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Focusing on the Past, Present, and Future: Psychometric Properties of the Temporal Focus Scale in Turkish Culture

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 52, 44 - 57, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.812331

Öz

Temporal Focus Scale (TFS) is developed by Shipp, Edwards, and Lambert (2009) to explain how thinking past experiences, living in present and future prospects affect people’s lives. The aim of this study to adapt TFS for the Turkish emerging adults (n=330). The validity and reliability of the TFS was evaluated with several methods. Correlation coefficients with Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Satisfaction with Life Scale are used to measure discriminant and concurrent validity of TFS scale. Confirmatory factor analysis, goodness of fit indexes, and the internal consistency coefficients calculation for the subscales (past, current, and future) were found to be sufficient, the three-factor model was confirmed, and concurrent and discriminant validity analyses supports the TFS’s adaptability into Turkish culture and language. The implication of this study in the counseling and education field is discussed.

Kaynakça

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  • Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 1-26.
  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230-241.
  • Bluedorn, A. C., & Denhardt, R. B. (1988). Time and organizations. Journal of management, 14(2), 299-320.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The Benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (84), 822-848.
  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry (18(4), 211-237.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (multivariate applications series). New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 396, 7384.
  • Carr, A. (2016). Positive Psychology. (Ü. Şendilik Trans.). İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Cengiz, R., Serdar, E., & Konuk, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilinçli farkındalık ve girişimcilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Examining the conscious awareness and entrepreneurship levels of university students]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2 (4), 1320-1328.
  • Cherrington, A. (2015). A Hopeful Participatory Engagement with Rural South African Children. Educational Research for Social Change (ERSC), 4(1): 40-54.
  • Chishima, Y., McKay, M. T., & Murakami, T. (2017). The reliability and validity of the Temporal Focus Scale in young Japanese adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 230-235.
  • Chishima, Y., Murakami, T., Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2019). The Japanese Version of the Adolescent Time Inventory–Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) Scale: Internal Consistency, Structural Validity, and Convergent Validity. Assessment, 26(2), 181-192.
  • Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness interventions. Annual review of psychology, 68, 491-516. Deng, Y. Q., Li, S., Tang, Y. Y., Zhu, L. H., Ryan, R., & Brown, K. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). Mindfulness, 3(1), 10-14.
  • Deniz, M. E. & Işik, E. (2010). Positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and coping with stress by attachment styles in Turkish students. Psychological reports, 107(2), 480-490.
  • Deniz, M. E., Erus, S. M., & Büyükcebeci, A. (2017). Bilinçli farkındalık ile psikolojik iyi oluş ilişkisinde duygusal zekanın aracılık rolü [The mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi [Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal], 7 (47), 10-22.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,49,71-75.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276.
  • Ender, Z., Sarıcalı, M., Satıcı, S. A., & Eraslan-Çapan, B. (2019). Is mindful awareness effective on hope, burnout and self-efficacy among school counsellors in Turkey?. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 47(6), 712-726.
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  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Positive and negative emotion scale: Validity and reliability study]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 15(46), 19-26.
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  • Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness. Insight Journal, 22(3), 24-29.
  • Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical psychology review, 37, 1-12.
  • Harber, K. D., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2003). Participant self-selection biases as a function of individual differences in time perspective. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 255-264.
  • Holman, E. A. ve Silver, R. C. (1998). Getting" stuck" in the past: temporal orientation and coping with trauma. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1146.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic journal of business research methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Işıkay, M. S. (2019). Aile danışmanlığında bilişsel davranışçı psikoterapi uygulamalarının ergenlerin sınav kaygısı ve iyi oluş düzeylerine etkisine yönelik deneysel bir çalışma [An experimental study on the effects of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy practices on adolescents' exam anxiety and well-being levels in family counseling]. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Retrieved from YÖK National Thesis Center database. (Thesis no: 582539).
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Geçmişe, Bugüne ve Geleceğe Odaklanmak: Zaman Odağı Ölçeğinin Türk Kültüründeki Psikometrik Özellikleri

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 52, 44 - 57, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.812331

