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Individual-Level Determinants of Social Capital: Some Empirical Evidence in MENA

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 524 - 543, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1316260

Öz

Despite social capital's role in shaping nations' economic growth and social development, studies examining social capital determinants have overlooked the MENA region. This study explores personal values and religiosity as possible determinants of social capital in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region by focusing on interpersonal trust. Considering the social and cultural context in the MENA region, the author advances an approach exploring how personal values and religiosity shape interpersonal trust. In doing so, we utilize data from the World Values Survey Round 7. The WVS data pertains to 12322 respondents from 9 MENA countries, which we analyze with the help of linear regression analysis. The novelty of this study lies in covering how individual-level personal values and religiosity influence ingroup and outgroup trust. An important finding is that outgroup trust can decrease when people become more religious, attend prayers frequently, or believe in their religion’s superiority. At the same time, it increases when people attend religious services more frequently. We find that interpersonal trust increases when people favor gender equality.

Kaynakça

  • Achilov, D. (2013). Social Capital, Islam, and the Arab Spring in the Middle East. Journal of Civil Society, 9 (3), 268–286.
  • Almond, G. A., and Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pnr2
  • Almutairi, S., Heller, M., and Yen, D. (2021). Reclaiming the Heterogeneity of the Arab States. Cross-Cultural and Strategic Management, 28(1), 158-176.
  • An, N. H., and Phuong, L. D, M. (2021). Social Capital in Vietnam: An Analysis of Social Networks and Social Trust. Journal of Mekong Societies, 17(2), 1–27.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1972). Gifts and Exchanges. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1 (4), 343–362.
  • Berggren, N., and Bjørnskov, C. (2011). Is the Importance of Religion in Daily Life Related to Social Trust? Cross-Country and Cross-state Comparisons. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 80(3), 459-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.05.002
  • Ceyhun, H.E. (2019). Social Capital in the Middle East and North Africa. Arab Barometer. Available at: https://www.arabbarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/social-capital-public-opinion-2019.pdf
  • Cherkaoui, M. (2019). Social Capital between State and Society in Morocco: An Outside-in Reflection. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, 1-15. Available at: https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/reports/documents/7f3f7dec98de4b36897612b240607b9c_100.pdf
  • Christoforou, A. (2010). Social Capital and Human Development: An Empirical Investigation Across European Countries. Journal of Institutional Economics, 6 (2), 191-214. Doi:10.1017/S1744137409990324
  • Cleaver, F. (2005). The Inequality of Social Capital and the Reproduction of Chronic Poverty. World Development, 33(6), 893–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.015
  • Delhey, J., and Welzel, C. (2012). Generalizing Trust: How Outgroup-Trust Grows Beyond Ingroup-Trust. World Values Research, WVR, 5(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2390636
  • Delhey, J., Newton, K., and Welzel, C (2011). How General Is Trust in Most People? Solving the Radius of Trust Problem. American Sociological Review, 76(5), 786-807. DOI 10.1177/0003122411420817
  • Delhey, J., and Newton, K. (2005). Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism? European Sociological Review, 21, 311–327.
  • Deneulin, S., and Bano, M. (2009). Religion in Development: Rewriting the Secular Script. London: Zed Books.
  • Everett, J.A.C., Faber, N.S. and Crockett, M. (2015). Preferences and Beliefs in Ingroup Favoritism. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, Doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00015
  • Fargher, S., Kesting, S., Lange, T., and Pacheco, G. (2008). Cultural Heritage and Job Satisfaction in Eastern and Western Europe. International Journal of Manpower, 29(7), 630-650.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2002). Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda. SAIS Review (1989-2003), 22(1), 23-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26996384
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and The Creation of Prosperity. Free Press, New York.
  • Grootaert, C., and T. E. Van Bastelaer. (2002). The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492600
  • Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin and B. Puranen (eds.). 2022. World Values Survey: Round Seven - Country-Pooled Datafile Version 5.0. Madrid, Spain and Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute and WVSA Secretariat. Doi:10.14281/18241.20
  • Halman L., and Luijkx R. (2006). Social Capital in Contemporary Europe: Evidence from the European Social Survey. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 5(1), 65-90.
  • Hanifan, J. L. (1916). The Rural School Community Center. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 67: 130-138.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Hooghe, M., Reeskens, T., Stolle, D., and Trappers, A. (2006). Ethnic Diversity and Generalized Trust in Europe: A Cross-National Multilevel Study. Comparative Political Studies, 42(2), 1-29.
  • House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., and Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding Cultures and Implicit Leadership Theories Across the Globe: An Introduction to Project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3-10.
  • Islam, M.S., and Alam, K. (2018). Does Social Capital Reduce Poverty? A Cross-Sectional Study of Rural Household in Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Economics, 45 (11), 1515-1532. DOI 10.1108/IJSE-07-2017-0295
  • Irwin, K. (2009). Prosocial Behavior Across Cultures: The Effects of Institutional Versus Generalized Trust. Advances in Group Processes, 26, 165-198.
  • Jong, E. De (2009). Culture and Economics: On Values, Economics, and International Business. Routledge.
