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Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’nin Diplomatik Ontolojisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97, 167 - 185, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.683428

Öz

Bu çalışmada, sınırlı tanıma statüsündeki Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’nin (SADC) diplomatik var olma biçiminin ve düzeyinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Diplomatik tanınma, devletin temel unsurları arasında sayılmamakla birlikte SADC örneğinde görüldüğü üzere devletin en azından “fikir” (idea) olarak varoluşunu destekleyen bir unsurdur. 44 Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi devlet tarafından tanınan ve Afrika Birliği’nin tam üyesi olan SADC, hak iddia ettiği Batı Sahra topraklarının tamamında egemenlik kuramadığı için fizikî ve beşerî varoluşunu temin edememiştir. Bu durum SADC’ın varlığını tartışmalı hale getirse de yokluğunu ispat etmeye de yetmemektedir. SADC’ın elde ettiği diplomatik destek, bu devletin “yarı-varlık” olarak
hayatta kalmasını sağlamaktadır. SADC’ı diplomatik olarak tanıyıp tanımama kararı, aynı zamanda Afrika ve Orta Doğu’daki siyasal rekabetlerde hangi aktörün hangi ittifakta yer aldığını gösteren bir turnusol işlevi görmekte ve SADC’ın araçsallaştırılan bir “diplomatik varlığa” dönüşmesine neden olmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Africa Times (2018), “Ahead of AU summit, Western Sahara leader’s tour takes him next to SA”, https://africatimes.com/2018/06/03/ahead-of-au-summit-western-sahara-leaders-tour-takes-him-next-to-sa/, 3 Haziran 2018.
  • Afrol News (2002), “Morocco loses out in Africa”, http://www.afrol.com/News2002/mor016a _ sah_au.htm, 11 Temmuz 2002.
  • Al Jazeera (2018a), “Morocco cuts diplomatic ties with Iran over Western Sahara feud”, https:// www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/morocco-cuts-diplomatic-ties-iran-western-sahara-feud-180501173229190.html, 1 Mayıs 2018.
  • Al Jazeera (2018b), “Iran denies Moroccan accusations of supporting Polisario Front”, https://www. aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/iran-denies-moroccan-accusations-supporting-polisario-front-180502150452407.html, 2 Mayıs 2018.
  • Arabic News (1999), “Yemen backs Morocco's efforts to perfect territorial integrity”, http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990702/1999070246.html, 7 Şubat 1999.
  • Cantürk, Caner ve Şengül, Betül (2019), “Kuzey Afrika’da Bir Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi Analizi: Polisario Cephesi ve Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (SADC)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c.21, s.4, ss.1321-1353.
  • Cevizci, Ahmet (1999), Felsefe Sözlüğü, İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • European Parliament (2019), “EU-Morocco Agreement on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, 2019”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2019-0016_EN.html (E.T.: 30 Ocak 2020).
  • Garzón, Camilo Andrés Devia (2016), “Problemáticas de Autodeterminación en Timor Oriental y Sahara Occidental: los Contextos que Propiciaron la Intervención Internacional”, Estudios Internaci-onales, c. 48, s.184, ss. 75-101.
  • Government of South Africa (2013), “Remarks by the Minister of International Relations and Cooper-ation, Her Excellency Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, on the occasion of the joint press conference fol-lowing the conclusion of the bilateral meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, His Excellency Mohamed Ould Salek, Pretoria”, http://www.info.gov.za/ speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=37595&tid=111276, 27 Haziran 2013.
  • Government of South Africa (2018), “Joint Communiqué on Working Visit by H.E Mr Brahim Ghali, President of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to South African”, https://www.gov.za/speeches/ joint-communiqu%C3%A9-working-visit-he-mr-brahim-ghali-president-sahrawi-arab-democratic, 5 Haziran 2018.
  • Herz, Manuel (2013), “Refugee Camps of the Western Sahara”, Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, c.4, s.3, ss. 365-391.
  • Hodges, Tony (1983), Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War, Westport: Lawrence Hill & Co.
  • Jacobs, Michael D. (2012), Hegemonic Rivalry in the Maghreb: Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara Conflict, M.A. Thesis in Government and International Affairs, University of South Florida.
  • Justo, Juan Carlos Gómez (2013),“El Frente Polisario: La Historia de un Movimiento de Liberación Nacional Vivo”, Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Político, c. 8, s.1, ss. 261-280.
