Araştırma Makalesi
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Turkey and Africa in the Context of South-South Cooperation

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 39 - 51, 31.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.594612

Öz

In spite of their historical and cultural ties, Turkey and African countries did not develop close relations during the Cold War. The unstable environment in domestic politics of Turkey and several African countries hindered a proper rapprochement in the 1990s as well. Since the turn of the 21st century, however, they have been engaged in a fast-paced cooperation. Turkey’s growing engagement in Africa has progressed in tandem with that of other Asian powers, namely China, India, South Korea, Malaysia, and Indonesia. When the increasing presence in Africa of Latin American countries, of Brazil in particular, is added into the whole picture, it can be said that the first two decades of the 21st century has seen a boom in South South Cooperation. This paper treats the mentioned cooperation paradigm as a new aspect of Turkish foreign policy. Given the fact that Ankara was ideologically distanced to the Global South during and soon after the Cold War, the fast-paced Turkish-African cooperation over the last two decades denotes a partial revision in Turkish foreign policy orientation. In the context of this revisionist orientation, the main finding of the paper is that Turkey considers SSC as a way of not only reframing its relations with its African nations but also strengthening the cooperation between rising powers, underdeveloped nations and Islamic political-economic institutions.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, A. (2016). Studying the Bandung Conference from a global IR perspective. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 70(4), 342-357.
  • African Union Press Release (2019, February 6). Joint Communiqué: Turkey-Africa Economic and Business Forum. Retrieved from https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20181011/joint-communiqu%C3%A9-turkey-africa-economic-and-business-forum.
  • Aksoy, E. (2019). Afro-Türkler: Etnik köken ve kimlik. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Bacchi, E. (2015, July 28). A timeline of the Turkish Africa policy. Retrieved from https://ovipot.hypotheses. org/13639.
  • Bayar, M. & Arpa, E. (2019). Türkiye’nin Afrika’ya yönelik kalkınma yardımlarının yardım etkinliği açısından değerlendirilmesi. 11(21), 201-229.
  • Bayram, M. (2014). Türk dış politikasının dönüşüm sürecinde Afrika. İ. Demir (Ed.), Türkiye’nin dış politikası: Yeni eğilimleri, yeni yönelimleri, yeni yaklaşımları (pp. 261-278). Bursa: Dora.
  • Benî Şeyh, A. K. (2016). 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı-Bornu münasebetleri. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 35-66.
  • Bilgehan, Z. (2018, May 20). African businesspeople earn success in Istanbul. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/african-businesspeople-earn-success-in-istanbul-132076.
  • Chediek, J. (2018). United Nations office for south-south cooperation in partnership with IsDB. S. Nicklin & B. Cornwell (Eds.), Reverse Linkage: Development through South-South Cooperation. Leicester: Tudor Rose.
  • Cogalan, S. (2016, November 28). Turkish hospitals in Africa serve hundreds of thousands. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-hospitals-in-africa-serve-hundreds-of-thousands/.
  • Çomak, İ. (2011). Türkiye’nin Afrika politikası ve sağlık sektöründe çalışan Türk STK’ların TİKA’nın desteğinde Afrika’da yürüttüğü faaliyetlerin bu politikaya etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 40(2), 10-31.
  • Di Colloredo, P. R. (2009). I Pilastri del Romano Impero: le Camicie nere in Africa Orientale, 1935-1936. Geneva: Associazione Culturale Italia. Diriliş Postası (2019, April 15). Güney-güney işbirliği. Retrieved from https://www.dirilispostasi.com/.
  • Donelli, F. & Levaggi, A. G. (2016). Becoming global actor: The Turkish agenda for the global south. Rising Powers Quarterly, 1(2), 93-115.
  • Ersoy, E. (2012). Turkish foreign policy toward the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Turkish Studies, 13(4), 683-695.
  • Fasil, B. (2018, November 7). African countries are developing the first African south-south cooperation report. Retrieved from https://www.unsouthsouth.org/2018/11/07/first-african-south-south-cooperation-report/.
  • Gençoğlu, H. (2018). Ottoman traces in Southern Africa: The impact of Turkish Emissaries and Muslim Theologians. İstanbul: Libra.
  • Hatipoğlu, O. G. (2018). Farklı bir kamu kurumu olarak TİKA: Örgüt yapısının dönüşümü hakkında bir analiz. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 1(1), 99-116.
  • Hugon, P. (2010). Les Nouveaux Acteurs de la Coopération en Afrique. Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement, 1, 99-118.
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2018, September 7). Turkey aims to open more embassies in Africa, says Erdoğan. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-aims-to-open-more-embassies-in-africa.
