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Sistersiyen Tarikatı’nın Altın Çağı, Yapısı ve İşleyişi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 18, 26.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1272370

Öz

Bozulan monastik yaşama bir tepki olarak kurulan Citeaux Manastırı ve adını buradan alan Sistersiyen Tarikatı en parlak dönemini XII. yüzyılda yaşamıştır. Stephan Harding ile kurumsallaşan tarikat, Clairvauxlu Bernard’ın etkileyici vaazları ile popülerliğini artırmıştır. İlk kurulan manastır Citeaux’dur ve onu peşi sıra yeni manastırların takip ettiği bilinmektedir. Aziz Bernard zamanındaise tarikatın uluslararası meselelerde rol oynamaya başladığı görülmektedir. Benedikten kurallarına sıkı sıkıya bağlı olan tarikat din adamlarının zengin bir hayat sürmesine karşı olduğu için, “İsa kadar fakir olma”yı benimsemiştir. Bu sebeple tarikat üyeleri hayatlarını idame ettirmek için tarlalarda, bahçelerde, değirmenlerde çalışmaktaydılar. Ağır işlerde çalışan keşişler, manastır yaşamının ayrılmaz parçası olan ruhani ibadetlerle de meşgul olmaktaydılar. Tarikat fertlerinin görev ve sorumlulukları, beslenme şekilleri, ibadet ve ayin yükümlülükleri hazırlanan tüzükler ile belirlenmekteydi. Bilimsel ilke ve değerler göz önüne alınarak hazırlanan bu çalışma, tarikatın “altın çağı” olarak bilinen erken tarihine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı XII. yüzyılda, manastır yaşamında önemli rol oynayan Sistersiyen Tarikatı’nın tarihini ve iç işleyişini anlatmak ve buradan manastır hayatına bir göz atmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Altan, Ebru (2000), İkinci Haçlı Seferi (1147-1148),Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • [2] Asbridge, Thomas (2014), Haçlı Seferleri, Say Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • [3] Aşıkoğlu, Yücel (2009), “Aziz Bernard ve Hıristiyanlık Tarihindeki Yeri”, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • [4] Azzimonti, Alessandro (1998), Origines of Cisterciens: Les Plus Anciennes Textes, CERF, Paris.
  • [5] Barber, Malcolm ve Bate, Keith (2002), The Templars: Selected Sources Translated and Annotated, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • [6] Barry, Patrick (1997), Saint Benedict and Christianity in England, Ampleforth Abbey Press, Southern Avenue.
  • [7] Benvenuti, Anna (2010), “Dini Tarikatlar”,Ortaçağ: Katedraller, Şövalyeler, Şehirler, Çev.: Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, Alfa Basım, İstanbul.(217-230)
  • [8] Berman, Constance H. (1986), Medieval Agriculture, The Southern French Countryside, and the Early Cistercians: A Study of Forty-three Monasteries, American Philosophical Society, USA.
  • [9] Berman, Constance H. (2000), The Cistercium Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
  • [10] Bredero, Adrian H. (1996), Bernard of Clairvaux: Between Cult and History, T&T Clark Press, Edinburg.
  • [11] Bulton, Brenda M. (1992), “The Cistercians and the Aftermath of the SecondCrusade”, Ed. Michael Gervers, The Second Crusade and Cistercians, Palgrave MaCmillan, USA 1992.
