Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

TERÖRİZM PROPAGANDASI BAĞLAMINDA IŞİD'İN İNTERNET VE YENİ MEDYA KULLANIMI

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 6, 97 - 125, 31.12.2022

Öz

Politik hedeflere korku ve sindirme yoluyla ulaşmayı amaçlayan ve şiddet eylemlerini içeren terörizm, propaganda kullanımını küreselleşmenin yarattığı fırsatlarla birlikte gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu çalışma, terörizm propagandasında küreselleşmenin bir ürünü olan internet ve yeni medyanın nasıl kullanıldığına odaklanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada incelenmek üzere seçilen vaka ise, hedefleriyle teknolojiyi uyumlu bir şekilde kullanan ve bunun için önemli bir bütçe ayıran terör örgütü Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti (IŞİD)’nin propaganda kullanımıdır. Çalışma, IŞİD’in internet ve yeni medya üzerindeki propagandasına ait amaçların, kullandığı araçların, temaların, hedef kitlelerinin ve tekniklerinin nasıl ortaya konulduğunu incelemektedir. Çalışma, internet ve yeni medya platformlarının terörizmle ilişkisine odaklanması bakımından çağdaş terörizm/propagandasını ele alıp değerlendirmiştir. Araştırmada terörizm propagandasının genel olarak kullandığı bileşenler ile IŞİD’in kullandığı bileşenlerin karşılaştırması yapılıp örtüşen noktalar açıklanıp analiz edilmiştir. Kalitatif yöntemle analitik bir genellemeyi amaçlayan bu çalışma, küreselleşmenin, terörizme sağladığı nedensel değil, araçsal fırsatlara odaklanmaktadır. Ancak çalışmada, terörist grupların bazı mobil uygulamalar ve internet üzerinde dolaşan oyunlar aracılığıyla yürüttükleri propaganda faaliyetleri kapsam dışı bırakılmıştır.

Teşekkür

Araştırmacılara, lisansüstü öğrencilere bilimsel araştırmalarını yayımlatma fırsatı sunduğunuz ve uluslararası bilimin gelişimine katkı sunan bir paylaşım platformu oluşturduğunuz için teşekkürleri borç bilirim.

