Araştırma Makalesi
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EXTERNALIZED BORDERS OF THE EU: AN IMPERIAL REFLEX?

Yıl 2021, , 69 - 96, 24.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995597

Öz

This work examines the increasing trend of externalization followed by the European Union in its migration governance, specifically its border management and asylum policies. The main discussion revolves around whether this externalization trend could be an imperial reflex by the EU or not. The paper starts with examining the arguments related to the EU’s imperial characteristics and
policies. This is followed by a brief history of the migration policies of the Union and the imperial characteristics of these policies. Finally, the externalization trend is discussed with examples which show that externalization of migration governance by the EU could be regarded as an imperial reflex. Therefore, this is an evidence of the EU’s imperial character, at least when it comes to the management of its borders.

Kaynakça

  • Aarstad, Åsne Kalland, and Niklas Bremberg. "The study of the European Neighbourhood policy through the lenses of critical approaches." In The Routledge Handbook On The European Neighbourhood Policy. Routledge, 2017. 81-92.
  • Aljazeera. 2021. “EU refuses to approve Frontex’s budget over human rights concerns” Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/3/23/eu-refuses-to-sign-off-onfrontex-budget-over-human-rights-issues.
  • Behr, Hartmut. "The European Union in the legacies of imperial rule? EU accession politics viewed from a historical comparative perspective." European Journal of International Relations 13, no.2 (2007): 239-262.
  • Bermejo, Rut. “Migration and Security in the EU: Back to Fortress Europe?” Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no.2 (2009): 207–24.
  • Bickerton, Chris J. “From Nation States to Member States: A Brief History.” In European Integration, 74–110. Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Bossong, Raphael, and Helena Carrapico. “The Multidimensional Nature and Dynamic Transformation of European Borders and Internal Security.” In EU Borders and Shifting Internal Security: Technology, Externalization and Accountability, 1–21. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17560-7_7.
  • Boswell, Christina. "The ‘external dimension’ of EU immigration and asylum policy." International affairs 79, no.3 (2003): 619-638.
  • Brocza, Stefan, and Katharina Paulhart. “EU Mobility Partnerships: A Smart Instrument for the Externalization of Migration Control.” European Journal of Futures Research 3, no. 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-015-0073-x.
  • Browning, Christopher S., and George Christou. "The constitutive power of outsiders: The European neighbourhood policy and the eastern dimension." Political Geography 29, no.2 (2010): 109-118.
  • Casas-Cortes, Maribel, Sebastian Cobarrubias, and John Pickles. "Re-bordering the neighbourhood: Europe’s emerging geographies of non-accession integration." European Urban and Regional Studies 20, no.1 (2013): 37-58.
  • Cebeci, Münevver. "European foreign policy research reconsidered: constructing an ‘Ideal Power Europe’ through theory?." Millennium 40, no.3 (2012): 563-583.
  • Christiansen, Thomas, Fabio Petito, and Ben Tonra. "Fuzzy Politics Around Fuzzy Borders: The European Union's Near Abroad." Cooperation and conflict 35, no.4 (2000): 389-415.
  • Coordinators Group. 1999. “The Palma Document” Accessed June 25, 2020. https://www.statewatch.org/semdoc/assets/files/keytexts/ktch1.pdf .
  • Council of the European Union [CEU]. 2006. “Council conclusions on integrated border management. 4-5 December 2006.” Accessed June 27, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/PRES_06_341.
  • Council of the European Union [CEU]. 2004. “Regulation 2007/2004 Establishing a European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union.” Accessed June 27, 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32004R2007.
  • CVCE.EU. 2021. “Speech by Jacques Delors (Luxembourg, 9 September 1985) ” Accessed June 20, 2020. https://www.cvce.eu/obj/speech_by_jacques_delors_luxembourg_9_september_1985-en-423d6913-b4e2-4395-9157-fe70b3ca8521.html.
  • Dehousse, Renaud. “Delegation of powers in the European union: The need for a multi-principals model.” West European Politics 31, no. 4 (2008): 789-805.
  • Del Sarto, Raffaella A. "Normative empire Europe: The European Union, its borderlands, and the ‘Arab spring’." Journal Of Common Market Studies 54, no.2 (2016): 215-232.
