The Effect of University Students' Perceived Social Support Levels on Physical Activity Participation

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 231 - 246, 30.07.2022

Hüseyin Gümüş Merve Koyuncu

https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1085308

Öz

It is clearly seen that interaction affects the level of physical activity like many other behaviors in the social world we live in with others. This study examines the relationship between motivation to participate in physical activities and perceived social support. The sample group of the study consists of 491 students, 389 females and 102 males, whom are chosen from two public university students. They are selected according to convenient sampling method which is one of the non-random sampling method. In the research, The Motivation Scale for Participating in Physical Activity which is developed by Tekkurşun-Demir and Cicioğlu, and Perceived Support Scale that is developed by Yıldırım in 1997 and revised in 2004 were used as a data collection tools. In addition to descriptive statics, which are Regression Analysis and Explanatory Factor Analysis, Independent Sample T Test was also used for two groups depending on the number of variables in the analysis of the data. When the findings were evaluated, it was determined that the perceived social support levels of the research group were above the average and the highest support was determined as friend support while the lowest was teacher support. In physical activity motivations, the highest average is in the sub-dimension of arbitrariness while the lowest average is the individual sub-dimension. It has been retained that gender is a variable that causes significant difference in all sub-dimensions and total scores. The average scores of males are higher compare to females. Findings of correlation analysis examining the relationship between measurement tools show that there are positive low and medium level relationship between perceived social support and motivation to participate in physical activity. Furthermore, as a result of regression analysis, it was demonstrated with the regression model that a unit increase in perceived social support would create an increase of 0,144 on physical activity participation. As a result, perceived social support is an important predictor of participation in physical activity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social support, Physical activity, Perception, College students

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Algıladıkları Sosyal Destek Düzeylerinin Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılımlarına Etkisi

Öz

Başkalarıyla etkileşimin birçok davranış gibi fiziksel aktivite düzeyini de etkilediği sosyal bir dünyada yaşıyoruz. Bu çalışmada fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu ve algılanan sosyal destek arasındaki ilişki incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu seçkisiz olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden uygun örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmiş iki devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerinden oluşan 389 kadın 102 erkek olmak üzere toplam 491 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Tekkurşun-Demir ve Cicioğlu tarafından geliştirilen Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılım Motivasyonu Ölçeği ve Yıldırım (1997) tarafından geliştirilen ve 2004’te revize edilen Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizde betimsel istatistikler, Regresyon Analizi ve Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizinin yanı sıra değişken sayısına bağlı olarak iki grup için Bağımsız Örneklem T Testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde araştırma grubunun algılanan sosyal destek düzeylerinin ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu, en yüksek destek arkadaş desteği olarak belirlenirken, en düşük desteğin öğretmen desteği olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fiziksel aktivite Motivasyonlarında ise en yüksek ortalama nedensizlik alt boyutundayken en düşük ortalama bireysel alt boyuttadır. Cinsiyetin tüm alt boyutlarda ve toplam skorlarda anlamlı farka yol açan bir değişken olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Erkek bireylerin ortalama puanları kadınlara oranla daha yüksektir. Ölçüm araçları arasındaki ilişkinin incelendiği korelasyon analizi bulguları algılanan sosyal destek ile fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu arasında pozitif yönlü düşük ve orta düzey ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca regreasyon analizi neticesinde algılanan sosyal destekte gerçekleşen bir birim artışın, fiziksel aktiviteye katılım üzerinde 0,144’lik bir artış yaratacağı gerçekleştirilen regresyon modeliyle ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç olarak fiziksel aktiviteye katılımda algılanan sosyal destek önemli bir yordayıcıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal destek, Fiziksel aktivite, Algı, Üniversite öğrencileri

