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HERETIC INVOCATION TO THE EVENTS OF THE XIIIth AND XIVth:THE FLAGELLANTS MOVEMENT AND THE HOLY BLOOD ICONOGRAPHY

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 515 - 529, 09.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1269193

Öz

In Medieval Christian society crises, wars epidemics, famines were considered as wrath of God. Faced with such adversities people took various actions to quell God’s anger. The Flagellants who took to the streets of Europe in the XIIIth and 14th centuries acted with the same instinct. As a result of the calamities they had experienced, they believed that God was determined to destroy them, and by whipping their bodies they tried to prevent this end and appease God. They wandered through cities and towns with whips in their hands and accompanied by locak hymns. For a total of thirty-three and a half days, they chastised their bodies with whips. Blood had a special place in their rituals, and this blood symbolixed the blood of Christ. However, local authorities and the Papacy saw their actions as objectionable and banned them. They actions in the XIVth century made more noise than in the XIIIth century. The Flagellants were radicalized in the XIVth century. The aim of our study is to evaluate the emergence adventures of the Flagellants, who appeared on the stage of history in two phases.In this context, our study aims to take a perspective on the social history of the XIIIth and XIVth centuries.

Kaynakça

  • ABERTH, John, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350, Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2005.
  • AUTISSIER, Anne, ‘Le Sang des Flagellants’, Médiévales, S.27, 1994, s.51-58.
  • COOPER, M., Flagellation & The Flagellants: A History of the Rod in all Countries from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, William Reeves, London 1877.
  • DEANE, Jennifer K., A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC., Maryland 2011.
  • DICKSON, Gary, “The Flagellants of 1260 and the Crusades”, Journal of Medieval History, C.15, S.3, s. 227-267.
  • ERBSTOSSER, Martin, Sozialreligiöse Strömüngen im späten Mittelalter, De Gruyter, Berlin 1970.
  • FRANCISCAN SALIMBENE, From to St. Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene (1221-1228), Trans: G. G. Coulton, David Nutt, London 1907.
  • FREDERICQ, P. (Ed.), Corpus Documentorum Inquisitionis Haereticae Pravitatis Neerlandicae, Vol.II, J. Vuylsteke, Ghent 1891.
  • FRITSCHE CLOSENER, Die Chroniken der Deutschen Städte, Vol.VIII, Leipzig Hirzel, 1887.
  • GILLES le MUISIT, Chronique et Annales de Gilles Le Muisit, Ed. Hanri Lemaitre, Libraire Renouard, Paris 1906.
  • GUILLAUME de NANGIS, Chronique Latine de Guillaume de Nangis de 1113 a 1300 avec les Continuations de cette Chronique de 1300 a 1368, Ed. H. Geraud, Vol.II, Chez Jules Renouard Et C., Paris 1893.
  • HEATH, Sidney, Pilgrim Life in the Middle Ages, Kenniket Press, London 1911.
  • HENDERSON, John, Piety and Charity in the Late Medieval Florence, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1997.
  • HENRICUS de HERVORDIA, Liber de Rebus Memorabilioribus sive Chronicon, Ed. Augustus Potthast, Dieterich, Göttingen 1859.
  • HERMANNI ALTAHENSIS, Hermanni Altahensis Annales, Ed. Friedrich Bohmer Fontes Rerum , J. G. Cotta Sher Verlag, Stuttgard 1845.
  • HUIZINGA, J., The Warning of the Middle Ages, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London 1970.
  • KIECKHEFER, Richard, “Radical Tendencies in the Flagellabt Movement of the Mid-Fourteenth Century”, The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Stıdies, 4/3, 1974, s.158-176.
  • LAMBERT, Malcolm, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movement from the Gregorien Reform to the Reformation, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2022.
  • LEFF, Gordon, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: The Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent c. 1250- c. 1450, Manchester University Press, New York 1967.
  • MATHIAE NEOBURGENSIS, Mathiae Neoburgensis Chronica cum continuatione et Vita Berchtholdi de Buchegg, Ed. G. Studer, Stampfilische Buchdruckerei, Bern 1866.
  • PATTERSON, Keith Charles, The Flagellants of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Their Rise and Decline, (Oklahoma State University Master of Arts, Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Oklahoma 1977.
  • PERTZ, G. H. (E.d), “Annales Sanctae Iustinae Patavini”, MGH SS XIX, Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, Hanover 1866, s.148-193.
  • ROMAN, Reinaldo L., “Christian Themes: Mainstream Traditions and Millenarian Tradition”, Millennialism and Violence, Ed. Michael Barkun, Frank Cass, London 2005, s.51-83.
  • THOMAE WALSHINGHAM, Quondam Monachi S. Albani, Historia Anglicana, Ed. Henry Thomas Riley, Vol.I, Longman, Green, Longman, London 1863.
  • THOMSON, Augustine, The Cities of God: The Religion of the Italian Communes,, 1125-1325, Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania 2010.
  • TURBERVILLE, A. S., Medieval Heresy& The Inquisition, Crosby Lockwood and Son., London 1920.
  • VINCENT, Catherine, ‘Discipline du corps et de l’esprit chez les Flagellants au Moyen Age’, Revue Historique, C.302, S.3, 2000. s.593-614.
  • VOGEL, Cyrille, “Le pélerinage pénitentiel”, Revue des Scienses Religieuses, C.38, S.2, 1964, s.113-153.
  • WERNER, Alfred, ‘Germany’s New Flagellants’, The American Scholar, C.27, S.2, 1958, s.169-181.
  • ZEIGLER, Philip, The Black Death, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1969.