  • Delegation of the EU to Turkey. 2020. “Readmission Agreement” Accessed June 28, 2020. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/readmission-agreement-6895.
  • Dennison, James, and Andrew Geddes. "Brexit and the perils of ‘Europeanised’ migration." Journal of European public policy 25, no.8 (2018): 1137-1153.
  • Diez, Thomas. "Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power Europe'." Millennium 33, no.3 (2005): 613-636.
  • Dinan, Desmond, Neill Nugent, and William Edgar Paterson. The European Union in Crisis. London: Palgrave, Macmillan education, 2017.
  • EUobserver. 2021. “Frontex chief: about time MEPs probe his agency.” Accessed February 26, 2021. https://euobserver.com/justice/151063.
  • European Commission. 2013. “Annex 2 of the Commission Implementing Decision on the ENPI East Regional Action Programme 2013 Part II. Action Fiche for
  • Eastern Partnership Integrated Border Management project” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhoodenlargement/sites/near/files/enpi_2013_c2013_8293_rap_east_partii_ibm_surveillance.pdf.
  • France24. 2021. “No evidence of migrant pushbacks: EU border agency chief Leggeri” Accessed April 2, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/tvshows/talking-europe/20210402-no-evidence-of-migrant-pushbacks-eu-borderagency-chief-leggeri.
  • France24. 2020. “Erdogan warns Europe to expect ‘millions’ of migrants after Turkey opens borders” Accessed June 28, 2020. https://www.france24.com/en/20200303-erdogan-warns-europe-to-expectmillions-of-migrants-after-turkey-opens-borders.
  • Fratzke, Susan. Not Adding Up: The Fading Promise of Europe's Dublin System. Migration Policy Institute Europe, 2015. Accessed June 20, 2020. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/not-adding-fading-promise-europesdublin-system.
  • Frontex. 2020. “Legal Basis” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/legal-basis/.
  • Frontex. 2020a. “Regulation (EU) 2019/1896” Accessed July 6, 2020. https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1573722151667&uri=CELEX:32019R1896.
  • Frontex. 2020b. “Key Documents” Accessed July 1, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/key-documents/?category=workingarrangements-with-non-eu-countries.
  • Frontex. 2020c. “Fundamental Rights at Frontex” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/fundamental-rights/fundamental-rights-at-frontex/
  • Frontex. 2018. “Annual Risk Analysis for 2018” Accessed October 19, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/publications/risk-analysis-for-2018-aJ5nJu
  • Frontex 2016. “Annual Risk Analysis for 2016” Accessed June 20, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Annula_Risk_Anal ysis_2016.pdf.
  • Gänzle, Stefan. "Externalizing EU governance and the European neighbourhood policy: towards a framework for analysis." In presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, UBC, Vancouver on. 2008.
  • Heschl, Lisa. Protecting the Rights of Refugees Beyond European Borders: Establishing Extraterritorial Legal Responsibilities. Intersentia, 2018.
  • Hill, Christopher. “The Geopolitical Implications of Enlargement.” In Europe Unbound: Enlarging and Reshaping the Boundaries of the European Union, 95–116. Routledge, 2003. doi:10.4324/9780203217092.
  • Hollifield, James F. Immigrants, Markets and States. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  • Hooper, Barbara, and Olivier Kramsch. "Post‐Colonising Europe: The Geopolitics Of Globalisation, Empire And Borders: Here And There, Now And Then." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 98, no.4 (2007): 526-534.
  • Jachtenfuchs, Markus. “The European Union as a Polity (II).” In Handbook of European Union Politics, ed. K. E. Jørgensen, M. A. Pollack and B. Rosamond, 159–74. SAGE Publications Inc, 2006.
  • Keukeleire, Stephan, and Tom Delreux. The Foreign Policy of the European Union. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “Common Market, Normative Power or Super-State? Conflicting Political Identities in EU Asylum and Immigration Policy.” Comparative European Politics 17, no.4 (2019): 567–84.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “Multilevelling EU External Governance: The Role of International Organizations in the Diffusion of EU Migration Policies.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42, no.4 (2015): 1-17. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1102047.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. "Justice and Home Affairs." Policy-making in the European Union (2010): 457-82.