Kaynakça

  • Awan, Imran (2017). “Cyber-Extremism: Isis and the Power of Social Media”. Society, 54(3), 1-12.
  • Ayhan, Bünyamin ve Çifçi, Muhammet Emin (2018).” IŞİD, Propaganda ve İslamofobi”. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 17-32.
  • Bates, Rodger (2012). “Dancing With Wolves: Today’s Lone Wolf Terrorists”. The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology, 4(1), 1-14.
  • BBC (2015). “Ürdünlü pilot neden yakılarak öldürüldü?”, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/02/150206_isid_pilot (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2021).
  • BBC (2019). “TikTok used by Islamic State to spread propaganda videos”, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • BBC (2020). “ISIS ‘still evading detection on Facebook’, report says”, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Berger, J.M. ve Morgan, Jonathon (2015). The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter. The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, Analysis Paper, No: 20.
  • Bergezen, Albert J. ve Lizardo Omar (2004). “International Terrorism and the World- System”. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 38-52.
  • Blaker, Lisa (2016). “The Islamic State’s Use of Online Social Media”. Military Cyber Affairs, 1(1), Article 4.
  • Breitbart (2014). “ISIS Now Selling Jihad With Twitter Account Full of Adorable Kittens”, https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2014/06/26/isis-now-selling-jihad-with- twitter-account-full-ofadorable-kittens/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Bural, Erol Başaran (2019). “Terör Örgütleri ve Propaganda”, Imıl, Muhittin (Der.). Propaganda ve Algı Yönetimi, Ankara: Orion Kitabevi, 53-120.
  • BusinessofApps (2021). “YouTube Revenue and Usage Statistics (2020)”, https://www.businessofapps.com/data/youtube-statistics/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Cantril, Hadley (1938). “Propaganda Analysis”. The English Journal, 27(3), 217-221.
  • Chailand, Gerard ve Blin, Arnaud (2016). Terörizmin Tarihi: Antikçağdan IŞİD’e (1. Baskı) (Çev. Bülent Tanatar) İstanbul: Nora Kitap.
  • Clausewitz, Carl Von (2020). Savaş Üzerine (1. Baskı). (Çev. Emre Yıldız) Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • CNN (2014). “Video shows ISIS beheading U.S. journalist James Foley”, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/19/world/meast/isis-james-foley/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Conway, Maura (2006). “Terrorism and the Internet: New Media – New Threat?”. Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), 283-298.
  • Counter Terrorism Ethics (2021). “Terrorist Group: ISIS”, http://counterterrorismethics.com/terrorist-group-isis/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021).
  • Crenshaw, Martha (1981). “The Causes of Terrorism”. Comparative Politics, 13(4), 379-399.
  • Dede, Özkan ve Tansü, Yunus Emre (2020). “IŞİD Terör Örgütü’nün Türkiye’deki Dijital Propagandası: Konstantiniyye Dergisi”. Assam Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (ASSAM- UHAD), 7(16), 106-124.
  • Dedeoğlu, Beril (2018). Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Strateji (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Yeniyüzyıl Yayınları.
  • Demir, Ali (2021). “Çoğulcu Kamusal Alanda Dini Kimliklerin Özgürlüğü ve Demokrasi İletişimi”. Etkileşim, 4(7), 98-127.
  • Demir, Sertif ve Varlık, Ali Bilgin (2015). “Globalization, Terrorism, and the State”. Alternatives:Turkish Journal Of International Relations, 14(3), 36-53.
  • Deutch, John (1997). “Terrorism”. Foreign Policy, No. 108: 10-22.
  • Duvar (2017). “Eski IŞİD’çi, Ürdünlü pilotu yakma videosunu anlattı”, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya/2017/02/11/eski-isidci-urdunlu-pilotu-yakma- videosunu-anlatti (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2021).
  • Finch, Lyneyve (2000). “Psychological Propaganda: The War of Ideas on Ideas During the First Half of the Twentieth Century”. Armed Forces & Society, 26(3), 367-386.
  • Flickr (2014). “Fourways in which ISIS outmuscles Al-Qaeda”, https://www.flickr.com/photos/125620025@N06/15314958725 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021).
  • Fox News (2017). “Islamic State backers find new way to share propaganda: Instagram”, https://www.foxnews.com/tech/islamic-state-backers-find-new- way-to-share- propaganda-instagram (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Freedman, Lawrence (2007). “Terrorism as a Strategy”. Government and Opposition, 42(3), 314-339.