  • Kadioğlu, M. & Tutar, N. (2019). Türkiye’nin kendine has yumuşak güç yöntemi olarak sağlık yardımlarının değerlendirilmesi. Anasay, 8, 163-172.
  • Kamioka, K. & Callejas, J. T. F. (2018). Progress report on the recommendations contained in the review of south-south and triangular cooperation in the United Nations System. Geneva: United Nations.
  • Kavas, A. (2001). Kuzey Afrika’da bir Osmanlı nesli: Kuloğulları. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 21(21), 31-68.
  • Kevin, G. & Gills, B. K. (2016). South–south cooperation and the rise of the global south. Third World Quarterly, 37(4), 557-574.
  • Lev, Y. (1997). Regime, army, and society in medieval Egypt, 9th-12th Centuries. L. Yaacov (Ed.), War and society in the Eastern Mediterranean: 7th - 15th centuries. Leiden: Brill.
  • Murat, T. (2018). Bandung Konferansı ve Türkiye. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 28(2), 363-379.
  • Olpak, M. (2005). Kenya-Girit-İstanbul: Köle kıyısından insan biyografileri. İstanbul: Ozan Yayınları.
  • Özbaran, S. (2009). Ottoman Expansion toward the Indian Ocean in the 16th century, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
  • Özkan, M. & Akgun, B. (2010). Turkey’s opening to Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(4), 525-546.
  • Özkan, M. (2018). Turkey in south-south cooperation: New foreign policy approach in Africa. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 18(3), 565-578.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019a, February 6). The 9th UN Global South-South Development Expo, Antalya, 27-30 November 2017. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/birlesmis-milletler-9-kuresel-guney-guney-kalkinma-fuari.en.mfa.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019b, March 26). Turkey’s relations with the International Fund for agricultural development. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ifad.en.mfa.
  • Şahin, İ. (2013, November 15). Ottoman dynasty still alive in Africa, World Bulletin. Retrieved from https://www.worldbulletin.net/interviews-in-depth/ottoman-dynasty-still-alive-in-africa-h123016.html.
  • Şahin, T. & Ergöçün, G. (2018, October 10). Best ahead in golden era of Turkey-Africa trade ties. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/best-ahead-in-golden-era-of-turkey-africa-trade-ties/.
  • Schnitzer-Skjønsberg, A. (2017). How a regional organization uses south-south cooperation to promote regional and global development. New York: UNOSCC and the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States.
  • Şimşek, D. & Sayman, Y. (2009). Çabuk çabuk: İstanbul'daki Afrikalılar. İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları.
  • Taspinar, Ö. (2008). Turkey’s Middle East policies between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. E., Tok, M. E. & Basher, S. A. (2017). Turkish and BRICS engagement in Africa: Between humanitarian and economic interests. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy, 8(2), 48-66.
  • TİKA (2011). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2011. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2012). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2012. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2013). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2013. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2014). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2014. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2015). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2015. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2017). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2017. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2018, February 14). Meteorology training for 15 African countries with the collaboration between TİKA and Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.tika.gov.tr/en/news/meteorology_training.
  • TİKA (2019, February 6). TİKA provides support to the African leaders summit. Retrieved from http://www.tika.gov.tr/ en/news/tika_provides_support_to_the_african_leaders_summit-46032.
  • TİKA (2020, May 18). An education initiative in Africa by Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.tika.gov.tr/en/news/an_education_initiative_in_africa_by_turkey-42443.
  • Turkish Airlines (2018, December 12). Flight network. Retrieved from https://turkishairlines.ssl.cdn.sdlmedia.com/6368162 07614091685HE.pdf.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2019, April 20). Recep Tayyip Erdogan/Yurt dışı ziyaretler. Retrieved from https://www.tccb.gov.tr/receptayyiperdogan/yurtdisiziyaretler/
  • United Nations Development Programme (2017). South-south cooperation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Strategies for UNDP engagement. New York.
  • Yılmaz, T. O. (2017). 1. Dünya Savaşı'nda Darfur Sultanlığı ve Ali Dinar Hareketi. Türkiye Günlüğü, 131.