  • Lavenex, Sandra, and Frank Schimmelfennig. "EU rules beyond EU borders: theorizing external governance in European politics." Journal of European public policy 16, no.6 (2009): 791-812.
  • Lemberg-Pedersen, Martin. “Effective Protection or Effective Combat? EU Border Control and North Africa.” In EurAfrican Borders and Migration Management, 29–60. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017.
  • Léonard, Sarah. “EU Border Security and Migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and Securitisation through Practices.” European Security 19, no.2 (2010): 231–254.
  • López-Sala, Ana, and Dirk Godenau. “Integrated Border Management and Irregular Migration at the South European-North African Border: The Case of Spain.” In EU Borders and Shifting Internal Security: Technology, Externalization and Accountability, 81-100. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17560-7_7.
  • Majone, Giandomenico. “From the Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of Changes in the Mode of Governance.” Journal of Public Policy 17, no.2 (1997): 139–167.
  • Manners, Ian. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no.2 (2002): 235–58.
  • Martins, Bruno Oliveira, and Michael Strange. “Rethinking EU External Migration Policy: Contestation and Critique.” Global Affairs 5, no.3 (2019): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2019.1641128.
  • Qadim, Nora El. “The ENP and Migration.” Global Affairs 2, no.4 (2016): 401–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2016.1243359.
  • Pace, Michelle. "Paradoxes and contradictions in EU democracy promotion in the Mediterranean: the limits of EU normative power." Democratization 16, no.1 (2009): 39-58.
  • Parkes, Roderick. "EU mobility partnerships: A model of policy coordination?." European Journal of Migration and Law 11, no.4 (2009): 327-345.
  • Reslow, Natasja. "The role of third countries in EU migration policy: The mobility partnerships." European Journal of Migration and Law 14, no.4 (2012): 393-415.
  • Rijpma, Jorrit J., and Marise Cremona. "The extra-territorialisation of EU migration policies and the rule of law." Available at SSRN 964190 (2007).
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “European Integration (Theory) in Times of Crisis. A Comparison of the Euro and Schengen Crises.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, no.7 (2018): 969–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1421252.
  • Sjursen, Helen. "Principles in European Union foreign policy." In International relations and the European Union (2017): 443-462.
  • Slominski, Peter. “The Power of Legal Norms in the EU's External Border Control.” International Migration 51, no.6 (2013): 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12089.
  • Tilly, Charles. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990, Cambridge: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1990.
  • Trauner, Florian, and Jean-Pierre Cassarino. "Migration: Moving to the centre of the European Neighbourhood Policy." In The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy. Routledge, 2017. 393-404.
  • Trauner, Florian. "From membership conditionality to policy conditionality: EU external governance in South Eastern Europe." Journal of European Public Policy 16, no.5 (2009): 774-790.
  • UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. 2020. “The Dublin Regulation” Accessed October 15, 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/4a9d13d59/dublinregulation.html.
  • Wæver, Ole. "Imperial metaphors: emerging European analogies to pre-nation-state imperial systems." In Geopolitics in post-wall Europe: security, territory and identity (1997): 59-93.
  • Webber, Douglas. European Disintegration? the Politics of Crisis in the European Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  • Wunderlich, Daniel. "The limits of external governance: implementing EU external migration policy." Journal of European Public Policy 19, no.9 (2012): 1414- 1433.
  • Yakouchyk, Katsiaryna, and Alexandra M. Schmid. “EU-Belarus Cooperation in Border Management: Mechanisms and Forms of Norm Transfer.” In EU Borders and Shifting Internal Security: Technology, Externalization and Accountability, 121–38. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17560-7_7.
  • Zielonka, Jan. “The Remaking of the EU’s Borders and the Images of European Architecture.” Journal of European Integration 39, no.5 (2017): 641–56.
  • Zielonka, Jan. “Empires and the Modern International System.” Geopolitics 17, no.3 (2012): 502–25.
  • Zielonka, Jan. Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union. Oxford University Press, 2006.

Avrupa Birliği’nin Dışsallaştırılmış Sınırları: Emperyal Bir Refleks mi?