  • Freedman, Lawrence (2019). Strateji: Bir Tarih (5. Baskı). (Çev. Belkıs Çorakçı Dişbudak ve Teciser Belge) İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım.
  • Gibson, William (1984). Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books.
  • Greenberg, Karen J. (2016). “Counter-Radicalization via the Internet”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol: 668, 165-179.
  • Gürler, Recep Tayyip ve Özdemir, Ömer Behram (2014). “El Kaide’den Post-Kaide’ye Dönüşüm: IŞİD”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 113-155.
  • Hassan, Ahmad Saiful R. ve Azman, Nur Aziemah (2020). “Islamic State’s Visual Propaganda”. Counter Terrorist Trends and Alayses, 12(5), 8-15.
  • Hassan, Muhammed Haniff (2018). “Refuting Islamic State (IS) Jihad Propaganda with the Story of Uwais Al-Qarni”. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(10), 12-16.
  • Heuston, Sean (2005). “Weapons of Mass Instruction: Terrorism, Propaganda Film, Politics, and Us: New Media New Meanings”. Studies in Popular Culture, 27(3), 59-73.
  • Hoffman, Adam ve Schweitzer, Yoram (2015). “Cyber Jihad in the Service of the Islamic "State (ISIS)”. Strategic Assessment, 18(1), 71-81.
  • Holton, Robert J. (2011). Globalization and the Nation State (İkinci Baskı). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Houghton, David Patrick (2018). Siyaset Psikolojisi (2. Baskı). (Çev. Hüsamettin İnaç ve Duygu Şekeroğlu) İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Human Rights Network (2017). “The Media Jihad of ISIS (Propaganda)” (Video Dosyası), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubrvV1yUPnk&t=188s (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Independent (2014). “Iraq crisis exclusive: Isis jihadists using World Cup and Premier League hashtags to promote extremist propaganda on Twitter”, https:// w.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-crisis-exclusive-isis-jihadist-using- world-cup-and-premier-league-hashtags-promote-extremist-propaganda twitter-95551 67.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • International Business Time (2015). “Isis Telegram channel doubles followers to 9,000 in less than 1 week”, https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-telegram-channel- doubles-followers- 9000-less-1-week-1523665 (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Internet World Stats (2020). “Internet Usage Statistic”, internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2021).
  • Jackson, Richard (2009). “The Study of Terrorism After 11 September 2001: Problems, Challenges and Future Developments”. Political Studies Review, 7(2), 171-184.
  • Kane, Thomas. M. ve Lonsdale, David J. (2016). Çağdaş Stratejiyi Anlamak (1. Baskı). (Çev. A. Tunçer Büyükonat) İstanbul: Doruk Yayınları.
  • Karakaş, Ceyhun Kaan (2017). “DAEŞ Propagandasında Yeni Medya Kullanımı”. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, Sayı: 28: 33-46.
  • Keskinkaya, Esma (2015). Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti’nin Yeni Medya Kullanımı. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Khawaja, Asma Shakir ve Khan, Asma Hussain (2016). “Media Strategy of ISIS”. Strategic Studies, 36(2), 104-121.
  • Kılıçkaya, Belkıs (2016). “DAEŞ ‘Tekfirci Cihatçılık’ 3. Bölüm” (Belgesel). Türkiye: Habertürk TV, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhx4A7r9mMc (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Laswell, Harold (1938). Propaganda Technique in the World War. New York: Peter Smith.
  • Lewis, James A. (2005). “The Internet and Terrorism”. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 99: 112-115.
  • Lieberman, Ariel V. (2017). “Terrorism, the Internet, and Propaganda: A Deadly Combination”. Journal of National Security Law & Policy, 9(95), 95-124.
  • Lippmann, Walter (1997). Public Opinion (Second Printing). New Brunswick & London: Transaction Publishers.
  • Lodge, Milton ve Stroh, Patrick (1993). “Inside the Mental Voting Booth: An Impression-Driven Process Model of Candidate Evaluation”, McGuire, William J. (Der.). Explorations in Political Psychology, Durham: Duke University Press, 225-264.
  • Macnair, Logan ve Frank, Richard (2017). “To My Brothers in the West...”: A Thematic Analysis of Videos Produced by the Islamic State’s al-Hayat Media Center”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 33(3), 234-253.
