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The Activities on USA of Japanese Media in The Second World War: The Examination on Tokyo Rose Radio Broadcasts

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 541 - 563, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.657946

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the messages given for propaganda purposes in Tokyo Rose radio programs during the Second World War. Specifically, the most famous radio speeches of Tokyo Rose, which are the subject of the propaganda movie called The Voice of Truth prepared against Tokyo Rose radio broadcasts by War Finance Division U.S. Treasury Department were determined as a sample. For this purpose, one of the programs of Tokyo Rose, which was determined by using purposive sampling method, was examined by using semiotic analysis method in the context of open and secret messages. The radio speech identified in the study was analyzed in the context of the semiotics concepts of linguist Roman Jakobson. According to the findings, both sadness and fear were tried to be brought to the forefront in order to influence the people and army of USA through radio broadcasts. On the other hand, it was revealed the emphasis of that the war was meaningless and the Japanese people did not want war on radio. 

Kaynakça

  • Akaiwa, Y. (1991). Digital Modulation/Demodulation Techniques for Mobile Radio Communications in Japan. Ieice Transactions on Communications, 74(6), 1503-1511.
  • Brcak, N., & Pavia, J. R. (1994). Racism in Japanese and US Wartime Propaganda. The Historian, 56(4), 671-684.
  • Çakı, C. (2018). Roland Barthes'ın Göstergebilimsel Çözümlemesi ile Nazi Propagandasında Engelliler. SDÜ İFADE, 1(2), 66-91.
  • Çetin, M., Çakı, C., & Gazi, M. A. (2018). The Examination of The Anti-Usa Propaganda Posters in The Iran Revolution According to Claude Lévi-Strauss' Binary Opposition. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(3), 31-51.
  • Daniels, G. (1982). Japanese Domestic Radio and Cinema Propaganda, 1937–1945: An Overview. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 2(2), 115-132.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, Çev: Süleyman İrvan, 5. Basım, Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fujisaki, H., Hirose, K., Takahashi, N., & Morikawa, H. (1986). Acoustic Characteristics and the Underlying Rules of Intonation of the Common Japanese Used by Radio and Television Announcers. In ICASSP'86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Vol. 11). IEEE, 2039-2042.
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., & Gülada, M. O. (2018). İspanya 2000 Partisi'nin Göçmen Karşıtı Propaganda Faaliyetleri Üzerine İnceleme. Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 11-22.
  • Grubbs, J. (2004). Women Broadcasters of World War II. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 40-54.
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Gülada, M. O. & Çakı, C. (2019). İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyet Partizanlara Yönelik Hazırlanan Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 123-143.
  • Gülada, M. O., & Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C. (2019). Nazi Propagandasının Ulusal Seferberlikte İdealize Ettiği Alman Genç Kızları: “Das Deutsche Mädel” Dergisi Üzerine İnceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 1079-1100.
  • Hanyok, R. J. (2008). “Catching The Fox Unaware” Japanese Radio Denial and Deception and the Attack on Pearl Harbor. Naval War College Review, 61(4), 99-124.
  • Hibino, J., & Shaw, R. (2014). Role of Community Radio in Post Disaster Recovery: Comparative Analysis of Japan and Indonesia. In Disaster Recovery (pp. 385-410). Springer, Tokyo.
  • Houswitschka, C. (2003). Nazi Wireless Propaganda. Lord Haw-Haw and British Public Opinion in the Second World War. (International Communications), Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, 253-255.
  • Ikegami, F. (1972). Mobile Radio Communications in Japan. IEEE Transactions On Communications, 20(4), 738-746.
  • Jiang, Z., Sugita, M., Kitahara, M., Takatsuki, S., Goto, T., & Yoshida, Y. (2008). Effects of Habitat Feature, Antenna Position, Movement, and Fix Interval on GPS Radio Collar Performance in Mount Fuji, Central Japan. Ecological Research, 23(3), 581-588.
  • Karaburun Doğan, D. K., & Çakı, C. (2019). Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı’nda Müziğin Milliyetçilik İnşasında Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanılması: Girne'den Yol Bağladık Anadolu'ya Şarkısı Üzerine İnceleme. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, (14), 214-229.