Yıl 2021, , 69 - 96, 24.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995597

Öz

Bu çalışma Avrupa Birliği tarafından göç yönetişimde, özellikle sınır yönetimi ve sığınma politikalarında, artarak takip edilmekte olan dışsallaştırma eğilimini incelemektedir. Ana tartışma bahsedilen bu dışsallaştırma eğiliminin emperyal bir refleks olarak görülüp görülemeyeceği üzerinedir. Makale, AB’nin emperyal özellikleri ve politikaları ile ilgili argümanların incelenmesi ile başlar. Bu
incelemeyi AB’nin göç politikalarının kısa bir tarihi ve bu politikaların emperyal özellikleri takip etmektedir. Son olarak, AB’nin göç yönetişimindeki dışsallaştırma eğilimi farklı örnekleri verilerek tartışılmaktadır. Bu örnekler ile AB’nin dışsallaştırma eğiliminin emperyal bir refleks olarak görülebileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bu durum AB’nin, en azından sınırlarını yönetirken, emperyal özellikler gösterdiğini kanıtlamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Aarstad, Åsne Kalland, and Niklas Bremberg. "The study of the European Neighbourhood policy through the lenses of critical approaches." In The Routledge Handbook On The European Neighbourhood Policy. Routledge, 2017. 81-92.
  • Aljazeera. 2021. “EU refuses to approve Frontex’s budget over human rights concerns” Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/3/23/eu-refuses-to-sign-off-onfrontex-budget-over-human-rights-issues.
  • Behr, Hartmut. "The European Union in the legacies of imperial rule? EU accession politics viewed from a historical comparative perspective." European Journal of International Relations 13, no.2 (2007): 239-262.
  • Bermejo, Rut. “Migration and Security in the EU: Back to Fortress Europe?” Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no.2 (2009): 207–24.
  • Bickerton, Chris J. “From Nation States to Member States: A Brief History.” In European Integration, 74–110. Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Bossong, Raphael, and Helena Carrapico. “The Multidimensional Nature and Dynamic Transformation of European Borders and Internal Security.” In EU Borders and Shifting Internal Security: Technology, Externalization and Accountability, 1–21. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17560-7_7.
  • Boswell, Christina. "The ‘external dimension’ of EU immigration and asylum policy." International affairs 79, no.3 (2003): 619-638.
  • Brocza, Stefan, and Katharina Paulhart. “EU Mobility Partnerships: A Smart Instrument for the Externalization of Migration Control.” European Journal of Futures Research 3, no. 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-015-0073-x.
  • Browning, Christopher S., and George Christou. "The constitutive power of outsiders: The European neighbourhood policy and the eastern dimension." Political Geography 29, no.2 (2010): 109-118.
  • Casas-Cortes, Maribel, Sebastian Cobarrubias, and John Pickles. "Re-bordering the neighbourhood: Europe’s emerging geographies of non-accession integration." European Urban and Regional Studies 20, no.1 (2013): 37-58.
  • Cebeci, Münevver. "European foreign policy research reconsidered: constructing an ‘Ideal Power Europe’ through theory?." Millennium 40, no.3 (2012): 563-583.
  • Christiansen, Thomas, Fabio Petito, and Ben Tonra. "Fuzzy Politics Around Fuzzy Borders: The European Union's Near Abroad." Cooperation and conflict 35, no.4 (2000): 389-415.
  • Coordinators Group. 1999. “The Palma Document” Accessed June 25, 2020. https://www.statewatch.org/semdoc/assets/files/keytexts/ktch1.pdf .
  • Council of the European Union [CEU]. 2006. “Council conclusions on integrated border management. 4-5 December 2006.” Accessed June 27, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/PRES_06_341.
  • Council of the European Union [CEU]. 2004. “Regulation 2007/2004 Establishing a European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union.” Accessed June 27, 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32004R2007.
  • CVCE.EU. 2021. “Speech by Jacques Delors (Luxembourg, 9 September 1985) ” Accessed June 20, 2020. https://www.cvce.eu/obj/speech_by_jacques_delors_luxembourg_9_september_1985-en-423d6913-b4e2-4395-9157-fe70b3ca8521.html.
  • Dehousse, Renaud. “Delegation of powers in the European union: The need for a multi-principals model.” West European Politics 31, no. 4 (2008): 789-805.
  • Del Sarto, Raffaella A. "Normative empire Europe: The European Union, its borderlands, and the ‘Arab spring’." Journal Of Common Market Studies 54, no.2 (2016): 215-232.