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• 1. Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V., & Day, G. S. (2007). Marketing Research (9. Edition). Danvers: John Wiley & Sons.
• 2. Anderssen, N., & Wold, B. (1992). Parental and peer influences on leisure-time physical activity in young adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63(4), 341–348.
• 3. Armstrong, N., & Welsman, J. (1997). Young people and physical activity. USA: Oxford University Press.
• 4. Avcı, Ö. H., & Yıldırım, İ. (2014). Violence tendency, loneliness and social support among adolescents. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 29(1), 157-168.
• 5. Ayyıldız Durhan, T., Özdemir, A. S., & Karaküçük, S. (2021). Motivation to participate in exercise in regular recreational exercise. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 5(1), 42-50.
• 6. Barnett, T. A., Gauvin, L., Craig, C. L., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2008). Distinct trajectories of leisure time physical activity and predictors of trajectory class membership: A 22 year cohort study International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 1-8.
• 7. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.
• 8. Berkham, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51(6), 843–857.
• 9. Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy. Child Development, 58(4), 1101-1113.
• 10. Çağlayan, B., Coşkun, S., & Yılmaz, B. (2021). Relationship between sportsmanship behavior and communication skills: A study on university student-athletes. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 5(1), 83-89.
• 11. Deliens, T., Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Clarys, P. (2015). Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-9.
• 12. Demir, G. T., & Cicioğlu, H. İ. (2018). Fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonu ölçeği (FAKMÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. [Motivation scale for participation in physical activity (MSPPA): A study of validity and reliability]. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(4), 2479-2492.
• 13. Dowda, M., Dishman, R. K., Pfeiffer, K., & Pate, R. R. (2007). Family support for physical activity in girls from 8th to 12th grade in South Carolina. Preventive Medicine, 44, 153-159.
• 14. Due, P., Holstein, B., Lund, R., Modvig, J., & Avlund, K. (1999). Social relations: Network, support and relational strain. Social Science & Medicine, 48(5), 661-673.
• 15. Duncan, S. C., Duncan T. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2005). Sources and types of social support in youth physical activity. Health psychology, 24(1), 3.
• 16. Eyler, A. A., Brownson, R. C., Donatelle, R. J., King, A. C., Brown, D., & Sallis, J. F. (1999). Physical activity social support and middle-and older-aged minority women: results from a US survey. Social Science & Medicine, 49(6), 781-789.
• 17. Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015). A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113-147.
• 18. Gottlieb, B. H. (1983). Social support as a focus for integrative research in psychology. American Psychologist, 38(3), 278-287.
• 19. Gottlieb, B. H., & Bergen, A. E. (2010). Social support concepts and measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(5), 511–520.
• 20. Greenberg, T., Siegel, J., & Leitch, C. (1983). The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 373-386.
• 21. Gümüş, H., Honca, A. A., & Cetinkaya, T. (2019). Perceived social support in recreational activity participation: A study on students. Higher Education Studies, 9(1), 151-158.
• 22. Hasbrook, C. A. (1986). The sport participation-social class relationship: Some recent youth sport participation data. Sociology of Sport Journal, 3(2), 154-159.
• 23. Holt, N. L., & Hoar, S. D. (2006). The multidimensional construct of social support. In: S. Hanton, & S. Mellalieu, (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology (199-225). Hauppauge NY: Nova Science Publishers.
• 24. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316.
• 25. Hünük, D., Özdemir, R. A., Yıldırım, G., & Aşçı, H. (2013). The role of perceived social support on physical activity participation of 6th to 8th grade students. Education and Science, 38(170), 3-18.
• 26. Kahwa, H., Gargalianos, D., & Yfantidou, G. (2021). Sport as a tool for international relations: case study of ugandan sport leaders. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 5(1), 5-18.
• 27. Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific Research Methods]. (10th edition). Ankara: Nobel Publication.
• 28. Karataş, Z. (2012). Ergenlerin algılanan sosyal destek ve sürekli kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of adolescents' perceived social support and trait anxiety levels]. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 9(19), 257-271.
• 29. Khan, C. M., Stephens, M. A. P., Franks, M. M., Rook, K. S., & Salem, J. K. (2013). Influences of spousal support and control on diabetes management through physical activity. Health Psychology, 32(7), 739-747.
• 30. King, K. A., Tergerson, J. L., & Wilson, B. R. (2008) Effect of social support on adolescents’ perceptions of and engagement in physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 5(3), 374-384.
• 31. Kurc, A. R, & Leatherdale, S. T. (2009) The effect of social support and school- and community-based sports on youth physical activity. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 100(1), 60-64.
• 32. Kwan, M. Y., & Faulkner, G. E. (2011). Perceptions and barriers to physical activity during the transition to university. American Journal of Health Studies, 26, 87-96.