  • Kaasa, A. (2019). Determinants of Individual-Level Social Capital: Culture and Personal Values. Journal of International Studies, 12(1), 9–32. Doi:10.14254/2071- 8330.2019/12-1/1
  • Kaasa, A. (2015). Culture, Religion, And Social Capital: Evidence from European Regions. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 35(11–12), 772-794.
  • Kaasa, A. (2013). Religion and Social Capital: Evidence from European Countries. International Review of Sociology, 23(3), 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2013.856162
  • Kaasa, A., and Parts, E. (2008). Individual Level Determinants of Social Capital in Europe: Differences Between Country Groups. Acta Sociologica, 51(2), 145-168.
  • Kasmaoui, K., Mughal, M., and Bouoiyours, J. (2018). Does Trust Influence Economic Growth? Evidence from the Arab World. Economics Bulletin, 38(2), 880-891.
  • Kasmaoui, K., and Errami, Y. (2017). Social Cohesion, Institutions, and Public Policies: New Evidence from the MENA Region (September Issue). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33760.99847
  • Katz-Gerro, T., and Jaeger, M. M. (2012). Religion, Religiosity, and Cultural Stratification: Theoretical Links and Empirical Evidence. Research in the Sociology of Work, 23, 337-366.
  • Knack, S., and P. Keefer. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251-1288.
  • Krishna, A., and Uphoff, N. (2002). Mapping and Measuring Social Capital Through Assessment of Collective Action to Conserve and Develop Watershed in Rajasthan India. In Grootaert, C., Bastelaer, T (Eds), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, pp. 85-124. Cambridge University Press.
  • Krishna, A., and Shrader, E. (1999). Social Capital Assessment Tool. Conference on Social Capital and Poverty Reduction. Washington, D.C. The World Bank, 1-21.
  • Lam, P.Y. (2006). Religion and Civic Culture: A Cross-National Study of Voluntary Association Membership. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(2), 177.
  • Langbein, L.I. and Felbinger, C.L. (2006). Public Program Evaluation: A Statistical Guide. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
  • La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Schleifer, A., and Vishny R.W. (1997). Trust in Large Organizations. The American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 87(2), 333-338.
  • McCauley, J.F. and Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2009). Religious Faith and Democracy. Evidence from the Afrobarometer Surveys. Afrobarometer Working Papers No. 113, Afrobarometer.
  • Mondéjar-Jiménez, J., Mesegaer-santamaria, L., and Vargas-vargas, M. (2011). An Empirical Assessment of Individual-Level Determinants of Social Capital in Central European Countries. Journal of East European Management Studies, 16 (3), 237-250.
  • Narayan, D., and Pritchett, L. (1997). Cents and Sociability: Household Income and Social Capital in Rural Tanzania. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 47(4), 871–897.
  • Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty. Policy Research Working Paper. No 2167. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. World Bank Group.
  • Norris, P., and Inglehart, R. (2009). Cosmopolitan Communications. Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World. Cambridge University Press.
  • Norris, P., and Inglehart, R. (2006). Gender and Social Capital. In: Neill, B., and Gidengil, E. (Eds.), Gender and Social Capital. Routledge, New York, 73–98.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, vol (24), pp.1–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/223472
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., and Nonetti, R.Y. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07889-0
  • Saukani, N., and Ismail, N. A. (2019). Identifying the Components of Social Capital by Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA). Social Indicators Research, 141(2), 631-655.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values. In Kim, U., Triandis, H.C., Kagitçibasi, Ç., Choi, S.C., and Yoon, G. (Eds). Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 85-119.
  • Spierings, N. (2019). The Multidimensional Impact of Islamic Religiosity on Ethno-Religious Social Tolerance in The Middle East and North Africa. Social Forces, 97, 1693–1730.
  • Sulemana, I., and Issifu, I. (2015). An Empirical Examination of the Determinants of Trust in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics. Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2014-0060
  • Tausch, A. (2016). The Civic Culture of The Arab World: A Comparative Analysis Based on World Values Survey Data. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 20 (1), 35-59.
  • Tuleja, E. A., and Schachner, M. (2020). From Shared Values to Cultural Dimensions. In The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Communication, (pp. 96–119). Cambridge University Press.
  • Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The Moral Foundations of Trust. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University.
  • Van Emmerik, I.H. (2006). Gender Differences in the Creation of Different Types of Social Capital: A Multilevel Study. Social Networks, 28(1), 24-37.
  • Van Oorschot, W., Arts, W., and Gelissen, J. (2006). Social Capital in Europe: Measurement and Social and Regional Distribution of a Multifaceted Phenomenon. Acta Sociologica, 49 (2), 149-167. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20459923
  • Van Oorschot, W., and Arts, W. (2005). Social Capital of European Welfare States: The Crowding out Hypothesis Revisited. Journal of European Social Policy, 15 (1), 5-26.
  • Wang, C., Wu, B., Liu, Y., Wu, X. and Han, S. (2015). Challenging Emotional Prejudice by Changing Self-concept: Priming Independent Self-Construal Reduces Racial Ingroup Bias in Neural Responses to Other's Pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10 (9), 1195-1201.
  • Welch, M.R., Sikkink, D., and Loveland, M.T. (2007). The Radius of Trust: Religion, Social Embeddedness and Trust in Strangers. Social Forces, 86, 23-46.
  • Wijaya, I. F. (2019). The Impact of Religiosity on Self-employment. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 13(3), pp.218–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-09-2018-0066
  • Woolcock, M., and Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. 15(2), World Bank Research Observer, 225-249.
  • Yamagishi, T., and Yamagishi, M. (1994). Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and Emotion, 18(2), 129-166.