  • Delegation of the EU to Turkey. 2020. “Readmission Agreement” Accessed June 28, 2020. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/readmission-agreement-6895.
  • Dennison, James, and Andrew Geddes. "Brexit and the perils of ‘Europeanised’ migration." Journal of European public policy 25, no.8 (2018): 1137-1153.
  • Diez, Thomas. "Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power Europe'." Millennium 33, no.3 (2005): 613-636.
  • Dinan, Desmond, Neill Nugent, and William Edgar Paterson. The European Union in Crisis. London: Palgrave, Macmillan education, 2017.
  • EUobserver. 2021. “Frontex chief: about time MEPs probe his agency.” Accessed February 26, 2021. https://euobserver.com/justice/151063.
  • European Commission. 2013. “Annex 2 of the Commission Implementing Decision on the ENPI East Regional Action Programme 2013 Part II. Action Fiche for
  • Eastern Partnership Integrated Border Management project” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhoodenlargement/sites/near/files/enpi_2013_c2013_8293_rap_east_partii_ibm_surveillance.pdf.
  • France24. 2021. “No evidence of migrant pushbacks: EU border agency chief Leggeri” Accessed April 2, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/tvshows/talking-europe/20210402-no-evidence-of-migrant-pushbacks-eu-borderagency-chief-leggeri.
  • France24. 2020. “Erdogan warns Europe to expect ‘millions’ of migrants after Turkey opens borders” Accessed June 28, 2020. https://www.france24.com/en/20200303-erdogan-warns-europe-to-expectmillions-of-migrants-after-turkey-opens-borders.
  • Fratzke, Susan. Not Adding Up: The Fading Promise of Europe's Dublin System. Migration Policy Institute Europe, 2015. Accessed June 20, 2020. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/not-adding-fading-promise-europesdublin-system.
  • Frontex. 2020. “Legal Basis” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/legal-basis/.
  • Frontex. 2020a. “Regulation (EU) 2019/1896” Accessed July 6, 2020. https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1573722151667&uri=CELEX:32019R1896.
  • Frontex. 2020b. “Key Documents” Accessed July 1, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/key-documents/?category=workingarrangements-with-non-eu-countries.
  • Frontex. 2020c. “Fundamental Rights at Frontex” Accessed July 8, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/fundamental-rights/fundamental-rights-at-frontex/
  • Frontex. 2018. “Annual Risk Analysis for 2018” Accessed October 19, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/publications/risk-analysis-for-2018-aJ5nJu
  • Frontex 2016. “Annual Risk Analysis for 2016” Accessed June 20, 2020. https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Annula_Risk_Anal ysis_2016.pdf.
  • Gänzle, Stefan. "Externalizing EU governance and the European neighbourhood policy: towards a framework for analysis." In presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, UBC, Vancouver on. 2008.
  • Heschl, Lisa. Protecting the Rights of Refugees Beyond European Borders: Establishing Extraterritorial Legal Responsibilities. Intersentia, 2018.
  • Hill, Christopher. “The Geopolitical Implications of Enlargement.” In Europe Unbound: Enlarging and Reshaping the Boundaries of the European Union, 95–116. Routledge, 2003. doi:10.4324/9780203217092.
  • Hollifield, James F. Immigrants, Markets and States. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  • Hooper, Barbara, and Olivier Kramsch. "Post‐Colonising Europe: The Geopolitics Of Globalisation, Empire And Borders: Here And There, Now And Then." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 98, no.4 (2007): 526-534.
  • Jachtenfuchs, Markus. “The European Union as a Polity (II).” In Handbook of European Union Politics, ed. K. E. Jørgensen, M. A. Pollack and B. Rosamond, 159–74. SAGE Publications Inc, 2006.
  • Keukeleire, Stephan, and Tom Delreux. The Foreign Policy of the European Union. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “Common Market, Normative Power or Super-State? Conflicting Political Identities in EU Asylum and Immigration Policy.” Comparative European Politics 17, no.4 (2019): 567–84.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. “Multilevelling EU External Governance: The Role of International Organizations in the Diffusion of EU Migration Policies.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42, no.4 (2015): 1-17. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1102047.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. "Justice and Home Affairs." Policy-making in the European Union (2010): 457-82.