Güney-Güney İşbirliği Bağlamında Türkiye ve Afrika

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 39 - 51, 31.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.594612

Öz

Türkiye, tarihsel ve kültürel bağlarına rağmen, Afrika ülkeleri ile Soğuk Savaş döneminde yakın ilişkiler geliştirmekten kaçınmıştır. Türkiye’nin ve birçok Afrika ülkesinin iç politikalarında devam eden istikrarsızlık ortamı, 1990’lı yıllarda da tam bir yakınlaşmaya imkan vermezken 21. yüzyıl başlarında Türkiye ile Afrika ülkeleri arasında hızlandırılmış bir işbirliği süreci gözlenmiştir. Türkiye’nin Afrika’daki varlığını artırma süreci, başta Çin, Hindistan, Güney Kore, Malezya ve Endonezya olmak üzere, diğer Asya ülkelerinin Afrika’daki faaliyetlerini yoğunlaştırmalarına paralel bir seyir izlemiştir. Brezilya gibi Latin Amerika ülkelerinin de Afrika’da giderek daha görünür oldukları dikkate alınırsa, 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Güney-Güney İşbirliği paradigmasının ciddî bir ivme kazandığı söylenebilir. Sözü edilen işbirliği paradigması, bu makalede Türk dış politikasının yeni bir boyutu olarak ele alınmaktadır. Türkiye’nin gerek Soğuk Savaş zarfında gerekse Soğuk Savaş’ın ertesinde ideolojik olarak Küresel Güney’e mesafeli olduğu göz önünde bulundurulursa, son yirmi yılda hızlanan Türkiye-Afrika işbirliğinin Türk dış politika yöneliminde kısmî bir revizyona işaret ettiği söylenebilir. Söz konusu revizyonist yaklaşım bağlamında Türkiye, Güney-Güney İşbirliği’ni hem Afrika devletleriyle ilişkilerini yeni bir çerçevede sürdürme, hem de yükselen güçler, azgelişmiş ülkeler ve İslamî siyasal-ekonomik kuruluşlar arasındaki işbirliğini güçlendirme aracı olarak görmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, A. (2016). Studying the Bandung Conference from a global IR perspective. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 70(4), 342-357.
  • African Union Press Release (2019, February 6). Joint Communiqué: Turkey-Africa Economic and Business Forum. Retrieved from https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20181011/joint-communiqu%C3%A9-turkey-africa-economic-and-business-forum.
  • Aksoy, E. (2019). Afro-Türkler: Etnik köken ve kimlik. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Bacchi, E. (2015, July 28). A timeline of the Turkish Africa policy. Retrieved from https://ovipot.hypotheses. org/13639.
  • Bayar, M. & Arpa, E. (2019). Türkiye’nin Afrika’ya yönelik kalkınma yardımlarının yardım etkinliği açısından değerlendirilmesi. 11(21), 201-229.
  • Bayram, M. (2014). Türk dış politikasının dönüşüm sürecinde Afrika. İ. Demir (Ed.), Türkiye’nin dış politikası: Yeni eğilimleri, yeni yönelimleri, yeni yaklaşımları (pp. 261-278). Bursa: Dora.
  • Benî Şeyh, A. K. (2016). 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı-Bornu münasebetleri. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 35-66.
  • Bilgehan, Z. (2018, May 20). African businesspeople earn success in Istanbul. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/african-businesspeople-earn-success-in-istanbul-132076.
  • Chediek, J. (2018). United Nations office for south-south cooperation in partnership with IsDB. S. Nicklin & B. Cornwell (Eds.), Reverse Linkage: Development through South-South Cooperation. Leicester: Tudor Rose.
  • Cogalan, S. (2016, November 28). Turkish hospitals in Africa serve hundreds of thousands. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-hospitals-in-africa-serve-hundreds-of-thousands/.
  • Çomak, İ. (2011). Türkiye’nin Afrika politikası ve sağlık sektöründe çalışan Türk STK’ların TİKA’nın desteğinde Afrika’da yürüttüğü faaliyetlerin bu politikaya etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 40(2), 10-31.
  • Di Colloredo, P. R. (2009). I Pilastri del Romano Impero: le Camicie nere in Africa Orientale, 1935-1936. Geneva: Associazione Culturale Italia. Diriliş Postası (2019, April 15). Güney-güney işbirliği. Retrieved from https://www.dirilispostasi.com/.
  • Donelli, F. & Levaggi, A. G. (2016). Becoming global actor: The Turkish agenda for the global south. Rising Powers Quarterly, 1(2), 93-115.
  • Ersoy, E. (2012). Turkish foreign policy toward the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Turkish Studies, 13(4), 683-695.
  • Fasil, B. (2018, November 7). African countries are developing the first African south-south cooperation report. Retrieved from https://www.unsouthsouth.org/2018/11/07/first-african-south-south-cooperation-report/.
  • Gençoğlu, H. (2018). Ottoman traces in Southern Africa: The impact of Turkish Emissaries and Muslim Theologians. İstanbul: Libra.
  • Hatipoğlu, O. G. (2018). Farklı bir kamu kurumu olarak TİKA: Örgüt yapısının dönüşümü hakkında bir analiz. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 1(1), 99-116.
  • Hugon, P. (2010). Les Nouveaux Acteurs de la Coopération en Afrique. Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement, 1, 99-118.
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2018, September 7). Turkey aims to open more embassies in Africa, says Erdoğan. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-aims-to-open-more-embassies-in-africa.