  • Kasza, G. J. (1986). Democracy and the Founding of Japanese Public Radio. The Journal of Asian Studies, 45(4), 745-767.
  • Kawamura, Y., & Kohler, C. (2013). Applying Sabido's Entertainment-Education Serial Drama Strategy to Serve Local Radio Audiences in the United States and Japan. Critical Arts, 27(1), 91-111.
  • Kohno, R., Miura, R., Harada, H., Haruyama, S., Sanada, Y., & Michael, L. (2001). Overview of Japanese Activities in Software-defined Radio. In Software Radio (pp. 219-225). Springer, London.
  • Kozono, S., & Takeuchı, T. (1991). Recent Propagation Studies on Land Mobile Radio in Japan. Ieice Transactions on Communications, 74(6), 1538-1546.
  • Kutler, S. I. (1980). Forging Legend: The Treason of Tokyo Rose. Wisconsin Law Review, 1980(6), 1341-1382.
  • Lincove, D. A. (1994). Propaganda and the American Public Library from the 1930s to the Eve of World War II. RQ, 510-523.
  • Lynn, L. H. (1998). The Commercialization of the Transistor Radio in Japan: the Functioning of an Innovation Community. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 45(3), 220-229.
  • Madjar, H. M. (2016). Human Radio Frequency Exposure Limits: An Update of Reference Levels in Europe, USA, Canada, China, Japan and Korea. In 2016 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility-EMC EUROPE, IEEE, 467-473.
  • Manabe, N. (2014). A Tale of Two Countries: Online Radio in the United States and Japan. Gopinath and Stanyek, 1, 456-95.
  • Miller, J. (2006). An Overview of the US and Japanese Approaches to Cognitive Radio and SDR. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 89(12), 3168-3173.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013a). An Enemy's Talk of “Justice” Japanese Radio Propaganda against Japanese American Mass Incarceration during World War II. Journalism History, 39(2), 94-103.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013b). A Disturbing and Ominous Voice from a Different Shore: Japanese Radio Propaganda and its Impact on the US Government’s Treatment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 24, 105-124.
  • Namie, H., Tanaka, N., & Yasuda, A. (1999). RTK-GPS Positioning in Japan by GPS-based Control Station via DMCA Mobile Radio Communication System. In Proceedings of 1999 National Technical Meeting ION, 495-503.
  • Nakajima, N., Kohno, R., & Kubota, S. (2001). Research and Developments of Software-Defined Radio Technologies in Japan. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(8), 146-155.
  • Nakamura, H., & Miyazawa, Y. (1997). Movements, Space Use and Social Organization of Radio-Tracked Common Cuckoos During the Breeeding Season in Japan. Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 46(1), 23-54.
  • Nakamura, H., Miyazawa, Y., & Kashiwagi, K. (2005). Behavior of Radio-Tracked Common Cuckoo Females during the Breeding Season in Japan. Ornithological Science, 4(1), 31-41.
  • Nieuwenhof, F. (1984). Japanese Film Propaganda in World War II: Indonesia and Australia. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 4(2), 161-177.
  • Ogawa, K., Kohiyama, K., & Kobayashi, T. (1994). Toward the Personal Communication Era—A Proposal of the “Radio Access” Concept from Japan. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 1(1), 17-27.
  • Otsuka, Y., Kadota, T., Shiokawa, K., Ogawa, T., Kawamura, S., Fukao, S., & Zhang, S. R. (2003). Optical and Radio Measurements of a 630‐nm Airglow Enhancement over Japan on 9 September 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 108(A6), 1-8.
  • PeriscopeFilm (2019). "Gerçeğin Sesi Filminde Bulunan Tokyo Rose Konuşması", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch?v =AlCYfgahxOc, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2019.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Sasaki, A., Mizuno, M., Sampei, S., Watanabe, F., Sasaoka, H., Hata, M., & Honma, K. (1996). Standardization Activities on FPLMTS Radio Transmission Technology in Japan. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, 79(12), 1938-1947.
