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Will to Live: The Fulfillment of Needs for Meaning and Its Relation to Meaning in Life

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 364 - 380, 26.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.478385

Öz

One of the purposes of this study is to develop and test the factor structure of a multidimensional Needs for Meaning Scale (NFMS) and another purpose is to investigate the contribution of needs for meaning fulfillment on experiencing meaning in life by using self-determination theory. Baumeister asserts that meaning in life can be established with the possession of four needs for meaning: need for purpose, need for values and justification, need for efficacy, need for self-worth. To measure NFM, 33-itemed NFMS is constructed. Meaning in life was measured through the Purpose in Life (PIL) test. The data were gathered conveniently from 355 individuals. Both the NFMS and PIL test were investigated through confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) before two structural models were tested. The data were analyzed by means of a SEM analysis using AMOS program. Three different models of NFMS were tested. CFA confirmed four dimensions of NFMS in both a first- and second-order solutions. Additionally, both structural models had a good fit to data and indicated that needs for meaning fulfillment has positive contribution on meaning in life. The fulfillment of need for purpose emerged as the most important predictor of meaning in life. The findings were discussed in the light of explanatory power of the dimensions of needs for meaning on meaning in life. 

Kaynakça

  • ANDERSON, J.C. and GERBING D.W. (1988): Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two - Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
  • ANDERSSON, L. M., & BATEMAN, T. S. (1997). Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 449-460.
  • ARNDT, J., SOLOMON, S., KASSER, T., & SHELDON, K. M. (2004). The urge to splurge: a terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14,198–212.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. Guilford Press, New York.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., & LEARY, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., & VOHS, K. D. (2002). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, New York, 608–628.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., STILLWELL, A., & WOTMAN, S. R. (1990). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 994–1005.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., & WOTMAN, S. R. (1992). Breaking hearts: the two sides of unrequited love. Guilford, New York.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., WOTMAN, S.R., & STILLWELL, A. M. (1993). Unrequited love: on heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness, and humiliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 377–394.
  • BIGLER, M. NEIMEYER, G. J., & BROWN, E. (2001). The Divided Self Revisited: Effects of Self-Concept Clarity and Self-Concept Differentiation on Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), 396-415.
  • CHIRKOV, V. I., RYAN, R. M., KIM, Y., & KAPLAN, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self‐determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well‐being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 97‐110.
  • CRESCIONI, A. W., & BAUMEISTER, R. (2013). The four needs for meaning, the value gap, and how (and whether) society can fill the void. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies, 3–15. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • CRUMBAUGH, J. C., & MAHOLICK, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 589-596.
  • CRUMBAUGH, J. C., & MAHOLICK, L. T. (1967). An experimental study in existentialism: The psycho-metric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. In V. E. Frankl (Ed.), Psychotherapy and existentialism (pp. 183–197). New York: Washington Square Press.
  • DEBATS, D. L. (1999). Sources of meaning: An investigation of significant commitments in life. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(4), 30–57. doi:10.1177/0022167899394003.
  • DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
  • DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. University Rochester Press.
  • EBERSOLE, P. (1998). Types and depth of written life meanings. In P. T. P. Wong & S. P. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 179–191). Mah- wah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • EPSTEIN, S. (1980). The stability of behavior: II. Implications for psychological research. American Psychologist, 35, 790-806.
  • FRANKL, V. (1946). Man’s Search for Meaning. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • FRANKL V. (1959). Ein Psycholog erlebt das Konzentrationslager [Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy]. Boston, MA: Beacon Books.
  • FRANKL, V. E. (1967). Psychotherapy and existentialism. Selected papers on logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press.
  • FRANKL, V. (1984). The Unheard Cry for Meaning: Psychotherapy and Humanism. New York: Washington Square Press.
  • FRANKL, V. (1992). Man’s search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy (trans: Lasch I). Beacon Press, Boston (Original work published in 1959).
  • FORNELL, C. D., & LACKER, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • GROUDEN, M. E., & JOSE, P. E. (2014). How do sources of meaning in life vary according to demographic factors. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43, 29-38.
  • HO, M. Y., CHEUNG, F. M., & CHEUNG, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and individual differences, 48(5), 658–663.
  • KASSER, T. (2002). The high price of materialism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • KASSER, T., & RYAN, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American Dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410–422.
  • KASSER, T., & RYAN, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American Dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280–287.
  • KASSER, T., & RYAN, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In P. Schmuck & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp. 116–131). Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber.
  • KLEMKE, E. D. (2000). The meaning of life, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • KLINE, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • MACKENZIE, M. J., & BAUMEISTER, R. F. (2014). ‘‘Meaning in Life: Nature, Needs, and Myths,’’ in Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology, ed. Alexander Batthyany and Pninit Russo-Netzer, New York: Springer, 25-37.
  • MCADAMS, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Morrow.
  • METZ, T. (2002). Recent work on the meaning of life. Ethics, 112, 781–814.
  • NOZICK, R. (1989). The examined life: Philosophical meditations. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • NUNNALY, J. C., & BERNSTEIN, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • OSBORNE, J. W., & COSTELLO, A. B. (2009). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pan-Pacific Management Review, 12(2), 131-146.
  • PALOUTZIAN, R. F., & ELLISON, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and quality of life. In L.A. Peplau and D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley.
  • PREACHER, K. J. & MACCALLUM, R. C. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift’s Electric Factor Analysis Machine. Under- standing Statistics, 2(1), 13–43.
  • PODSAKOFF, P. M., MACKENZIE, S. B., LEE, J. Y., & PODSAKOFF, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
  • REKER, G. T. (1991). Contextual and thematic analyses of sources of provisional meaning: A life-span perspective. Paper presented at the Beinnial Meetings of the International Society of the Study of Behavioral Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  • RYAN, R. M., & DECI, E. L. (2002). Overview of Self-Determination Theory: An Organismic Dialectical Perspective. In E. L. Deci, & M. R. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Determination Research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
  • RYFF, C.D., & SINGER, B. (1998), The contours of positive human health, Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1-28.
  • SCHNELL, T. (2009). The Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (SoMe): Relations to demographics and well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 483–499. doi:10.1080/17439760903271074
  • SHEK, D. T., MA, H. K., & CHEUNG, P. C. (1994). Meaning in life and adolescent antisocial and prosocial behavior in Chinese context. Psychologia, 37(4), 211-218.
  • SHELDON, K.M., RYAN, R.M. & REIS, H. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1270-1279.
  • WONG, P. T. (1998). Implicit theories of meaningful life and the development of the personal meaning pro le. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • YALOM, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.