  • Lavenex, Sandra, and Frank Schimmelfennig. "EU rules beyond EU borders: theorizing external governance in European politics." Journal of European public policy 16, no.6 (2009): 791-812.
  • Lemberg-Pedersen, Martin. “Effective Protection or Effective Combat? EU Border Control and North Africa.” In EurAfrican Borders and Migration Management, 29–60. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017.
  • Léonard, Sarah. “EU Border Security and Migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and Securitisation through Practices.” European Security 19, no.2 (2010): 231–254.
  • López-Sala, Ana, and Dirk Godenau. “Integrated Border Management and Irregular Migration at the South European-North African Border: The Case of Spain.” In EU Borders and Shifting Internal Security: Technology, Externalization and Accountability, 81-100. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17560-7_7.
  • Majone, Giandomenico. “From the Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of Changes in the Mode of Governance.” Journal of Public Policy 17, no.2 (1997): 139–167.
  • Manners, Ian. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no.2 (2002): 235–58.
  • Martins, Bruno Oliveira, and Michael Strange. “Rethinking EU External Migration Policy: Contestation and Critique.” Global Affairs 5, no.3 (2019): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2019.1641128.
  • Qadim, Nora El. “The ENP and Migration.” Global Affairs 2, no.4 (2016): 401–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2016.1243359.
  • Pace, Michelle. "Paradoxes and contradictions in EU democracy promotion in the Mediterranean: the limits of EU normative power." Democratization 16, no.1 (2009): 39-58.
  • Parkes, Roderick. "EU mobility partnerships: A model of policy coordination?." European Journal of Migration and Law 11, no.4 (2009): 327-345.
  • Reslow, Natasja. "The role of third countries in EU migration policy: The mobility partnerships." European Journal of Migration and Law 14, no.4 (2012): 393-415.
  • Rijpma, Jorrit J., and Marise Cremona. "The extra-territorialisation of EU migration policies and the rule of law." Available at SSRN 964190 (2007).
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank. “European Integration (Theory) in Times of Crisis. A Comparison of the Euro and Schengen Crises.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, no.7 (2018): 969–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1421252.
  • Sjursen, Helen. "Principles in European Union foreign policy." In International relations and the European Union (2017): 443-462.
  • Slominski, Peter. “The Power of Legal Norms in the EU's External Border Control.” International Migration 51, no.6 (2013): 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12089.
  • Tilly, Charles. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990, Cambridge: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1990.
  • Trauner, Florian, and Jean-Pierre Cassarino. "Migration: Moving to the centre of the European Neighbourhood Policy." In The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy. Routledge, 2017. 393-404.
  • Trauner, Florian. "From membership conditionality to policy conditionality: EU external governance in South Eastern Europe." Journal of European Public Policy 16, no.5 (2009): 774-790.
  • UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. 2020. “The Dublin Regulation” Accessed October 15, 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/4a9d13d59/dublinregulation.html.
  • Wæver, Ole. "Imperial metaphors: emerging European analogies to pre-nation-state imperial systems." In Geopolitics in post-wall Europe: security, territory and identity (1997): 59-93.
  • Webber, Douglas. European Disintegration? the Politics of Crisis in the European Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  • Wunderlich, Daniel. "The limits of external governance: implementing EU external migration policy." Journal of European Public Policy 19, no.9 (2012): 1414- 1433.
  • Yakouchyk, Katsiaryna, and Alexandra M. Schmid. “EU-Belarus Cooperation in Border Management: Mechanisms and Forms of Norm Transfer.” In EU Borders and Shifting Internal Security: Technology, Externalization and Accountability, 121–38. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17560-7_7.
  • Zielonka, Jan. “The Remaking of the EU’s Borders and the Images of European Architecture.” Journal of European Integration 39, no.5 (2017): 641–56.
  • Zielonka, Jan. “Empires and the Modern International System.” Geopolitics 17, no.3 (2012): 502–25.
  • Zielonka, Jan. Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union. Oxford University Press, 2006.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Eray Canlar 0000-0002-7558-9505

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Canlar, Eray. “EXTERNALIZED BORDERS OF THE EU: AN IMPERIAL REFLEX?”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, sy. 1 (Eylül 2021): 69-96. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995597.