Sosyal Sermayenin Bireysel Belirleyicileri: MENA Bölgesinde Bazı Deneysel Bulgular

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 524 - 543, 06.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1316260

Öz

Sosyal sermayenin ulusların ekonomik büyüme ve sosyal gelişimini şekillendirmedeki rolüne rağmen, sosyal sermaye belirleyicilerini inceleyen çalışmalar MENA bölgesini göz ardı etmiştir. Bu çalışma, Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika (MENA) bölgesinde sosyal sermayenin olası belirleyicileri olarak kişisel değerler ve dindarlığı, kişiler arası güvene odaklanarak incelemektedir. Yazar, MENA bölgesindeki sosyal ve kültürel bağlamı göz önünde bulundurarak, kişisel değerlerin ve dindarlığın kişilerarası güveni nasıl şekillendirdiğini araştıran bir yaklaşım geliştirmektedir. Bunu yaparken, Dünya Değerler Anketi 7. Tur verilerinden yararlanılmaktadır. WVS verileri, doğrusal regresyon analizi yardımıyla analiz ettiğimiz 9 MENA ülkesinden 12322 katılımcıya aittir. Bu çalışmanın yeniliği, bireysel düzeydeki kişisel değerlerin ve dindarlığın grup içi ve grup dışı güveni nasıl etkilediğini ele almasında yatmaktadır. Önemli bir bulgu, insanlar daha dindar olduklarında, ibadetlere sık katıldıklarında veya dinlerinin üstünlüğüne inandıklarında dış grup güveninin azalabileceğidir. Aynı zamanda, insanlar dini hizmetlere daha sık katıldıklarında artmaktadır. İnsanlar cinsiyet eşitliğini desteklediklerinde kişiler arası güvenin arttığını bulduk.