  • [12] Burton, Janet ve Kerr, Julia (2011), The Cistercians in the Middle Ages, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • [13] Campion, Elenor (1999), “Citeaux our Mother? Early Cistercian Women’s History Revisied”, Cistercian Studies Quarterly, Sayı 4. (483-499) [14] Cantor, Norman F. (1960), “The Crisis of Western Monasticism” The American Historical Review, Sayı 1, Ekim. (47-67)
  • [15] Conrad of Eberbach (2012), The Exordium Magnum: The Great Beginning of Citeaux, Translated by Benedicta Ward-Paul Savage, Liturgical Press, Minnesota.
  • [16] Coulton, George G. (1936), Five Centuries of Religion, Cilt: III, CambridgeUniversity Press, New York.
  • [17] Çoban, Bekir Zakir (2014), Geçmişten Günümüze Papalık, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • [18] Dalgairns, J. B. (1844), The Cistercians Saints of England, S&J Bentleny, London.
  • [19] Dalgairns, J. B. (1898), Life of the St. Stephan Harding, Ed.: John Henry Newman, Art and Book Company, New York.
  • [20] Deanesly, Margaret (1969), A History of the Medival Church 500-1500, Routledge Taylor&Francois Group, New York.
  • [21] Esen, Salihe (2015), “Dominiken Tarikatı ve Katolik Kilisesi’ndeki Yeri”, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • [22] Firth, Lori (2012), A Comparison of the Cistercian and Knights Templar Orders and the Personal Influence of Bernard of Clairvaux, The University of Hull, UK. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • [23] Fletcher, J. S. (1919), The Cistercians in Yorkshire, The MaCmillan Company, New York.
  • [24] Flinn, Frank K. (2007), Encyclopedia of Catholicism, Ed.: J. Gordon Melton, Fact on the File, New York 2007.
  • [25] Freeman, Elizabeth (2002), “Whats Makes a Monastic Order? Issues of Methodology in the Cistercian Evolution”, Cistercian Studies Quartely, Sayı 37, (245-287)
  • [26] Freeman, Elizabeth (2002), Narratives of a New Order: Cistercian Historical Writing in England 1150-1220, Brepols Publishing, Belgium.
  • [27] Genç, Özlem (2021), “Clairvaux Başrahibi Bernard’ın İkinci Haçlı Seferi Faaliyetleri ve Dönem Hıristiyanlarının Müslüman Algısı”, Tarih Dergisi-Turkish Journal of History, Sayı 74, Haziran. (67-81)
  • [28] Gimpel, Jean (1996), Ortaçağ Endüstri Devrimi, Çev.: Nazım Özüaydın, Tübitak, Ankara.
  • [29] Goff, Jacques Le (1999), Ortaçağ Batı Uygarlığı, Çev.: Hanife Güven-Uğur Güven, Dokuz Eylül Yayınları, İzmir.
  • [30] https://ocso.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/EN-Carta-Caritatis.pdf
  • [31] Kardong, Terrence G. (2009), The Life of Saint Benedict by Gregory the Great, Liturgical Press, Minesota.
  • [32] Kienze, Beverly Mayne (1998), The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Bruno Scott James (Çev.), Cistercian Publications, USA.
  • [33] Kingsler, Karen (2003), “Manastır Mimarisi Üzerine”, Çev.: Salih Çift, Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 12, Aralık. (349-360)
  • [34] Lawrence, H. (1989), Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in the Western Europe, Longman Pub., Londra.