Öz

Zaman Odağı Ölçeği (TFS), Shipp, Edwards ve Lambert (2009) tarafından geçmiş deneyimleri düşünmenin, şimdiki zamanda yaşamanın ve gelecekteki olasılıkların insanların yaşamlarını nasıl etkilediğini açıklamak için geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, TFS'yi Türk yetişkinler (n = 330) için uyarlamaktır. TFS ölçeğinin ayırt edici ve eşzamanlı geçerliliğini ölçmek için Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği, ve Yaşamdan Memnuniyeti Ölçeği ile korelasyon katsayıları kullanılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, uyum iyiliği indeksleri ve alt ölçekler için (geçmiş, şimdiki ve gelecek) iç tutarlılık katsayıları hesaplaması yeterli bulunmuş, üç faktörlü model doğrulanmıştır. Eşzamanlı ve ayırt edici geçerlilik analizleri, TFS'nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanabilirliğini desteklemektedir. Bu çalışmanın eğitim ve psikolojik danışmanlık alanına katkıları tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 10(2), 125-143.
  • Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 1-26.
  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230-241.
  • Bluedorn, A. C., & Denhardt, R. B. (1988). Time and organizations. Journal of management, 14(2), 299-320.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The Benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (84), 822-848.
  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry (18(4), 211-237.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (multivariate applications series). New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 396, 7384.
  • Carr, A. (2016). Positive Psychology. (Ü. Şendilik Trans.). İstanbul: Kaknüs.
  • Cengiz, R., Serdar, E., & Konuk, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilinçli farkındalık ve girişimcilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Examining the conscious awareness and entrepreneurship levels of university students]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2 (4), 1320-1328.
  • Cherrington, A. (2015). A Hopeful Participatory Engagement with Rural South African Children. Educational Research for Social Change (ERSC), 4(1): 40-54.
  • Chishima, Y., McKay, M. T., & Murakami, T. (2017). The reliability and validity of the Temporal Focus Scale in young Japanese adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 230-235.
  • Chishima, Y., Murakami, T., Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2019). The Japanese Version of the Adolescent Time Inventory–Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) Scale: Internal Consistency, Structural Validity, and Convergent Validity. Assessment, 26(2), 181-192.
  • Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness interventions. Annual review of psychology, 68, 491-516. Deng, Y. Q., Li, S., Tang, Y. Y., Zhu, L. H., Ryan, R., & Brown, K. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). Mindfulness, 3(1), 10-14.
  • Deniz, M. E. & Işik, E. (2010). Positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and coping with stress by attachment styles in Turkish students. Psychological reports, 107(2), 480-490.
  • Deniz, M. E., Erus, S. M., & Büyükcebeci, A. (2017). Bilinçli farkındalık ile psikolojik iyi oluş ilişkisinde duygusal zekanın aracılık rolü [The mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi [Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal], 7 (47), 10-22.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,49,71-75.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276.
  • Ender, Z., Sarıcalı, M., Satıcı, S. A., & Eraslan-Çapan, B. (2019). Is mindful awareness effective on hope, burnout and self-efficacy among school counsellors in Turkey?. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 47(6), 712-726.
  • Fried, Y. & Slowik, L. H. (2004). Enriching goal-setting theory with time: An integrated approach. Academy of management Review, 29(3), 404-422.
  • Gardner, D. G., Dunham, R. B., Cummings, L. L., & Pierce, J. L. (1987). Employee focus of attention and reactions to organizational change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 23(3), 351–370.
  • Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Positive and negative emotion scale: Validity and reliability study]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 15(46), 19-26.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness. Insight Journal, 22(3), 24-29.
  • Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical psychology review, 37, 1-12.
  • Harber, K. D., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2003). Participant self-selection biases as a function of individual differences in time perspective. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 255-264.
  • Holman, E. A. ve Silver, R. C. (1998). Getting" stuck" in the past: temporal orientation and coping with trauma. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1146.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic journal of business research methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Işıkay, M. S. (2019). Aile danışmanlığında bilişsel davranışçı psikoterapi uygulamalarının ergenlerin sınav kaygısı ve iyi oluş düzeylerine etkisine yönelik deneysel bir çalışma [An experimental study on the effects of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy practices on adolescents' exam anxiety and well-being levels in family counseling]. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Retrieved from YÖK National Thesis Center database. (Thesis no: 582539).
  • Ivtzan, I., Young, T., Martman, J., Jeffrey, A., Lomas, T., Hart, R., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2016). Integrating mindfulness into positive psychology: A randomised controlled trial of an online positive mindfulness program. Mindfulness, 7(6), 1396-1407.
  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK.
  • Kabat‐Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 10(2), 144-156.
  • Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and applied social psychology, 21(2), 149-164.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007.
  • Kocaman, E. N. (2019). Bir grup yetişkinde umut ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between hope and psychological well-being in a group of adults in terms of different variables]. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Retrieved from YÖK National Thesis Center database. (Thesis no: 541377).
  • Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 4-41.
  • Langer, E. J., & Ngnoumen, C. T. (2017). Mindfulness. In Positive Psychology (pp. 95-111). Routledge.
  • McGrath, J. E., & Rotchford, N. L. (1983). Time and behavior in organizations. Research in organizational behavior.
  • McKay, M. T., Percy, A., Goudie, A. J., Sumnall, H. R., & Cole, J. C. (2012). The Temporal Focus Scale: Factor structure and association with alcohol use in a sample of Northern Irish school children. Journal of A dolescence, 35(5), 1361–1368.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.006.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Muyskens, J. L. (1979). The sufficiency of hope: The conceptual foundations of religion. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