  • Mahzam, Remy (2017). “Rumiyah – Jihadist Propaganda & Information Warfare in Cyberspace”. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 9(3), 8-14.
  • Martian, Indra ve Adam, Fadzli (2021). “The Role of the Internet and Social Media in the Spread of ISIS in Indonesia”. Halaqa Islamic Education Journal, 5(1), 13-19.
  • Merari, Ariel (2016). “Ayaklanma Stratejisi Olarak Terörizm”. Gerard Chailand ve Arnaud Blin (Der.). Terörizmin Tarihi: Antikçağdan IŞİD’e (1. Baskı), İstanbul: Nora Kitap, 25-61.
  • Mesquita, Ethan Bueno ve Dickson, Eric S. (2007). “The Propaganda of the Deed: Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Mobilization”. American Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 364-381.
  • Mitts, Tamar; Gregoire Philips ve Walter Barbara (2022). “Studying the Impact of ISIS Propaganda Campaigns”. The Journal of Politics, 84(2), 1-36.
  • Murugesan, San (2007). “Understanding Web 2.0”. IT Professional, 9(4), 34-41.
  • ODNI (2016). “Letter from al-Zawahiri to al-Zarqawi October 11, 2005”, https://fas.org/irp/news/2005/10/dni101105.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021).
  • Online Etymology Dictionary (2021). “Propagation”, https://www.etymonline.com/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2021).
  • Ostransky, Bronislav (2019). The Jihadist Preachers of the End Times: ISIS Apocalyptic Propaganda. Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Padover, Saul K. (1951). “Psychological Warfare and Foreign Policy”. The American Scholar, 20(2), 151-161.
  • Qualter, Terence H. (1980). “Propaganda Teorisi ve Propagandanın Gelişimi”. (Çev. Ünsal Oksay) Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 35(01), 255-307.
  • Schmid, Alex P. ve Jongman, Albert J. (1988). Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Databases, Theories and Literature. Oxford: North Holland.
  • Shehabat, Ahmad ve Mitew, Teodor (2018). “Black-boxing the Black Flag: Anonymous Sharing Platforms and ISIS Content Distribution Tactics”. Perspectives on Terrorism, 12(1), 81-99.
  • Smith, Steve, Amelia Hadfield ve Tim Dunne (2016). Dış Politika: Teoriler, Aktörler, Örnek Olaylar (2. Baskı). (Çev. Nasuh Uslu) Ankara: Röle Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Spienza, Zachary, Narayanan Iyer ve Aaron S. Veenstra (2015). “Reading Lasswell’s Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions”. Mass Communication of Society, 18(5), 599-622.
  • Statista (2021a). “Number of Facebook users worldwide from 2015 to 2020”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/490424/number-of-worldwide-facebookusers/#:~:te xt=In%202020%2C%20the%20global%20number,from%201.34%20million%20in%2 02014 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Statista (2021b). “Number of Instagram users worldwide from 2016 to 2021”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/183585/instagram-number-of-global-users/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Stepniak, Sergey (1896). Underground Russia: Revolutionary Profiles and Sketches from Life. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Tarhan, Nevzat (2003). Psikolojik Savaş (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Taşdemir, Erdem (2017). “Sosyal Medyada Terör Propagandası: DAEŞ Örneği”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 726-752.
  • Tilly, Charles (2004). “Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists”. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 5-13.
  • Viotti, Paul R. ve Kauppi, Mark R. (2014). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dünya Siyaseti (5. Baskı). (Çev. Ayşe Özbay Erozan) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Wakeford, Laura ve Smith, Laura (2019). “Islamic State’s Propaganda and Social Media: Dissemination, Support, and Resilience”, Baele, Stephane J. vd. (Der.). ISIS Propaganda: A Full Spectrum Extremist Message, Oxford University Press, 155-187.
  • Weimann, Gabriel (2010). “Terror on Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube”. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 16(2), 45-54.
  • Weimann, Gabriel (2015). “Terrorist Migration to Social Media”. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 16(1), 180-187.
  • Williams, Lauren (2016). “Islamic State Propaganda and the Mainstream Media”, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/islamic-state-propaganda-and-mainstream- media (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04. 2021).