  • [35] Leclerq, Jean (1989)), Women and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Cistercian Studies Press, Kalamozoo.
  • [36] Lekai, Louis (1953), The White Monks, A History of the Cistercian Order, Okauchee Pub., Wisconsin.
  • [37] Lekai, Louis J. (1970), “Motives and Ideals of the Eleventh-Century Monastic Reneval”, The Age Cistercian Spirit, Cistercians Publications, Spencer. (27-47)
  • [38] Louf, Andrea (1983), The Cistercian Way, Cistercian Publications, Michigan.
  • [39] Matarasso, Pauline (1993), The Little Exord’in the Cistercian World: Monastic Writings of the Twelfth Century, Penguin Books, London.
  • [40] Merton, Thomas (1968), Monastic Observances: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition, Liturgial Press, Collegeville.
  • [41] Micklethwaite, John T. (1990), The Cistercian Order, Yorkshire Archaeologial Society Press, England.
  • [42] Morris, Colin (1989), The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250, Ed.: Henry Chadwick- Owen Chadwick, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • [43] Neander, Augustus (1843), The Life and Time of St. Bernard, Çev.: Matilda Wrench, Gilbert&Rivington, London.
  • [44] Odabaşı, Zehra (2019), Rahip Bernard de Clairvaux: Hayatı (1190-1153) ve II. Haçlı Seferindeki Rolü”, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 45. (399-416)
  • [45] Parker, Thedore (1911), Saint Bernard and Other Papers, Ed.: Charles W. Wendte, American Uniterian Association.
  • [46] Petry, Ray C. (1957), Late Medieval Mysticism, The Westminster Press, USA.
  • [47] Richardson, Thomas (1852), A Concise History of the Cistercian Order, yy, London.
  • [48] Roberts, Augustine (1970), “The Devolopmental Dynamics of the Cistercians Reform”, The Cistercians Spirit, Cistercians Publications, Spencer.
  • [49] Roux, Julie (2005), The Cistercians, Vic-en- Bigorre, Paris.
  • [50] Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1908), On Consideration, Translated by George Lewis, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • [51] Schaff, Philip (1882), History of Christian Church the Middle Ages A.D. 1049-1294, Grand Rapids, UK.
  • [52] Smith, Damian J. (2006), “Innocent II: A Very Short Introduction”, Pope Innocent II (1130-43): The World vs City, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York. (1-5)
  • [53] Thiele, Marie L. B. (1991), “The Influence of St. Bernard on the Formation at the Order of the Knights Templar”, The Second Crusade and Cistercian, Palgrave MaCmillan, USA. (57-66)
  • [54]Tobin, Stephan (1995), The Cistercians: Monks and Monasteries of Europe, The Overlook Press, New York.
  • [55] Ullmann, Walter (2003), A Short History of the Middle Ages, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York.
  • [56] William of Malmesbury (1847), William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of the Kings of England, Translated by J. A. Giles, Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • [57] Yavaş, Halil (2021), “Orta Çağ’da Sistersiyen Ekonomisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 46, Ekim. (58-73)