  • Sasaki, A. (1998). Current Situation of IMT-2000 Radio Transmission Technology Study in Japan. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 81(7), 1299-1304.
  • Sheppard, W. A. (2001). An Exotic Enemy: Anti-Japanese Musical Propaganda in World War II Hollywood. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 54(2), 303-357.
  • Shibusawa, N. (2010). Femininity, Race and Treachery: How ‘Tokyo Rose’Became a Traitor to the United States after the Second World War. Gender & History, 22(1), 169-188.
  • Shinji, M., Komaki, S., & Saito, Y. (1989). A Proposal for the Harmonious Growth of Microwave Radio in future Telecommunications Networks in Japan. In IEEE International Conference on Communications, World Prosperity Through Communications, (pp. 1283-1287). IEEE.
  • Takahashi, Y. (2000). A Network of Tinkerers: the Advent of the Radio and Television Receiver Industry in Japan. Technology and Culture, 41(3), 460-484.
  • Tanaka, L. (2008). Formality or Rapport: Speech Style Shifts in Japanese Television and Radio. The International Journal of Language, Society and Culture, 26, 127-138.
  • Tanyeri Mazıcı, E., & Çakı, C. (2018). Adolf Hitler’in Korku Çekiciliği Bağlamında Kamu Spotu Reklamlarında Kullanımı. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(3), 290-306.
  • Uyeda, C. I. (1978). The Pardoning of “Tokyo Rose”: A Report on the Restoration of American Citizenship to Iva Ikuko Toguri. Amerasia Journal, 5(2), 69-93.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Japon Medyasının ABD'ye Yönelik Faaliyetleri: Tokyo Rose Radyo Yayınları Üzerine İnceleme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 541 - 563, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.657946

Öz

Çalışma kapsamında İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında gerçekleştirilen Tokyo Rose radyo programlarında propaganda amaçlı verilen mesajların incelemesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma özelinde 1945 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Hazine Bakanlığı Savaş Finansmanı Bölümü tarafından Tokyo Rose radyo yayınlarına karşı hazırlanan Gerçeğin Sesi (Voice of Truth) adlı propaganda filmine konu edinilen Tokyo Rose'un en ünlü radyo konuşmaları örneklem olarak belirlenmektedir. Bu amaçla çalışma kapsamında amaçlı örneklem metodu kullanılarak belirlenen Tokyo Rose'un programlarından biri vermek istediği açık ve gizli mesajlar bağlamında göstergebilimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmektedir. Çalışmada belirlenen radyo konuşması, dilbilimci Roman Jakobson'un göstergebilim kavramları özelinde analiz edilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgularda, radyo yayınları üzerinden ABD halkını ve ordunu etkileyebilmek için hem hüzün hem de korku duygularının ön plana çıkarılmaya çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Diğer yandan savaşın anlamsız yere devam ettiği ve Japon halkının savaş istemediği vurgusunun da radyo yayınların üzerinden yapılmaya çalışıldığı ortaya çıkarılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akaiwa, Y. (1991). Digital Modulation/Demodulation Techniques for Mobile Radio Communications in Japan. Ieice Transactions on Communications, 74(6), 1503-1511.
  • Brcak, N., & Pavia, J. R. (1994). Racism in Japanese and US Wartime Propaganda. The Historian, 56(4), 671-684.
  • Çakı, C. (2018). Roland Barthes'ın Göstergebilimsel Çözümlemesi ile Nazi Propagandasında Engelliler. SDÜ İFADE, 1(2), 66-91.
  • Çetin, M., Çakı, C., & Gazi, M. A. (2018). The Examination of The Anti-Usa Propaganda Posters in The Iran Revolution According to Claude Lévi-Strauss' Binary Opposition. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(3), 31-51.