  • Kadioğlu, M. & Tutar, N. (2019). Türkiye’nin kendine has yumuşak güç yöntemi olarak sağlık yardımlarının değerlendirilmesi. Anasay, 8, 163-172.
  • Kamioka, K. & Callejas, J. T. F. (2018). Progress report on the recommendations contained in the review of south-south and triangular cooperation in the United Nations System. Geneva: United Nations.
  • Kavas, A. (2001). Kuzey Afrika’da bir Osmanlı nesli: Kuloğulları. Osmanlı Araştırmaları, 21(21), 31-68.
  • Kevin, G. & Gills, B. K. (2016). South–south cooperation and the rise of the global south. Third World Quarterly, 37(4), 557-574.
  • Lev, Y. (1997). Regime, army, and society in medieval Egypt, 9th-12th Centuries. L. Yaacov (Ed.), War and society in the Eastern Mediterranean: 7th - 15th centuries. Leiden: Brill.
  • Murat, T. (2018). Bandung Konferansı ve Türkiye. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 28(2), 363-379.
  • Olpak, M. (2005). Kenya-Girit-İstanbul: Köle kıyısından insan biyografileri. İstanbul: Ozan Yayınları.
  • Özbaran, S. (2009). Ottoman Expansion toward the Indian Ocean in the 16th century, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
  • Özkan, M. & Akgun, B. (2010). Turkey’s opening to Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(4), 525-546.
  • Özkan, M. (2018). Turkey in south-south cooperation: New foreign policy approach in Africa. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 18(3), 565-578.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019a, February 6). The 9th UN Global South-South Development Expo, Antalya, 27-30 November 2017. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/birlesmis-milletler-9-kuresel-guney-guney-kalkinma-fuari.en.mfa.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019b, March 26). Turkey’s relations with the International Fund for agricultural development. Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ifad.en.mfa.
  • Şahin, İ. (2013, November 15). Ottoman dynasty still alive in Africa, World Bulletin. Retrieved from https://www.worldbulletin.net/interviews-in-depth/ottoman-dynasty-still-alive-in-africa-h123016.html.
  • Şahin, T. & Ergöçün, G. (2018, October 10). Best ahead in golden era of Turkey-Africa trade ties. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/best-ahead-in-golden-era-of-turkey-africa-trade-ties/.
  • Schnitzer-Skjønsberg, A. (2017). How a regional organization uses south-south cooperation to promote regional and global development. New York: UNOSCC and the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States.
  • Şimşek, D. & Sayman, Y. (2009). Çabuk çabuk: İstanbul'daki Afrikalılar. İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları.
  • Taspinar, Ö. (2008). Turkey’s Middle East policies between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. E., Tok, M. E. & Basher, S. A. (2017). Turkish and BRICS engagement in Africa: Between humanitarian and economic interests. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy, 8(2), 48-66.
  • TİKA (2011). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2011. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2012). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2012. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2013). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2013. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2014). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2014. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2015). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2015. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2017). Turkish Development Assistance Report 2017. Ankara.
  • TİKA (2018, February 14). Meteorology training for 15 African countries with the collaboration between TİKA and Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.tika.gov.tr/en/news/meteorology_training.
  • TİKA (2019, February 6). TİKA provides support to the African leaders summit. Retrieved from http://www.tika.gov.tr/ en/news/tika_provides_support_to_the_african_leaders_summit-46032.
  • TİKA (2020, May 18). An education initiative in Africa by Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.tika.gov.tr/en/news/an_education_initiative_in_africa_by_turkey-42443.
  • Turkish Airlines (2018, December 12). Flight network. Retrieved from https://turkishairlines.ssl.cdn.sdlmedia.com/6368162 07614091685HE.pdf.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2019, April 20). Recep Tayyip Erdogan/Yurt dışı ziyaretler. Retrieved from https://www.tccb.gov.tr/receptayyiperdogan/yurtdisiziyaretler/
  • United Nations Development Programme (2017). South-south cooperation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Strategies for UNDP engagement. New York.
  • Yılmaz, T. O. (2017). 1. Dünya Savaşı'nda Darfur Sultanlığı ve Ali Dinar Hareketi. Türkiye Günlüğü, 131.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mürsel Bayram 0000-0002-1183-0515

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2020
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayram, M. (2020). Turkey and Africa in the Context of South-South Cooperation. Current Research in Social Sciences, 6(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.594612