The Golden Age, Structure and Operation of the Cistercian Religious Order

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 18, 26.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1272370

Öz

The Citeaux Monastery, which was established as a reaction to the deteriorated monastic life, and the Cistercian Religious Order, which took its name from here, had its heyday in XII. Century lived. Institutionalized by Stephan Harding, the order increased its popularity with the impressive sermons of Bernard of Clairvaux. The first monastery to be established was Citeaux and it is known that new monasteries followed it. By the time of St. Bernard, it is seen that the order began to play a role in international affairs. Adhering to the Benedictine precepts, the religiousorder embraced “being as poor as Jesus” because it was against the rich life of the clergy. For this reason, the members of the sect were working in the fields, gardens and mills to maintain their lives. The monks, who worked in hard labour, were also busy with spiritual worship, which was an inseparable part of monastic life. The duties and responsibilities of the members of the order, their diet, and worship and ritual obligations were determined by the bylaws. Considering scientific principles and values, this study focuses on the early history of order, known as the “golden age”. The aim is to tell the history and inner workings of the Cistercian Religious Order, which played an important role in the monastic life of the XII century, and to take a look at the monastic life from here.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Altan, Ebru (2000), İkinci Haçlı Seferi (1147-1148),Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • [2] Asbridge, Thomas (2014), Haçlı Seferleri, Say Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • [3] Aşıkoğlu, Yücel (2009), “Aziz Bernard ve Hıristiyanlık Tarihindeki Yeri”, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • [4] Azzimonti, Alessandro (1998), Origines of Cisterciens: Les Plus Anciennes Textes, CERF, Paris.
  • [5] Barber, Malcolm ve Bate, Keith (2002), The Templars: Selected Sources Translated and Annotated, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • [6] Barry, Patrick (1997), Saint Benedict and Christianity in England, Ampleforth Abbey Press, Southern Avenue.
  • [7] Benvenuti, Anna (2010), “Dini Tarikatlar”,Ortaçağ: Katedraller, Şövalyeler, Şehirler, Çev.: Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, Alfa Basım, İstanbul.(217-230)
  • [8] Berman, Constance H. (1986), Medieval Agriculture, The Southern French Countryside, and the Early Cistercians: A Study of Forty-three Monasteries, American Philosophical Society, USA.
  • [9] Berman, Constance H. (2000), The Cistercium Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
  • [10] Bredero, Adrian H. (1996), Bernard of Clairvaux: Between Cult and History, T&T Clark Press, Edinburg.
  • [11] Bulton, Brenda M. (1992), “The Cistercians and the Aftermath of the SecondCrusade”, Ed. Michael Gervers, The Second Crusade and Cistercians, Palgrave MaCmillan, USA 1992.
  • [12] Burton, Janet ve Kerr, Julia (2011), The Cistercians in the Middle Ages, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • [13] Campion, Elenor (1999), “Citeaux our Mother? Early Cistercian Women’s History Revisied”, Cistercian Studies Quarterly, Sayı 4. (483-499) [14] Cantor, Norman F. (1960), “The Crisis of Western Monasticism” The American Historical Review, Sayı 1, Ekim. (47-67)
  • [15] Conrad of Eberbach (2012), The Exordium Magnum: The Great Beginning of Citeaux, Translated by Benedicta Ward-Paul Savage, Liturgical Press, Minnesota.
  • [16] Coulton, George G. (1936), Five Centuries of Religion, Cilt: III, CambridgeUniversity Press, New York.
  • [17] Çoban, Bekir Zakir (2014), Geçmişten Günümüze Papalık, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • [18] Dalgairns, J. B. (1844), The Cistercians Saints of England, S&J Bentleny, London.
  • [19] Dalgairns, J. B. (1898), Life of the St. Stephan Harding, Ed.: John Henry Newman, Art and Book Company, New York.
  • [20] Deanesly, Margaret (1969), A History of the Medival Church 500-1500, Routledge Taylor&Francois Group, New York.
  • [21] Esen, Salihe (2015), “Dominiken Tarikatı ve Katolik Kilisesi’ndeki Yeri”, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • [22] Firth, Lori (2012), A Comparison of the Cistercian and Knights Templar Orders and the Personal Influence of Bernard of Clairvaux, The University of Hull, UK. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • [23] Fletcher, J. S. (1919), The Cistercians in Yorkshire, The MaCmillan Company, New York.
  • [24] Flinn, Frank K. (2007), Encyclopedia of Catholicism, Ed.: J. Gordon Melton, Fact on the File, New York 2007.
  • [25] Freeman, Elizabeth (2002), “Whats Makes a Monastic Order? Issues of Methodology in the Cistercian Evolution”, Cistercian Studies Quartely, Sayı 37, (245-287)