  • Daniels, G. (1982). Japanese Domestic Radio and Cinema Propaganda, 1937–1945: An Overview. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 2(2), 115-132.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, Çev: Süleyman İrvan, 5. Basım, Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fujisaki, H., Hirose, K., Takahashi, N., & Morikawa, H. (1986). Acoustic Characteristics and the Underlying Rules of Intonation of the Common Japanese Used by Radio and Television Announcers. In ICASSP'86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (Vol. 11). IEEE, 2039-2042.
  • Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., & Gülada, M. O. (2018). İspanya 2000 Partisi'nin Göçmen Karşıtı Propaganda Faaliyetleri Üzerine İnceleme. Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 11-22.
  • Grubbs, J. (2004). Women Broadcasters of World War II. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 40-54.
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Gülada, M. O. & Çakı, C. (2019). İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyet Partizanlara Yönelik Hazırlanan Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 123-143.
  • Gülada, M. O., & Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C. (2019). Nazi Propagandasının Ulusal Seferberlikte İdealize Ettiği Alman Genç Kızları: “Das Deutsche Mädel” Dergisi Üzerine İnceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 1079-1100.
  • Hanyok, R. J. (2008). “Catching The Fox Unaware” Japanese Radio Denial and Deception and the Attack on Pearl Harbor. Naval War College Review, 61(4), 99-124.
  • Hibino, J., & Shaw, R. (2014). Role of Community Radio in Post Disaster Recovery: Comparative Analysis of Japan and Indonesia. In Disaster Recovery (pp. 385-410). Springer, Tokyo.
  • Houswitschka, C. (2003). Nazi Wireless Propaganda. Lord Haw-Haw and British Public Opinion in the Second World War. (International Communications), Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, 253-255.
  • Ikegami, F. (1972). Mobile Radio Communications in Japan. IEEE Transactions On Communications, 20(4), 738-746.
  • Jiang, Z., Sugita, M., Kitahara, M., Takatsuki, S., Goto, T., & Yoshida, Y. (2008). Effects of Habitat Feature, Antenna Position, Movement, and Fix Interval on GPS Radio Collar Performance in Mount Fuji, Central Japan. Ecological Research, 23(3), 581-588.
  • Karaburun Doğan, D. K., & Çakı, C. (2019). Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı’nda Müziğin Milliyetçilik İnşasında Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanılması: Girne'den Yol Bağladık Anadolu'ya Şarkısı Üzerine İnceleme. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, (14), 214-229.
  • Kasza, G. J. (1986). Democracy and the Founding of Japanese Public Radio. The Journal of Asian Studies, 45(4), 745-767.
  • Kawamura, Y., & Kohler, C. (2013). Applying Sabido's Entertainment-Education Serial Drama Strategy to Serve Local Radio Audiences in the United States and Japan. Critical Arts, 27(1), 91-111.
  • Kohno, R., Miura, R., Harada, H., Haruyama, S., Sanada, Y., & Michael, L. (2001). Overview of Japanese Activities in Software-defined Radio. In Software Radio (pp. 219-225). Springer, London.
  • Kozono, S., & Takeuchı, T. (1991). Recent Propagation Studies on Land Mobile Radio in Japan. Ieice Transactions on Communications, 74(6), 1538-1546.
  • Kutler, S. I. (1980). Forging Legend: The Treason of Tokyo Rose. Wisconsin Law Review, 1980(6), 1341-1382.
  • Lincove, D. A. (1994). Propaganda and the American Public Library from the 1930s to the Eve of World War II. RQ, 510-523.
  • Lynn, L. H. (1998). The Commercialization of the Transistor Radio in Japan: the Functioning of an Innovation Community. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 45(3), 220-229.
  • Madjar, H. M. (2016). Human Radio Frequency Exposure Limits: An Update of Reference Levels in Europe, USA, Canada, China, Japan and Korea. In 2016 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility-EMC EUROPE, IEEE, 467-473.
  • Manabe, N. (2014). A Tale of Two Countries: Online Radio in the United States and Japan. Gopinath and Stanyek, 1, 456-95.