XIII. VE XIV. YÜZYIL HADİSELERİNE HERETİK BİR YAKARIŞ: KIRBAÇÇILAR HAREKETİ VE KUTSAL KAN İKONOGROFİSİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 515 - 529, 09.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1269193

Öz

Orta Çağ Hıristiyan toplumunda krizler, savaşlar, salgın hastalıklar, kıtlıklar Tanrı’nın bir gazabı olarak düşünülmekteydi. Bu tarz olumsuzluklarla karşı karşıya kalan insanlar, Tanrı’nın öfkesini yatıştırmak için çeşitli eylemlere başvuruyorlardı. XIII. ve XIV. yüzyılda Avrupa sokaklarına dökülen Kırbaççılar da, aynı içgüdü ile hareket etmekteydiler. Üst üste yaşadıkları felaketler neticesinde Tanrı’nın onları yok etmeye kararlı olduğuna inanmışlardı ve bedenlerini kırbaçlayarak bu sonun önüne geçmeyi, Tanrı’yı yatıştırmayı denediler. Ellerinde kırbaçlarla, yerel ilahiler eşliğinde şehirleri, kasabaları dolaştılar. Toplam otuz üç buçuk gün boyunca bedenlerini kırbaçla tedip ettiler. Ritüellerinde kanın özel bir yeri bulunmaktaydı ve bu kan Mesih’in kanını sembolize ediyordu. Ancak yerel otoriteler ve Papalık eylemlerini sakıncalı gördü ve yasakladı. XIV. yüzyıldaki eylemleri XIII. yüzyıla kıyasla daha fazla ses getirdi. Kırbaççılar XIV. yüzyılda radikalleştiler. Çalışmamızın amacı iki evre halinde tarih sahnesine çıkan Kırbaççıların ortaya çıkış serüvenlerini değerlendirmektir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamız XIII. ve XIV. yüzyılın sosyal tarihine konu üzerinden bir bakış açısı atmayı hedeflemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • ABERTH, John, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350, Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2005.
  • AUTISSIER, Anne, ‘Le Sang des Flagellants’, Médiévales, S.27, 1994, s.51-58.
  • COOPER, M., Flagellation & The Flagellants: A History of the Rod in all Countries from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, William Reeves, London 1877.
  • DEANE, Jennifer K., A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC., Maryland 2011.
  • DICKSON, Gary, “The Flagellants of 1260 and the Crusades”, Journal of Medieval History, C.15, S.3, s. 227-267.
  • ERBSTOSSER, Martin, Sozialreligiöse Strömüngen im späten Mittelalter, De Gruyter, Berlin 1970.
  • FRANCISCAN SALIMBENE, From to St. Francis to Dante: Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene (1221-1228), Trans: G. G. Coulton, David Nutt, London 1907.
  • FREDERICQ, P. (Ed.), Corpus Documentorum Inquisitionis Haereticae Pravitatis Neerlandicae, Vol.II, J. Vuylsteke, Ghent 1891.
  • FRITSCHE CLOSENER, Die Chroniken der Deutschen Städte, Vol.VIII, Leipzig Hirzel, 1887.
  • GILLES le MUISIT, Chronique et Annales de Gilles Le Muisit, Ed. Hanri Lemaitre, Libraire Renouard, Paris 1906.
  • GUILLAUME de NANGIS, Chronique Latine de Guillaume de Nangis de 1113 a 1300 avec les Continuations de cette Chronique de 1300 a 1368, Ed. H. Geraud, Vol.II, Chez Jules Renouard Et C., Paris 1893.
  • HEATH, Sidney, Pilgrim Life in the Middle Ages, Kenniket Press, London 1911.