ISIS’ Use of the Internet and New Media in the Context of Terrorism Propaganda

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 6, 97 - 125, 31.12.2022

Öz

Terrorism aims to achieve political goals through fear and intimidation and includes acts of violence, embodies the use of propaganda with the opportunities created by the development of globalization. This study focuses on the use of the internet and new media, as the products of globalization, in the context of terrorism propaganda. The case chosen to be analyzed in the study is the propaganda use of the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), which uses technology in harmony with its goals and allocates a significant budget for it. In that respect, the study aspires to reveal the goals, tools, themes, target audiences and techniques of ISIS's propaganda on the internet and new media. In the study, the components used by terrorism propaganda generally were compared with the components used and implemented by ISIS and then the overlapping points were analyzed. This study, aims to pursue an analytical generalization with a qualitative method, focuses on the instrumental rather than causal opportunities that globalization is assumed to provide for terrorism. However, propaganda activities carried out by terrorist groups through some mobile applications and games circulating on the internet were excluded in the study.

Kaynakça

  • Awan, Imran (2017). “Cyber-Extremism: Isis and the Power of Social Media”. Society, 54(3), 1-12.
  • Ayhan, Bünyamin ve Çifçi, Muhammet Emin (2018).” IŞİD, Propaganda ve İslamofobi”. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 17-32.
  • Bates, Rodger (2012). “Dancing With Wolves: Today’s Lone Wolf Terrorists”. The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology, 4(1), 1-14.
  • BBC (2015). “Ürdünlü pilot neden yakılarak öldürüldü?”, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/02/150206_isid_pilot (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2021).
  • BBC (2019). “TikTok used by Islamic State to spread propaganda videos”, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • BBC (2020). “ISIS ‘still evading detection on Facebook’, report says”, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Berger, J.M. ve Morgan, Jonathon (2015). The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter. The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, Analysis Paper, No: 20.
  • Bergezen, Albert J. ve Lizardo Omar (2004). “International Terrorism and the World- System”. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 38-52.
  • Blaker, Lisa (2016). “The Islamic State’s Use of Online Social Media”. Military Cyber Affairs, 1(1), Article 4.
  • Breitbart (2014). “ISIS Now Selling Jihad With Twitter Account Full of Adorable Kittens”, https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2014/06/26/isis-now-selling-jihad-with- twitter-account-full-ofadorable-kittens/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Bural, Erol Başaran (2019). “Terör Örgütleri ve Propaganda”, Imıl, Muhittin (Der.). Propaganda ve Algı Yönetimi, Ankara: Orion Kitabevi, 53-120.
  • BusinessofApps (2021). “YouTube Revenue and Usage Statistics (2020)”, https://www.businessofapps.com/data/youtube-statistics/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Cantril, Hadley (1938). “Propaganda Analysis”. The English Journal, 27(3), 217-221.
  • Chailand, Gerard ve Blin, Arnaud (2016). Terörizmin Tarihi: Antikçağdan IŞİD’e (1. Baskı) (Çev. Bülent Tanatar) İstanbul: Nora Kitap.
  • Clausewitz, Carl Von (2020). Savaş Üzerine (1. Baskı). (Çev. Emre Yıldız) Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
  • CNN (2014). “Video shows ISIS beheading U.S. journalist James Foley”, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/19/world/meast/isis-james-foley/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Conway, Maura (2006). “Terrorism and the Internet: New Media – New Threat?”. Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), 283-298.
  • Counter Terrorism Ethics (2021). “Terrorist Group: ISIS”, http://counterterrorismethics.com/terrorist-group-isis/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021).
  • Crenshaw, Martha (1981). “The Causes of Terrorism”. Comparative Politics, 13(4), 379-399.
  • Dede, Özkan ve Tansü, Yunus Emre (2020). “IŞİD Terör Örgütü’nün Türkiye’deki Dijital Propagandası: Konstantiniyye Dergisi”. Assam Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (ASSAM- UHAD), 7(16), 106-124.
  • Dedeoğlu, Beril (2018). Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Strateji (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Yeniyüzyıl Yayınları.
  • Demir, Ali (2021). “Çoğulcu Kamusal Alanda Dini Kimliklerin Özgürlüğü ve Demokrasi İletişimi”. Etkileşim, 4(7), 98-127.
  • Demir, Sertif ve Varlık, Ali Bilgin (2015). “Globalization, Terrorism, and the State”. Alternatives:Turkish Journal Of International Relations, 14(3), 36-53.
  • Deutch, John (1997). “Terrorism”. Foreign Policy, No. 108: 10-22.