Kaynakça

  • Achilov, D. (2013). Social Capital, Islam, and the Arab Spring in the Middle East. Journal of Civil Society, 9 (3), 268–286.
  • Almond, G. A., and Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pnr2
  • Almutairi, S., Heller, M., and Yen, D. (2021). Reclaiming the Heterogeneity of the Arab States. Cross-Cultural and Strategic Management, 28(1), 158-176.
  • An, N. H., and Phuong, L. D, M. (2021). Social Capital in Vietnam: An Analysis of Social Networks and Social Trust. Journal of Mekong Societies, 17(2), 1–27.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1972). Gifts and Exchanges. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1 (4), 343–362.
  • Berggren, N., and Bjørnskov, C. (2011). Is the Importance of Religion in Daily Life Related to Social Trust? Cross-Country and Cross-state Comparisons. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 80(3), 459-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.05.002
  • Ceyhun, H.E. (2019). Social Capital in the Middle East and North Africa. Arab Barometer. Available at: https://www.arabbarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/social-capital-public-opinion-2019.pdf
  • Cherkaoui, M. (2019). Social Capital between State and Society in Morocco: An Outside-in Reflection. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, 1-15. Available at: https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/reports/documents/7f3f7dec98de4b36897612b240607b9c_100.pdf
  • Christoforou, A. (2010). Social Capital and Human Development: An Empirical Investigation Across European Countries. Journal of Institutional Economics, 6 (2), 191-214. Doi:10.1017/S1744137409990324
  • Cleaver, F. (2005). The Inequality of Social Capital and the Reproduction of Chronic Poverty. World Development, 33(6), 893–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.015
  • Delhey, J., and Welzel, C. (2012). Generalizing Trust: How Outgroup-Trust Grows Beyond Ingroup-Trust. World Values Research, WVR, 5(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2390636
  • Delhey, J., Newton, K., and Welzel, C (2011). How General Is Trust in Most People? Solving the Radius of Trust Problem. American Sociological Review, 76(5), 786-807. DOI 10.1177/0003122411420817
  • Delhey, J., and Newton, K. (2005). Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism? European Sociological Review, 21, 311–327.
  • Deneulin, S., and Bano, M. (2009). Religion in Development: Rewriting the Secular Script. London: Zed Books.
  • Everett, J.A.C., Faber, N.S. and Crockett, M. (2015). Preferences and Beliefs in Ingroup Favoritism. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, Doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00015
  • Fargher, S., Kesting, S., Lange, T., and Pacheco, G. (2008). Cultural Heritage and Job Satisfaction in Eastern and Western Europe. International Journal of Manpower, 29(7), 630-650.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2002). Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda. SAIS Review (1989-2003), 22(1), 23-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26996384
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and The Creation of Prosperity. Free Press, New York.
  • Grootaert, C., and T. E. Van Bastelaer. (2002). The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492600
  • Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin and B. Puranen (eds.). 2022. World Values Survey: Round Seven - Country-Pooled Datafile Version 5.0. Madrid, Spain and Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute and WVSA Secretariat. Doi:10.14281/18241.20
  • Halman L., and Luijkx R. (2006). Social Capital in Contemporary Europe: Evidence from the European Social Survey. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 5(1), 65-90.
  • Hanifan, J. L. (1916). The Rural School Community Center. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 67: 130-138.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Hooghe, M., Reeskens, T., Stolle, D., and Trappers, A. (2006). Ethnic Diversity and Generalized Trust in Europe: A Cross-National Multilevel Study. Comparative Political Studies, 42(2), 1-29.