  • [26] Freeman, Elizabeth (2002), Narratives of a New Order: Cistercian Historical Writing in England 1150-1220, Brepols Publishing, Belgium.
  • [27] Genç, Özlem (2021), “Clairvaux Başrahibi Bernard’ın İkinci Haçlı Seferi Faaliyetleri ve Dönem Hıristiyanlarının Müslüman Algısı”, Tarih Dergisi-Turkish Journal of History, Sayı 74, Haziran. (67-81)
  • [28] Gimpel, Jean (1996), Ortaçağ Endüstri Devrimi, Çev.: Nazım Özüaydın, Tübitak, Ankara.
  • [29] Goff, Jacques Le (1999), Ortaçağ Batı Uygarlığı, Çev.: Hanife Güven-Uğur Güven, Dokuz Eylül Yayınları, İzmir.
  • [30] https://ocso.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/EN-Carta-Caritatis.pdf
  • [31] Kardong, Terrence G. (2009), The Life of Saint Benedict by Gregory the Great, Liturgical Press, Minesota.
  • [32] Kienze, Beverly Mayne (1998), The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Bruno Scott James (Çev.), Cistercian Publications, USA.
  • [33] Kingsler, Karen (2003), “Manastır Mimarisi Üzerine”, Çev.: Salih Çift, Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 12, Aralık. (349-360)
  • [34] Lawrence, H. (1989), Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in the Western Europe, Longman Pub., Londra.
  • [35] Leclerq, Jean (1989)), Women and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Cistercian Studies Press, Kalamozoo.
  • [36] Lekai, Louis (1953), The White Monks, A History of the Cistercian Order, Okauchee Pub., Wisconsin.
  • [37] Lekai, Louis J. (1970), “Motives and Ideals of the Eleventh-Century Monastic Reneval”, The Age Cistercian Spirit, Cistercians Publications, Spencer. (27-47)
  • [38] Louf, Andrea (1983), The Cistercian Way, Cistercian Publications, Michigan.
  • [39] Matarasso, Pauline (1993), The Little Exord’in the Cistercian World: Monastic Writings of the Twelfth Century, Penguin Books, London.
  • [40] Merton, Thomas (1968), Monastic Observances: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition, Liturgial Press, Collegeville.
  • [41] Micklethwaite, John T. (1990), The Cistercian Order, Yorkshire Archaeologial Society Press, England.
  • [42] Morris, Colin (1989), The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250, Ed.: Henry Chadwick- Owen Chadwick, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • [43] Neander, Augustus (1843), The Life and Time of St. Bernard, Çev.: Matilda Wrench, Gilbert&Rivington, London.
  • [44] Odabaşı, Zehra (2019), Rahip Bernard de Clairvaux: Hayatı (1190-1153) ve II. Haçlı Seferindeki Rolü”, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 45. (399-416)
  • [45] Parker, Thedore (1911), Saint Bernard and Other Papers, Ed.: Charles W. Wendte, American Uniterian Association.
  • [46] Petry, Ray C. (1957), Late Medieval Mysticism, The Westminster Press, USA.
  • [47] Richardson, Thomas (1852), A Concise History of the Cistercian Order, yy, London.
  • [48] Roberts, Augustine (1970), “The Devolopmental Dynamics of the Cistercians Reform”, The Cistercians Spirit, Cistercians Publications, Spencer.
  • [49] Roux, Julie (2005), The Cistercians, Vic-en- Bigorre, Paris.
  • [50] Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1908), On Consideration, Translated by George Lewis, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • [51] Schaff, Philip (1882), History of Christian Church the Middle Ages A.D. 1049-1294, Grand Rapids, UK.
  • [52] Smith, Damian J. (2006), “Innocent II: A Very Short Introduction”, Pope Innocent II (1130-43): The World vs City, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York. (1-5)
  • [53] Thiele, Marie L. B. (1991), “The Influence of St. Bernard on the Formation at the Order of the Knights Templar”, The Second Crusade and Cistercian, Palgrave MaCmillan, USA. (57-66)
  • [54]Tobin, Stephan (1995), The Cistercians: Monks and Monasteries of Europe, The Overlook Press, New York.
  • [55] Ullmann, Walter (2003), A Short History of the Middle Ages, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York.
  • [56] William of Malmesbury (1847), William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of the Kings of England, Translated by J. A. Giles, Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • [57] Yavaş, Halil (2021), “Orta Çağ’da Sistersiyen Ekonomisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 46, Ekim. (58-73)
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Asiye Abdurrahmanoğlu 0000-0002-1021-944X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 7 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Abdurrahmanoğlu, A. (2023). Sistersiyen Tarikatı’nın Altın Çağı, Yapısı ve İşleyişi. Journal of Universal History Studies, 6(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1272370

Cited By

ORTA ÇAĞ ALMANYASI’NDA KADIN MANASTIRLARI
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.56387/ahbvedebiyat.1265135

23283 Journal of Universal History Studies © 2018 by Sabit Dokuyan is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0                                     open access ile ilgili görsel sonucu             


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