  • Nuttin, J., & Lens, W. (1985). Future time perspective and motivation. Leuven & Hillsdale.
  • Oğuztürk, Ö., Akça, F., & Şahin, G. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde umutsuzluk düzeyi ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin bazı değişkenler üzerinden incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between the level of hopelessness and problem solving skills of university students through some variables]. Klinik Psikiyatri [Clinical Psychiatry],14:85-93.
  • Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması [Adaptation of mindfulness scale to Turkish]. Eğitim ve Bilim [Education and Science], 36(160).
  • Rochlen, A. B., McKelley, R. A., Suizzo, M. A., & Scaringi, V. (2008). Predictors of relationship satisfaction, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction among stay-at-home fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 9(1), 17.
  • Rush, J., & Grouzet, F. M. (2012). It is about time: Daily relationships between temporal perspective and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(5), 427-442.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069.
  • Sanna, L. J., Stocker, S. L., & Clarke, J. A. (2003). Rumination, imagination, and personality: Specters of the past and future in the present. In E. C. Chang & L. J. Sanna (Eds.), Virtue, vice, and personality: The Complexity of Behavior (p. 105–124). American Psychological Association.
  • Sarıcaoğlu, H. (2011). Bilinçli öz-anlayış programının üniversite öğrencilerinin öz-anlayışına etkisi [The effect of conscious self-understanding program on university students' self-understanding]. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Retrieved from YÖK National Thesis Center database. (Thesis no: 425124).
  • Schonert-Reichl, K. A. & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The effects of a mindfulness-based education program on pre-and early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence. Mindfulness, 1(3), 137-151.
  • Sears, S., & Kraus, S. (2009). I think therefore I om: Cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety, positive and negative affect, and hope. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(6), 561-573.
  • Segal, Z. V., & Teasdale, J. (2018). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Guilford Publications.
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Gerçek mutluluk [Real Happines] (S. Kunt Akbaş and E. Köroğlu, Trans.). Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın.
  • Shipp, A. J., Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2009). Conceptualization and measurement of temporal focus: The subjective experience of the past, present, and future. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110(1), 1-22.
  • Stahl, B., & Goldstein, E. (2019). A mindfulness-based stress reduction workbook. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Strobel, M., Tumasjan, A., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2013). The future starts today, not tomorrow: How future focus promotes organizational citizenship behaviors. Human Relations, 66(6), 829-856.
  • Şahin, M., Aydın, B., Sarı, S. V., Sezen, K. & Havva, P. (2012). Öznel iyi oluşu açıklamada umut ve yaşamda anlamın rolü [The role of hope and meaning in life in explaining subjective well-being],. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi [Kastamonu Education Journal], 20(3), 827-836.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Tarhan, S., & Bacanlı, H. (2015). Sürekli umut ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the continuous hope scale to Turkish: Validity and reliability study]. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 1-14.
  • Uysal, V., Göktepe, A. K., Karagöz, S., & İlerisoy, M. (2017). Dinî başa çıkma ile umut, hayat memnuniyeti ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki etkileşim üzerine bir araştırma [A study on the interaction between religious coping and hope, life satisfaction, and psychological resilience]. Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi [Journal of Marmara University Faculty of Theology], 52(52), 139-160.
  • Veenhoven, R., 1996. The study of life satisfaction. In: Saris, W.E., Veenhoven, R., Scherpenzeel, A.C., Bunting, B. (Eds.), A Comparative Study of Satisfaction With Life in Europe. Eo¨tvo¨s University Press, Budapest, pp. 11–48.
  • Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O. L., & Lenz, E. R. (Eds.). (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer publishing company.
  • Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Methods and applications. Wiley.
  • Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological review, 96(2), 234.
  • Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219-235.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
  • Williams, M. & Penman, D. (2014). Farkındalık: Çılgın bir dünyada huzur bulmak için pratik bir rehber [Awareness: A practical guide to find peace in a crazy world ](E. Duru, Trans.). Pegasus Yayıncılık [Publisher]: İstanbul.
  • Worrell, F. C., McKay, M. T., & Andretta, J. R. (2015). Concurrent validity of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory profiles: A secondary analysis of data from the United Kingdom. Journal of adolescence, 42, 128-139.
  • Yetim, Ü. (1993). Life satisfaction: A study based on the organization of personal projects. Social Indicators Research, 29, 277-289.
  • Yetim, Ü. (2001). Toplumdan bireye mutluluk resimleri [People from society to happiness pictures]. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları [Publisher].
  • Yetim, Ü. (2003). The impacts of individualism/collectivism, self-esteem and feeling of mastery on life satisfaction among the Turkish university students and academicians. Social Indicators Research, 61, 297-317.
  • Zacher, H. (2014). Individual difference predictors of change in career adaptability over time. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 188–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb. 2014.01.001.
  • Zacher, H. (2016). Within-person relationships between daily individual and job characteristics and daily manifestations of career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 105-115.
  • Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(6), 1007-1023.
  • Zournazi, M. (2004). Umut değişim için yeni felsefeler [New philosophies for hope change] (U. Abacı, Trans.). İstanbul: Literatür.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ümüt Arslan 0000-0002-3611-9607

Burcu Bayraktar 0000-0003-4461-4269

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 52

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, Ü., & Bayraktar, B. (2021). Focusing on the Past, Present, and Future: Psychometric Properties of the Temporal Focus Scale in Turkish Culture. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(52), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.812331