  • Duvar (2017). “Eski IŞİD’çi, Ürdünlü pilotu yakma videosunu anlattı”, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/dunya/2017/02/11/eski-isidci-urdunlu-pilotu-yakma- videosunu-anlatti (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2021).
  • Finch, Lyneyve (2000). “Psychological Propaganda: The War of Ideas on Ideas During the First Half of the Twentieth Century”. Armed Forces & Society, 26(3), 367-386.
  • Flickr (2014). “Fourways in which ISIS outmuscles Al-Qaeda”, https://www.flickr.com/photos/125620025@N06/15314958725 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021).
  • Fox News (2017). “Islamic State backers find new way to share propaganda: Instagram”, https://www.foxnews.com/tech/islamic-state-backers-find-new- way-to-share- propaganda-instagram (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Freedman, Lawrence (2007). “Terrorism as a Strategy”. Government and Opposition, 42(3), 314-339.
  • Freedman, Lawrence (2019). Strateji: Bir Tarih (5. Baskı). (Çev. Belkıs Çorakçı Dişbudak ve Teciser Belge) İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım.
  • Gibson, William (1984). Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books.
  • Greenberg, Karen J. (2016). “Counter-Radicalization via the Internet”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol: 668, 165-179.
  • Gürler, Recep Tayyip ve Özdemir, Ömer Behram (2014). “El Kaide’den Post-Kaide’ye Dönüşüm: IŞİD”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 113-155.
  • Hassan, Ahmad Saiful R. ve Azman, Nur Aziemah (2020). “Islamic State’s Visual Propaganda”. Counter Terrorist Trends and Alayses, 12(5), 8-15.
  • Hassan, Muhammed Haniff (2018). “Refuting Islamic State (IS) Jihad Propaganda with the Story of Uwais Al-Qarni”. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(10), 12-16.
  • Heuston, Sean (2005). “Weapons of Mass Instruction: Terrorism, Propaganda Film, Politics, and Us: New Media New Meanings”. Studies in Popular Culture, 27(3), 59-73.
  • Hoffman, Adam ve Schweitzer, Yoram (2015). “Cyber Jihad in the Service of the Islamic "State (ISIS)”. Strategic Assessment, 18(1), 71-81.
  • Holton, Robert J. (2011). Globalization and the Nation State (İkinci Baskı). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Houghton, David Patrick (2018). Siyaset Psikolojisi (2. Baskı). (Çev. Hüsamettin İnaç ve Duygu Şekeroğlu) İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Human Rights Network (2017). “The Media Jihad of ISIS (Propaganda)” (Video Dosyası), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubrvV1yUPnk&t=188s (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Independent (2014). “Iraq crisis exclusive: Isis jihadists using World Cup and Premier League hashtags to promote extremist propaganda on Twitter”, https:// w.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-crisis-exclusive-isis-jihadist-using- world-cup-and-premier-league-hashtags-promote-extremist-propaganda twitter-95551 67.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • International Business Time (2015). “Isis Telegram channel doubles followers to 9,000 in less than 1 week”, https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-telegram-channel- doubles-followers- 9000-less-1-week-1523665 (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Internet World Stats (2020). “Internet Usage Statistic”, internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2021).
  • Jackson, Richard (2009). “The Study of Terrorism After 11 September 2001: Problems, Challenges and Future Developments”. Political Studies Review, 7(2), 171-184.
  • Kane, Thomas. M. ve Lonsdale, David J. (2016). Çağdaş Stratejiyi Anlamak (1. Baskı). (Çev. A. Tunçer Büyükonat) İstanbul: Doruk Yayınları.
  • Karakaş, Ceyhun Kaan (2017). “DAEŞ Propagandasında Yeni Medya Kullanımı”. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, Sayı: 28: 33-46.
  • Keskinkaya, Esma (2015). Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti’nin Yeni Medya Kullanımı. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Khawaja, Asma Shakir ve Khan, Asma Hussain (2016). “Media Strategy of ISIS”. Strategic Studies, 36(2), 104-121.
  • Kılıçkaya, Belkıs (2016). “DAEŞ ‘Tekfirci Cihatçılık’ 3. Bölüm” (Belgesel). Türkiye: Habertürk TV, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhx4A7r9mMc (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021).
  • Laswell, Harold (1938). Propaganda Technique in the World War. New York: Peter Smith.
  • Lewis, James A. (2005). “The Internet and Terrorism”. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 99: 112-115.
  • Lieberman, Ariel V. (2017). “Terrorism, the Internet, and Propaganda: A Deadly Combination”. Journal of National Security Law & Policy, 9(95), 95-124.
  • Lippmann, Walter (1997). Public Opinion (Second Printing). New Brunswick & London: Transaction Publishers.
  • Lodge, Milton ve Stroh, Patrick (1993). “Inside the Mental Voting Booth: An Impression-Driven Process Model of Candidate Evaluation”, McGuire, William J. (Der.). Explorations in Political Psychology, Durham: Duke University Press, 225-264.