• 33. Kwan, M. Y., Cairney, J., Faulkner, G. E., & Pullenayegum, E. E. (2012). Physical activity and other health-risk behaviors during the transition into early adulthood: A longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(1), 14-20.
• 34. Lindsay Smith, G., Banting, L., Eime, R., O’Sullivan, G., & Van Uffelen, J. G. (2017). The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1-21.
• 35. Malhotra, N. K. (2004). Marketing research an applied orientation (4. Edition). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• 36. Opstoel, K., Chapelle, L., Prins, F. J., De Meester, A., Haerens, L., Van Tartwijk, J., & De Martelaer, K. (2020). Personal and social development in physical education and sports: A review study. European Physical Education Review, 26(4), 797-813.
• 37. Pehlevan, Z., & Bal, S. İ. (2018). 13-15 yaş grubu çocuklarda spora katılımın akran ilişkileri ve sosyal destek alma üzerine etkisi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4), 191-203.
• 38. Peker, A., & Eroğlu, Y. (2015). Ergenlerde algılanan sosyal destek ve siber zorbalığa eğilim arasındaki ilişkiler: Arkadaştan ve öğretmenden algılanan sosyal desteğin aracı rolü. [Relationships between perceived social support and cyberbullying tendency in adolescents: the mediator role of perceived social support from friend and teacher]. Turkish Studies, 10(3), 759-778.
• 39. Polero, P., Rebollo-Seco, C., Adsuar, J. C., Pérez-Gómez, J., Rojo-Ramos, J., Manzano-Redondo, F., ... & Carlos-Vivas, J. (2021). Physical activity recommendations during COVID-19: narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 65.
• 40. Prochaska, J. J., Rodgers, M. W., & Sallis, J. F. (2002). Association of parent and peer support with adolescent physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(2), 206-210.
• 41. Ren, Z., Hu, L., Yu, J.J., Yu, Q., Chen, S., Ma, Y., Lin, J., Yang, L., Li, X., & Zou, L. (2020). The Influence of social supporton physical activity in children adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy. Children, 7(3), 23.
• 42. Sallis, J. F., Taylor, W. C., Dowda, M., Freedson, P. S., & Pate, R. R. (2002). Correlates of vigorous physical activity for children in grades 1 through 12: comparing parent-reported and objectively measured physical activity. Pediatric Exercise Science, 14(1), 30-44.
• 43. Scarapicchia, T. M. F., Amireault, S., Faulkner, G., & Sabiston, C. M. (2017). Social support and physical activity participation among healthy adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 50–83.
• 44. Scarapicchia, T. M., Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K. P., & Faulkner, G. (2017). A longitudinal investigation of a multidimensional model of social support and physical activity over the first year of university. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 31, 11-20.
• 45. Shennar-Golan, V., & Walter, O. (2018). Physical activity intensity among adolescents and association with parent–adolescent relationship and well-being. American Journal Of Men's Health, 12(5), 1530-1540.
• 46. Smith, A. L. (2003). Peer relationships in physical activity contexts: A road less traveled in youth sport and exercise psychology research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(1), 25-39.
• 47. Sparling, P. B., & Snow, T. K. (2002). Physical activity patterns in recent college alumni. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(2), 200-205.
• 48. Taymoori, P., Niknami, S., Berry, T., Ghofranipour, F., & Kazemnejad, A. (2009). Application of the health promotion model to predict stages of exercise behaviour in Iranian adolescents. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 15(5), 1215-1225.
• 49. Treiber, F. A., Baranowski, T., Braden, D. S., Strong, W. B., Levy, M., & Knox, W. (1991). Social support for exercise: relationship to physical activity in young adults. Preventive Medicine, 20(6), 737-750.
• 50. Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236–255.
• 51. Umberson, D., Crosnoe, R., & Reczek, C. (2010). Social relationships and health behavior across the life course. Annual Reviews of Sociology, 36, 139–157.
• 52. Verloigne, M., Cardon, G., De Craemer, M., D’Haese, S., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2016). Mediating effects of self-efficacy, benefits and barriers on the association between peer and parental factors and physical activity among adolescent girls with a lower educational level. PloS One, 11(6), e0157216.
• 53. Wilson, K. S. (2021). Social support, relationships, and physical activity. Essentials of exercise and sport psychology an Open Access Textbook, 219-241.
• 54. Yıldırım, İ. (1997). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi, güvenirliği ve geçerliği. [Developing a scale of perceived social support, reliability and validity]. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 13(13).
• 55. Yıldırım, İ. (1998). The social support levels of high school students who had lower or higher academic performance, according to some variables. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 2(9), 33-38.
• 56. Yüce, G. E., & Muz, G. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on adults’ dietary behaviors, physical activity and stress levels. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(1), 283-291.
• 57. Zhang, J., Brackbill, D., Yang, S., Becker, J., Herbert, N., & Centola, D. (2016). Support or competition? How online social networks increase physical activity: A randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 453-458.
• 58. Zikmund, W. G. (1997). Business Research Methods (5. Edition). Orlando: The Dryden Press.