  • House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., and Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding Cultures and Implicit Leadership Theories Across the Globe: An Introduction to Project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3-10.
  • Islam, M.S., and Alam, K. (2018). Does Social Capital Reduce Poverty? A Cross-Sectional Study of Rural Household in Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Economics, 45 (11), 1515-1532. DOI 10.1108/IJSE-07-2017-0295
  • Irwin, K. (2009). Prosocial Behavior Across Cultures: The Effects of Institutional Versus Generalized Trust. Advances in Group Processes, 26, 165-198.
  • Jong, E. De (2009). Culture and Economics: On Values, Economics, and International Business. Routledge.
  • Kaasa, A. (2019). Determinants of Individual-Level Social Capital: Culture and Personal Values. Journal of International Studies, 12(1), 9–32. Doi:10.14254/2071- 8330.2019/12-1/1
  • Kaasa, A. (2015). Culture, Religion, And Social Capital: Evidence from European Regions. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 35(11–12), 772-794.
  • Kaasa, A. (2013). Religion and Social Capital: Evidence from European Countries. International Review of Sociology, 23(3), 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2013.856162
  • Kaasa, A., and Parts, E. (2008). Individual Level Determinants of Social Capital in Europe: Differences Between Country Groups. Acta Sociologica, 51(2), 145-168.
  • Kasmaoui, K., Mughal, M., and Bouoiyours, J. (2018). Does Trust Influence Economic Growth? Evidence from the Arab World. Economics Bulletin, 38(2), 880-891.
  • Kasmaoui, K., and Errami, Y. (2017). Social Cohesion, Institutions, and Public Policies: New Evidence from the MENA Region (September Issue). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33760.99847
  • Katz-Gerro, T., and Jaeger, M. M. (2012). Religion, Religiosity, and Cultural Stratification: Theoretical Links and Empirical Evidence. Research in the Sociology of Work, 23, 337-366.
  • Knack, S., and P. Keefer. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251-1288.
  • Krishna, A., and Uphoff, N. (2002). Mapping and Measuring Social Capital Through Assessment of Collective Action to Conserve and Develop Watershed in Rajasthan India. In Grootaert, C., Bastelaer, T (Eds), The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment, pp. 85-124. Cambridge University Press.
  • Krishna, A., and Shrader, E. (1999). Social Capital Assessment Tool. Conference on Social Capital and Poverty Reduction. Washington, D.C. The World Bank, 1-21.
  • Lam, P.Y. (2006). Religion and Civic Culture: A Cross-National Study of Voluntary Association Membership. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(2), 177.
  • Langbein, L.I. and Felbinger, C.L. (2006). Public Program Evaluation: A Statistical Guide. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
  • La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Schleifer, A., and Vishny R.W. (1997). Trust in Large Organizations. The American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 87(2), 333-338.
  • McCauley, J.F. and Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2009). Religious Faith and Democracy. Evidence from the Afrobarometer Surveys. Afrobarometer Working Papers No. 113, Afrobarometer.
  • Mondéjar-Jiménez, J., Mesegaer-santamaria, L., and Vargas-vargas, M. (2011). An Empirical Assessment of Individual-Level Determinants of Social Capital in Central European Countries. Journal of East European Management Studies, 16 (3), 237-250.
  • Narayan, D., and Pritchett, L. (1997). Cents and Sociability: Household Income and Social Capital in Rural Tanzania. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 47(4), 871–897.
  • Narayan, D. (1999). Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital and Poverty. Policy Research Working Paper. No 2167. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. World Bank Group.
  • Norris, P., and Inglehart, R. (2009). Cosmopolitan Communications. Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World. Cambridge University Press.