  • Miller, J. (2006). An Overview of the US and Japanese Approaches to Cognitive Radio and SDR. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 89(12), 3168-3173.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013a). An Enemy's Talk of “Justice” Japanese Radio Propaganda against Japanese American Mass Incarceration during World War II. Journalism History, 39(2), 94-103.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013b). A Disturbing and Ominous Voice from a Different Shore: Japanese Radio Propaganda and its Impact on the US Government’s Treatment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 24, 105-124.
  • Namie, H., Tanaka, N., & Yasuda, A. (1999). RTK-GPS Positioning in Japan by GPS-based Control Station via DMCA Mobile Radio Communication System. In Proceedings of 1999 National Technical Meeting ION, 495-503.
  • Nakajima, N., Kohno, R., & Kubota, S. (2001). Research and Developments of Software-Defined Radio Technologies in Japan. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(8), 146-155.
  • Nakamura, H., & Miyazawa, Y. (1997). Movements, Space Use and Social Organization of Radio-Tracked Common Cuckoos During the Breeeding Season in Japan. Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 46(1), 23-54.
  • Nakamura, H., Miyazawa, Y., & Kashiwagi, K. (2005). Behavior of Radio-Tracked Common Cuckoo Females during the Breeding Season in Japan. Ornithological Science, 4(1), 31-41.
  • Nieuwenhof, F. (1984). Japanese Film Propaganda in World War II: Indonesia and Australia. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 4(2), 161-177.
  • Ogawa, K., Kohiyama, K., & Kobayashi, T. (1994). Toward the Personal Communication Era—A Proposal of the “Radio Access” Concept from Japan. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 1(1), 17-27.
  • Otsuka, Y., Kadota, T., Shiokawa, K., Ogawa, T., Kawamura, S., Fukao, S., & Zhang, S. R. (2003). Optical and Radio Measurements of a 630‐nm Airglow Enhancement over Japan on 9 September 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 108(A6), 1-8.
  • PeriscopeFilm (2019). "Gerçeğin Sesi Filminde Bulunan Tokyo Rose Konuşması", https:// www. youtube. com/ watch?v =AlCYfgahxOc, Erişim Tarihi: 05.11.2019.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Sasaki, A., Mizuno, M., Sampei, S., Watanabe, F., Sasaoka, H., Hata, M., & Honma, K. (1996). Standardization Activities on FPLMTS Radio Transmission Technology in Japan. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, 79(12), 1938-1947.
  • Sasaki, A. (1998). Current Situation of IMT-2000 Radio Transmission Technology Study in Japan. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 81(7), 1299-1304.
  • Sheppard, W. A. (2001). An Exotic Enemy: Anti-Japanese Musical Propaganda in World War II Hollywood. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 54(2), 303-357.
  • Shibusawa, N. (2010). Femininity, Race and Treachery: How ‘Tokyo Rose’Became a Traitor to the United States after the Second World War. Gender & History, 22(1), 169-188.
  • Shinji, M., Komaki, S., & Saito, Y. (1989). A Proposal for the Harmonious Growth of Microwave Radio in future Telecommunications Networks in Japan. In IEEE International Conference on Communications, World Prosperity Through Communications, (pp. 1283-1287). IEEE.
  • Takahashi, Y. (2000). A Network of Tinkerers: the Advent of the Radio and Television Receiver Industry in Japan. Technology and Culture, 41(3), 460-484.
  • Tanaka, L. (2008). Formality or Rapport: Speech Style Shifts in Japanese Television and Radio. The International Journal of Language, Society and Culture, 26, 127-138.
  • Tanyeri Mazıcı, E., & Çakı, C. (2018). Adolf Hitler’in Korku Çekiciliği Bağlamında Kamu Spotu Reklamlarında Kullanımı. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(3), 290-306.
  • Uyeda, C. I. (1978). The Pardoning of “Tokyo Rose”: A Report on the Restoration of American Citizenship to Iva Ikuko Toguri. Amerasia Journal, 5(2), 69-93.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Barış Yılmaz 0000-0003-0928-2481

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, M. B. (2020). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Japon Medyasının ABD’ye Yönelik Faaliyetleri: Tokyo Rose Radyo Yayınları Üzerine İnceleme. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 541-563. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.657946
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.