Yaşama İradesi: Anlam İhtiyacı Doyumu ve Yaşamın Anlamı ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 364 - 380, 26.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.478385

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amaçları çok boyutlu Anlam İhtiyacı ölçeğini geliştirmek, faktör yapısını belirlemek ve kendini belirleme kuramını kullanarak anlam ihtiyacı doyumunun yaşamın anlamı üzerindeki katkısını incelemektir. Baumeister, anlamlı yaşamın dört adet anlam ihtiyacına (amaç ihtiyacı, değerler ve meşrulaştırma ihtiyacı, yeterlilik ihtiyacı, öz-değer ihtiyacı) sahip olma ile ortaya çıkabileceğini ileri sürmektedir. Anlam ihtiyacını ölçmek için 33 ifadeli anlam ihtiyacı ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Yaşamın anlamı, Yaşamda Amaç testi ile ölçülmüştür. Veriler kolayda ulaşılabilir örneklem yöntemi ile 355 kişiden toplanmıştır. Anlam ihtiyacı ölçeğinin ve yaşamda amaç testinin yapısal modelleri test edilmeden önce ölçekler doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile incelenmiştir. Veriler AMOS programı kullanılarak yapısal eşitlik modellemesi aracılığı ile analiz edilmiştir. Anlam ihtiyacı ölçeğinin üç farklı modellemesi test edilmiştir. DFA, dört boyutlu anlam ihtiyacı ölçeğinin tek faktör ve iki faktör çözümünü doğrulamıştır. Ek olarak, her iki yapısal model data ile iyi uyuma sahip olup, anlam ihtiyacı doyumunun yaşamın anlamı üzerinde olumlu katkıya sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Amaç ihtiyacı doyumunun yaşamın anlamlandırılmasında en önemli yordayıcı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bulgular, anlam ihtiyacı boyutlarının yaşamın anlamı üzerindeki açıklayıcılık gücünün ışığında tartışılmıştır. 

