.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/uk-to-carry-onwith-ankara-agreement-visa-until-2021/1724860
  • Ker-Lindsay, James (2017): Turkey’s EU accession as a factor in the 2016 Brexit referendum, Turkish Studies, 19(1), 1-22.
  • Lowe, Sam (2020), “Priorities for Global Britain”, Centre for European Reform, 27.01.2020, https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/bulletinarticle/2020/priorities-global-britain
  • Mölder, Holger (2018), “British Approach to the European Union: From Tony Blair to David Cameron”, in Ramiro Troitiño et al. ed. Brexit: History, Reasoning and Perspectives,Springer, 153-173.
  • Parker, George (2016), “Turkey unlikely to join EU ‘until the year 3000’ says Cameron”, Financial Times, 22.05.2016, https://www.ft.com/content/de1efd42- 2001-11e6-aa98-db1e01fabc0c
  • Pisany-Ferry, Jean, Norbert Röttgen, Andre Sapir, Paul Tucker, Guntram B. Wolff (2016), “Europe after Brexit: A proposal for a continental partnership”, Bruegel external publication, 29.08.2016, https://www.bruegel.org/2016/08/europeafter-brexit-a-proposal-for-a-continentalpartnership/?utm_content=buffer2978d&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer+(bruegel)
  • Saeed, Saim (21017), “Sigmar Gabriel: Post-Brexit Britain can be model for Turkey and Ukraine”, Politico, 26.12.2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/sigmargabriel-post-brexit-britain-can-be-model-for-turkey-and-ukraine/
  • Şeker, Ata Ufuk, Şerife Çetin, “AB, Brexit'le kan kaybetti: Avrupa Birliği'nin, İngiltere'nin ayrılışı ile birlikte ekonomik ve siyasi olarak önemli ölçüde güç kaybetmesi bekleniyor”, Anadolu Ajansı, 01.02.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ab-brexitle-kan-kaybetti-/1720987
  • Vavasseur, Xavier, “France Pulls Out Of NATO Operation Sea Guardian Amid Tensions With Turkey”, Naval News, 03.07.2020, https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/07/france-pulls-out-of-natooperation-sea-guardian-amid-tensions-with-turkey/
  • World Bank, “GDP United Kingdom”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=GB
  • UNCTAD, “No-deal Brexit: the trade winners and losers”, 09.04.2019, https://unctad.org/news/no-deal-brexit-trade-winners-and-losers
  • Urwin, Derek W. (1991), The Community of Europe: A history of European Integration since 1945, Longman.

Brexit and Its Impact on Turkey-EU and Turkey-UK Relations

Yıl 2021, , 325 - 350, 13.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.979278

Öz

As 2020 comes to a close, the United Kingdom is leaving behind its membership to the European Union (EU). While negotiations over an agreement that will regulate
the relations following the exit from the EU, which is called as Brexit, are ongoing, Turkey is also closely watching the developments. Brexit concerns Turkey from
various vantage points. Firstly, the influence of the UK’s exit on the EU’s internal balances and the development of enlargement and integration processes are of significance regarding Turkey’s EU candidacy and membership goal. The withdrawal of a member state such as the UK which supports enlargement policy and favours a looser integration model means that EU’s leading member states Federal Germany and France will be in a more decisive position in the EU and shape these policies.
Moreover, it may be the case that change and opportunities for cooperation may escalate in Turkey’s relations with the UK, with which it already has close economic
and political relations. The article aims to analyze the influences and changes brought about by Brexit from the perspective of Turkey-EU and Turkey-UK relations.