  • Norris, P., and Inglehart, R. (2006). Gender and Social Capital. In: Neill, B., and Gidengil, E. (Eds.), Gender and Social Capital. Routledge, New York, 73–98.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, vol (24), pp.1–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/223472
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., and Nonetti, R.Y. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07889-0
  • Saukani, N., and Ismail, N. A. (2019). Identifying the Components of Social Capital by Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA). Social Indicators Research, 141(2), 631-655.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values. In Kim, U., Triandis, H.C., Kagitçibasi, Ç., Choi, S.C., and Yoon, G. (Eds). Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 85-119.
  • Spierings, N. (2019). The Multidimensional Impact of Islamic Religiosity on Ethno-Religious Social Tolerance in The Middle East and North Africa. Social Forces, 97, 1693–1730.
  • Sulemana, I., and Issifu, I. (2015). An Empirical Examination of the Determinants of Trust in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics. Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2014-0060
  • Tausch, A. (2016). The Civic Culture of The Arab World: A Comparative Analysis Based on World Values Survey Data. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 20 (1), 35-59.
  • Tuleja, E. A., and Schachner, M. (2020). From Shared Values to Cultural Dimensions. In The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Communication, (pp. 96–119). Cambridge University Press.
  • Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The Moral Foundations of Trust. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University.
  • Van Emmerik, I.H. (2006). Gender Differences in the Creation of Different Types of Social Capital: A Multilevel Study. Social Networks, 28(1), 24-37.
  • Van Oorschot, W., Arts, W., and Gelissen, J. (2006). Social Capital in Europe: Measurement and Social and Regional Distribution of a Multifaceted Phenomenon. Acta Sociologica, 49 (2), 149-167. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20459923
  • Van Oorschot, W., and Arts, W. (2005). Social Capital of European Welfare States: The Crowding out Hypothesis Revisited. Journal of European Social Policy, 15 (1), 5-26.
  • Wang, C., Wu, B., Liu, Y., Wu, X. and Han, S. (2015). Challenging Emotional Prejudice by Changing Self-concept: Priming Independent Self-Construal Reduces Racial Ingroup Bias in Neural Responses to Other's Pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10 (9), 1195-1201.
  • Welch, M.R., Sikkink, D., and Loveland, M.T. (2007). The Radius of Trust: Religion, Social Embeddedness and Trust in Strangers. Social Forces, 86, 23-46.
  • Wijaya, I. F. (2019). The Impact of Religiosity on Self-employment. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 13(3), pp.218–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-09-2018-0066
  • Woolcock, M., and Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. 15(2), World Bank Research Observer, 225-249.
  • Yamagishi, T., and Yamagishi, M. (1994). Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and Emotion, 18(2), 129-166.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoekonomik Gelişim
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deena Saleh 0000-0003-4628-4064

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 5 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Saleh, D. (2024). Individual-Level Determinants of Social Capital: Some Empirical Evidence in MENA. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 39(2), 524-543. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1316260

İzmir İktisat Dergisi
TR-DİZİN, DOAJ, EBSCO, ERIH PLUS, Index Copernicus, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, EconLit, Harvard Hollis, Google Scholar, OAJI, SOBIAD, CiteFactor, OJOP, Araştırmax, WordCat, OpenAIRE, Base, IAD, Academindex
tarafından taranmaktadır.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınevi Web Sitesi
https://kutuphane.deu.edu.tr/yayinevi/

Dergi İletişim Bilgileri Sayfası
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ije/contacts


İZMİR İKTİSAT DERGİSİ 2022 yılı 37. cilt 1. sayı ile birlikte sadece elektronik olarak yayınlanmaya başlamıştır.