  • HENDERSON, John, Piety and Charity in the Late Medieval Florence, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1997.
  • HENRICUS de HERVORDIA, Liber de Rebus Memorabilioribus sive Chronicon, Ed. Augustus Potthast, Dieterich, Göttingen 1859.
  • HERMANNI ALTAHENSIS, Hermanni Altahensis Annales, Ed. Friedrich Bohmer Fontes Rerum , J. G. Cotta Sher Verlag, Stuttgard 1845.
  • HUIZINGA, J., The Warning of the Middle Ages, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London 1970.
  • KIECKHEFER, Richard, “Radical Tendencies in the Flagellabt Movement of the Mid-Fourteenth Century”, The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Stıdies, 4/3, 1974, s.158-176.
  • LAMBERT, Malcolm, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movement from the Gregorien Reform to the Reformation, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2022.
  • LEFF, Gordon, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: The Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent c. 1250- c. 1450, Manchester University Press, New York 1967.
  • MATHIAE NEOBURGENSIS, Mathiae Neoburgensis Chronica cum continuatione et Vita Berchtholdi de Buchegg, Ed. G. Studer, Stampfilische Buchdruckerei, Bern 1866.
  • PATTERSON, Keith Charles, The Flagellants of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Their Rise and Decline, (Oklahoma State University Master of Arts, Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Oklahoma 1977.
  • PERTZ, G. H. (E.d), “Annales Sanctae Iustinae Patavini”, MGH SS XIX, Impensis Bibliopolii Avlici Hahniani, Hanover 1866, s.148-193.
  • ROMAN, Reinaldo L., “Christian Themes: Mainstream Traditions and Millenarian Tradition”, Millennialism and Violence, Ed. Michael Barkun, Frank Cass, London 2005, s.51-83.
  • THOMAE WALSHINGHAM, Quondam Monachi S. Albani, Historia Anglicana, Ed. Henry Thomas Riley, Vol.I, Longman, Green, Longman, London 1863.
  • THOMSON, Augustine, The Cities of God: The Religion of the Italian Communes,, 1125-1325, Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania 2010.
  • TURBERVILLE, A. S., Medieval Heresy& The Inquisition, Crosby Lockwood and Son., London 1920.
  • VINCENT, Catherine, ‘Discipline du corps et de l’esprit chez les Flagellants au Moyen Age’, Revue Historique, C.302, S.3, 2000. s.593-614.
  • VOGEL, Cyrille, “Le pélerinage pénitentiel”, Revue des Scienses Religieuses, C.38, S.2, 1964, s.113-153.
  • WERNER, Alfred, ‘Germany’s New Flagellants’, The American Scholar, C.27, S.2, 1958, s.169-181.
  • ZEIGLER, Philip, The Black Death, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1969.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Asiye Abdurrahmanoğlu 0000-0002-1021-944X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Abdurrahmanoğlu, Asiye. “XIII. VE XIV. YÜZYIL HADİSELERİNE HERETİK BİR YAKARIŞ: KIRBAÇÇILAR HAREKETİ VE KUTSAL KAN İKONOGROFİSİ”. History Studies 15, sy. 3 (Ağustos 2023): 515-29. https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1269193.