Kaynakça

  • Access to EU Law, “Mutual Defence Clause”, https://eurlex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/mutual_defence.html
  • Aljazeera, “Macron slams Turkey’s ‘violation’ of Greek, Cypriot sovereignty”, 23.07.2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/23/macron-slams-turkeysviolation-of-greek-cypriot-sovereignty
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, “Commission drafts negotiating frameworks for Albania and North Macedonia”, 01.07.2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_1021
  • BBC News, “EU blocks Albania and North Macedonia membership bids”, 18.10.2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50100201
  • Blair, Tony (2000), Address given to the Polish Stock Exchange (Warsaw, 6 October 2000), CVCE (Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe), University of Luxembourg, https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/address_given_by_tony_blair_to_the_polish_stock_exchange_warsaw_6_october_2000-en-f8c765d9- ad33-4ce3-bfbe-7dd6d01141d7.html
  • Birleşik Krallık İçişleri Bakanlığı (Home Office), “The UK's points-based immigration system: policy statement”, Politika Belgesi, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uks-points-basedimmigration-system-policy-statement/the-uks-points-based-immigrationsystem-policystatement#:~:text=From%20January%202021%2C%20we%20will,a%20releva nt%20and%20competent%20body.
  • Bulmer, Simon (2008), “New Labour, New European Policy? Blair, Brown and Utilitarian Supranationalism”, Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 61, Issue 4, October 2008, 597–620.
  • Case C-16/05, Tum and Darı, Judgment of the Court, (Second Chamber), 20.09.2007, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62005CJ0016&from=EN
  • Council of the EU, “Foreign Affairs Council: Main Results”, 13.07.2020, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/fac/2020/07/13/
  • Cox, Michael (2017) The rise of populism and the crisis of globalisation: Brexit, Trump and beyond. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 28. pp. 9-17.
  • Deutsche welle, “Germany's Maas calls on Greece and Turkey to avoid 'catastrophe'”, 25.08.2020, https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-maas-calls-on-greece-andturkey-to-avoid-catastrophe/a-54693420
  • Dünya Bankası, “GDP: United Kingdom, Turkey”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=GB-TR,
  • Tuba Şahin, “Turkey's economy grows 0.9% in 2019”, Anadolu Agency, 28.02.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkeys-economy-grows-09-in2019/1748063
  • Erem, Onur, “Ankara Anlaşması: 31 Aralık'ta sona erecek anlaşma kapsamında vize başvuruları rekor kırıyor”, BBC Türkçe, 08.12.2020, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya55224051#:~:text=1%20Ocak%202010%20%2D%2031%20Eyl%C3%BCl,say%C4%B1s%C4%B1%2018%20bin%20976%20oldu.&text=Bu%20y%C3%B Czden%20Ankara%20Anla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1%20vesilesiyle,bu%20konuda%20bir%20veri%20bulunmuyor.
  • European Council Conclusions, Brüksel, 22.03.2018, EUCO 1/18, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/33457/22-euco-final-conclusionsen.pdf
  • European Council Conclusions, EUCO 13/20, Brüksel, 02.10.2020, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/45910/021020-euco-finalconclusions.pdf
  • European Council, Conclusions, Brüksel, 11.12.2020, EUCO 22/20, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/47296/1011-12-20-euco-conclusionsen.pdf
  • European External Action Service, “Turkey: Remarks by HR/VP Josep Borrell at the press conference following his meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlut Çavuşoğlu”, 06.07.2020, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/82146/turkeyremarks-hrvp-josep-borrell-press-conference-following-his-meeting-ministerforeign_en
  • Garton Ash, Timothy (2020), “Europe (and yes, that includes Britain) can still be a superpower”, The Guardian, 02.03.2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2020/mar/02/europebritain-superpower-european
  • George, Stephen (1994), Britain in the European Community: An Awkward Partner, Oxford University Press.
  • Gillingham, John (2003), European Integration (1950-2003): Superstate or New Market Economy?, Cambridge University Press.
  • Gnath, Katharina, “Brexit to cost EU citizens up to 40 billion euros annually”, Bertelsmann Stiftung, 21.03.2019, https://www.bertelsmannstiftung.de/en/topics/latest-news/2019/march/brexit-to-cost-eu-citizens-up-to40-billion-euros-annually