  • Macnair, Logan ve Frank, Richard (2017). “To My Brothers in the West...”: A Thematic Analysis of Videos Produced by the Islamic State’s al-Hayat Media Center”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 33(3), 234-253.
  • Mahzam, Remy (2017). “Rumiyah – Jihadist Propaganda & Information Warfare in Cyberspace”. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 9(3), 8-14.
  • Martian, Indra ve Adam, Fadzli (2021). “The Role of the Internet and Social Media in the Spread of ISIS in Indonesia”. Halaqa Islamic Education Journal, 5(1), 13-19.
  • Merari, Ariel (2016). “Ayaklanma Stratejisi Olarak Terörizm”. Gerard Chailand ve Arnaud Blin (Der.). Terörizmin Tarihi: Antikçağdan IŞİD’e (1. Baskı), İstanbul: Nora Kitap, 25-61.
  • Mesquita, Ethan Bueno ve Dickson, Eric S. (2007). “The Propaganda of the Deed: Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Mobilization”. American Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 364-381.
  • Mitts, Tamar; Gregoire Philips ve Walter Barbara (2022). “Studying the Impact of ISIS Propaganda Campaigns”. The Journal of Politics, 84(2), 1-36.
  • Murugesan, San (2007). “Understanding Web 2.0”. IT Professional, 9(4), 34-41.
  • ODNI (2016). “Letter from al-Zawahiri to al-Zarqawi October 11, 2005”, https://fas.org/irp/news/2005/10/dni101105.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2021).
  • Online Etymology Dictionary (2021). “Propagation”, https://www.etymonline.com/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2021).
  • Ostransky, Bronislav (2019). The Jihadist Preachers of the End Times: ISIS Apocalyptic Propaganda. Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Padover, Saul K. (1951). “Psychological Warfare and Foreign Policy”. The American Scholar, 20(2), 151-161.
  • Qualter, Terence H. (1980). “Propaganda Teorisi ve Propagandanın Gelişimi”. (Çev. Ünsal Oksay) Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 35(01), 255-307.
  • Schmid, Alex P. ve Jongman, Albert J. (1988). Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Databases, Theories and Literature. Oxford: North Holland.
  • Shehabat, Ahmad ve Mitew, Teodor (2018). “Black-boxing the Black Flag: Anonymous Sharing Platforms and ISIS Content Distribution Tactics”. Perspectives on Terrorism, 12(1), 81-99.
  • Smith, Steve, Amelia Hadfield ve Tim Dunne (2016). Dış Politika: Teoriler, Aktörler, Örnek Olaylar (2. Baskı). (Çev. Nasuh Uslu) Ankara: Röle Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Spienza, Zachary, Narayanan Iyer ve Aaron S. Veenstra (2015). “Reading Lasswell’s Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions”. Mass Communication of Society, 18(5), 599-622.
  • Statista (2021a). “Number of Facebook users worldwide from 2015 to 2020”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/490424/number-of-worldwide-facebookusers/#:~:te xt=In%202020%2C%20the%20global%20number,from%201.34%20million%20in%2 02014 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Statista (2021b). “Number of Instagram users worldwide from 2016 to 2021”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/183585/instagram-number-of-global-users/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Stepniak, Sergey (1896). Underground Russia: Revolutionary Profiles and Sketches from Life. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Tarhan, Nevzat (2003). Psikolojik Savaş (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Taşdemir, Erdem (2017). “Sosyal Medyada Terör Propagandası: DAEŞ Örneği”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 726-752.
  • Tilly, Charles (2004). “Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists”. Sociological Theory, 22(1), 5-13.
  • Viotti, Paul R. ve Kauppi, Mark R. (2014). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dünya Siyaseti (5. Baskı). (Çev. Ayşe Özbay Erozan) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Wakeford, Laura ve Smith, Laura (2019). “Islamic State’s Propaganda and Social Media: Dissemination, Support, and Resilience”, Baele, Stephane J. vd. (Der.). ISIS Propaganda: A Full Spectrum Extremist Message, Oxford University Press, 155-187.
  • Weimann, Gabriel (2010). “Terror on Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube”. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 16(2), 45-54.
  • Weimann, Gabriel (2015). “Terrorist Migration to Social Media”. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 16(1), 180-187.
  • Williams, Lauren (2016). “Islamic State Propaganda and the Mainstream Media”, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/islamic-state-propaganda-and-mainstream- media (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04. 2021).
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Özveren 0000-0001-8134-0565

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Özveren, M. (2022). TERÖRİZM PROPAGANDASI BAĞLAMINDA IŞİD’İN İNTERNET VE YENİ MEDYA KULLANIMI. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies(6), 97-125.