Kaynakça

  • ANDERSON, J.C. and GERBING D.W. (1988): Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two - Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
  • ANDERSSON, L. M., & BATEMAN, T. S. (1997). Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 449-460.
  • ARNDT, J., SOLOMON, S., KASSER, T., & SHELDON, K. M. (2004). The urge to splurge: a terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14,198–212.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. Guilford Press, New York.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., & LEARY, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., & VOHS, K. D. (2002). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, New York, 608–628.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., STILLWELL, A., & WOTMAN, S. R. (1990). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 994–1005.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., & WOTMAN, S. R. (1992). Breaking hearts: the two sides of unrequited love. Guilford, New York.
  • BAUMEISTER, R. F., WOTMAN, S.R., & STILLWELL, A. M. (1993). Unrequited love: on heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness, and humiliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 377–394.
  • BIGLER, M. NEIMEYER, G. J., & BROWN, E. (2001). The Divided Self Revisited: Effects of Self-Concept Clarity and Self-Concept Differentiation on Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), 396-415.
  • CHIRKOV, V. I., RYAN, R. M., KIM, Y., & KAPLAN, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self‐determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well‐being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 97‐110.
  • CRESCIONI, A. W., & BAUMEISTER, R. (2013). The four needs for meaning, the value gap, and how (and whether) society can fill the void. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies, 3–15. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • CRUMBAUGH, J. C., & MAHOLICK, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 589-596.
  • CRUMBAUGH, J. C., & MAHOLICK, L. T. (1967). An experimental study in existentialism: The psycho-metric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. In V. E. Frankl (Ed.), Psychotherapy and existentialism (pp. 183–197). New York: Washington Square Press.
  • DEBATS, D. L. (1999). Sources of meaning: An investigation of significant commitments in life. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(4), 30–57. doi:10.1177/0022167899394003.
  • DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
  • DECI, E. L., & RYAN, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. University Rochester Press.
  • EBERSOLE, P. (1998). Types and depth of written life meanings. In P. T. P. Wong & S. P. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 179–191). Mah- wah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • EPSTEIN, S. (1980). The stability of behavior: II. Implications for psychological research. American Psychologist, 35, 790-806.
  • FRANKL, V. (1946). Man’s Search for Meaning. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • FRANKL V. (1959). Ein Psycholog erlebt das Konzentrationslager [Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy]. Boston, MA: Beacon Books.
  • FRANKL, V. E. (1967). Psychotherapy and existentialism. Selected papers on logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press.
  • FRANKL, V. (1984). The Unheard Cry for Meaning: Psychotherapy and Humanism. New York: Washington Square Press.
  • FRANKL, V. (1992). Man’s search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy (trans: Lasch I). Beacon Press, Boston (Original work published in 1959).
  • FORNELL, C. D., & LACKER, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • GROUDEN, M. E., & JOSE, P. E. (2014). How do sources of meaning in life vary according to demographic factors. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43, 29-38.
  • HO, M. Y., CHEUNG, F. M., & CHEUNG, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and individual differences, 48(5), 658–663.
  • KASSER, T. (2002). The high price of materialism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • KASSER, T., & RYAN, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American Dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410–422.
  • KASSER, T., & RYAN, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American Dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280–287.
  • KASSER, T., & RYAN, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In P. Schmuck & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp. 116–131). Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber.
  • KLEMKE, E. D. (2000). The meaning of life, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • KLINE, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • MACKENZIE, M. J., & BAUMEISTER, R. F. (2014). ‘‘Meaning in Life: Nature, Needs, and Myths,’’ in Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology, ed. Alexander Batthyany and Pninit Russo-Netzer, New York: Springer, 25-37.
  • MCADAMS, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Morrow.
  • METZ, T. (2002). Recent work on the meaning of life. Ethics, 112, 781–814.
  • NOZICK, R. (1989). The examined life: Philosophical meditations. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • NUNNALY, J. C., & BERNSTEIN, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • OSBORNE, J. W., & COSTELLO, A. B. (2009). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pan-Pacific Management Review, 12(2), 131-146.
  • PALOUTZIAN, R. F., & ELLISON, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and quality of life. In L.A. Peplau and D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley.
  • PREACHER, K. J. & MACCALLUM, R. C. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift’s Electric Factor Analysis Machine. Under- standing Statistics, 2(1), 13–43.
  • PODSAKOFF, P. M., MACKENZIE, S. B., LEE, J. Y., & PODSAKOFF, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
  • REKER, G. T. (1991). Contextual and thematic analyses of sources of provisional meaning: A life-span perspective. Paper presented at the Beinnial Meetings of the International Society of the Study of Behavioral Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  • RYAN, R. M., & DECI, E. L. (2002). Overview of Self-Determination Theory: An Organismic Dialectical Perspective. In E. L. Deci, & M. R. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Determination Research (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
  • RYFF, C.D., & SINGER, B. (1998), The contours of positive human health, Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1-28.
  • SCHNELL, T. (2009). The Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (SoMe): Relations to demographics and well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 483–499. doi:10.1080/17439760903271074
  • SHEK, D. T., MA, H. K., & CHEUNG, P. C. (1994). Meaning in life and adolescent antisocial and prosocial behavior in Chinese context. Psychologia, 37(4), 211-218.
  • SHELDON, K.M., RYAN, R.M. & REIS, H. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1270-1279.
  • WONG, P. T. (1998). Implicit theories of meaningful life and the development of the personal meaning pro le. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • YALOM, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zeynep Merve Ünal 0000-0003-4927-3117

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2020
Kabul Tarihi 31 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünal, Z. M. (2020). Will to Live: The Fulfillment of Needs for Meaning and Its Relation to Meaning in Life. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 364-380. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.478385

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