  • Gönültaş, Bahattin, Sevgi Ceren Gökkoyun, “Türkiye ekonomisine Birleşik Krallık ilgisi”, Anadolu Ajansı, 08.02.2018, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiyeekonomisine-birlesik-krallik-ilgisi/1057577
  • Habertürk, “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'ın AB hedefi sözleri gündemde”, 22.11.2020, https://www.haberturk.com/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-in-abhedefi-sozleri-gundemde-2877854
  • Hatip, Yusuf, Şerife Çetin,Ata Ufuk Şeker, “AB liderlerinden Brexit sonrası 'daha istekli çalışma' mesajı”, Anadolu Ajansı, 31.01.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ab-liderlerinden-brexit-sonrasi-daha-isteklicalisma-mesaji/1720314 Scott, Mike, “Cambridge Analytica did work for
  • Brexit groups, says ex-staffer”, Politico, 30.07.2019, https://www.politico.eu/article/cambridge-analytica-leave-eu-ukip-brexitfacebook/
  • Henley, Jon, Philip Oltermann (2016), “Ventotene summit to chart roadmap for EU's response to Brexit vote”, The Guardian, 22.08.2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/21/ventotene-summit-franceitaly-germany-eu-brexit-vote
  • Henley, Jon (2017), “Angela Merkel: EU cannot completely rely on US and Britain any more”, The Guardian, 28.05.2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/28/merkel-says-eu-cannotcompletely-rely-on-us-and-britain-any-more-g7-talks
  • Kaletsky, Anatole, “Europe’s Hamiltonian Moment”, New Europe, 22.05.2020, https://www.neweurope.eu/article/europes-hamiltonian-moment/
  • Kartal, Ahmet Gürhan“UK to carry on with Ankara Agreement visa until 2021”, Anadolu Ajansı, 05.02.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/uk-to-carry-onwith-ankara-agreement-visa-until-2021/1724860
  • Ker-Lindsay, James (2017): Turkey’s EU accession as a factor in the 2016 Brexit referendum, Turkish Studies, 19(1), 1-22.
  • Lowe, Sam (2020), “Priorities for Global Britain”, Centre for European Reform, 27.01.2020, https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/bulletinarticle/2020/priorities-global-britain
  • Mölder, Holger (2018), “British Approach to the European Union: From Tony Blair to David Cameron”, in Ramiro Troitiño et al. ed. Brexit: History, Reasoning and Perspectives,Springer, 153-173.
  • Parker, George (2016), “Turkey unlikely to join EU ‘until the year 3000’ says Cameron”, Financial Times, 22.05.2016, https://www.ft.com/content/de1efd42- 2001-11e6-aa98-db1e01fabc0c
  • Pisany-Ferry, Jean, Norbert Röttgen, Andre Sapir, Paul Tucker, Guntram B. Wolff (2016), “Europe after Brexit: A proposal for a continental partnership”, Bruegel external publication, 29.08.2016, https://www.bruegel.org/2016/08/europeafter-brexit-a-proposal-for-a-continentalpartnership/?utm_content=buffer2978d&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer+(bruegel)
  • Saeed, Saim (21017), “Sigmar Gabriel: Post-Brexit Britain can be model for Turkey and Ukraine”, Politico, 26.12.2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/sigmargabriel-post-brexit-britain-can-be-model-for-turkey-and-ukraine/
  • Şeker, Ata Ufuk, Şerife Çetin, “AB, Brexit'le kan kaybetti: Avrupa Birliği'nin, İngiltere'nin ayrılışı ile birlikte ekonomik ve siyasi olarak önemli ölçüde güç kaybetmesi bekleniyor”, Anadolu Ajansı, 01.02.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ab-brexitle-kan-kaybetti-/1720987
  • Vavasseur, Xavier, “France Pulls Out Of NATO Operation Sea Guardian Amid Tensions With Turkey”, Naval News, 03.07.2020, https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/07/france-pulls-out-of-natooperation-sea-guardian-amid-tensions-with-turkey/
  • World Bank, “GDP United Kingdom”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=GB
  • UNCTAD, “No-deal Brexit: the trade winners and losers”, 09.04.2019, https://unctad.org/news/no-deal-brexit-trade-winners-and-losers
  • Urwin, Derek W. (1991), The Community of Europe: A history of European Integration since 1945, Longman.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Çiğdem Nas Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6846-2728

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Nas, Çiğdem. “BREXIT VE TÜRKİYE-AB VE TÜRKİYE-BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK İLİŞKİLERİNE ETKİLERİ”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, Ağustos (Ağustos 2021): 325-50. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.979278.