  • Kamil, Leo (1987), Fueling the Fire: U.S. Policy and the Western Sahara Conflict, Trenton: Red Sea Press.
  • Kasraoui, Safaa (2018), “Morocco’s phosphate cargo auctioned in South Africa after pro-Polisario verdict”, Morocco World News, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/03/242803/moroccos-phosphate-cargo-south-africa-polisario/, 20 Mart 2018.
  • Khaled, Khalid Ibrahim (2016), “Polisario: Sahrawis offended by Brahim Ghali’s submission to Algiers”, Morocco Tomorrow, http://www.moroccotomorrow.org/polisario-sahrawis-offended-by-bra-him-ghalis-submission-to-algiers/, 15 Temmuz 2016.
  • Koundouno, Tamba François (2019), “Saudi Television Airs Polisario-Friendly Documentary, Cross-es Red Line in Relationship with Morocco”, Morocco World News, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com /2019/02/265011/saudi-television-polisario-friendly-documentary-red-line-morocco/, 3 Şubat 2019.
  • La Vanguardia (2018), “Marruecos rompe relaciones diplomáticas con Irán por su apoyo al Frente Polisario”, https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180501/443172693715/marruecos-rompe-relaciones-diplomaticas-con-iran-por-su-apoyo-al-polisario.html, 1 Mayıs 2018.
  • Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, (2020), “La clasificación para fines de exención y obligatoriedad de visa”, http://www.minex.gob.gt/Visor_Pagina.aspx?PaginaID=21, (E.T.: 31 Ocak 2020).
  • North Africa Post (2018),“Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain Condemn Iran’s support for Polisario”, http://northafricapost.com/23440-saudi-arabia-uae-bahrain-condemn-irans-support-polisario.html, 2 Mayıs 2018.
  • Ohaegbulam, F. Ugboaja (1984), “The Conflict in the Western Sahara”, The Journal of Modern Afri-can Studies, c.22, s.4, 1984, ss. 696-703. Pan-African Parliament (2018), https://au.int/en/organs/pap, 1 Kasım 2018.
  • Reuters (2016), “U.S. supports Moroccan autonomy plan for Western Sahara”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-westernsahara-usa-idUSKCN0WL0OX, 19 Mart 2016.
  • Ringmar, Erik (1996), “On the Ontological Status of the State”, European Journal of International Relations, c.2, s.4, ss. 439–466.
  • Russia Today (2010), “Sahara Occidental discute independencia de Osetia del Sur”, https://actualidad.rt. com/actualidad/view/17644-Sahara-Occidental-discute-independencia-de-Osetia-del-Sur, 30 Eylül 2010.
  • Sahara Press Service (2012), “Ethiopia reaffirms will to strengthen excellent and historic relations with Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic”, https://www.spsrasd.info/news/en/articles/2016/12/05/5818.html, 5 Aralık 2012.
  • Sahara Press Service (2013), “South Africa and SADR signs three Memorandums of Understanding”, http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/south-africa-and-sadr-signs-three-memorandums-understanding, 28 Haziran 2013.
  • Sobowale, Rasheed (2019), “Nigeria to Halt Sardine, Fertilizer Importation from Morocco”, Vanguard Nigeria News, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/western-sahara-nigeria-to-halt-sardine-fertilizer -importation-from-morocco/, 19 Eylül 2019.
  • Stortinget (2010), “Skriftlig spørsmål fra Dagfinn Høybråten (KrF) til utenriksministeren”, Doku-ment nr. 15:1152, 11 Mayıs 2010.
  • Tembo, Benedict (2017), “Sahrawi Republic President Brahim Ghali visit historical”, Daily Mail, http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/sahrawi-republic-president-brahim-ghali-visit-historical/, 16 Ocak 2017.
  • Tripartite Alliance Statement (1995), “The Sahrawi Republic - why no recognition?”, The African Communist: Journal of the South African Communist Party, s.141.
  • Wikileaks (2009), “Morocco's tally of countries rejecting/supporting recognition of independent Sahara”, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09RABAT195_a.html (E.T.: 6 Mart 2009).
  • Yıldız, Uğur Burç (2013), “The European Union’s Position on the Western Sahara Conflict: A Barrier to Mediterranean Cooperation”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, c.21, s.1, ss. 37-59.
  • Zaireg, Reda (2018), “The truth behind Morocco's diplomatic crisis with Iran”, Middle East Eye, https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/truth-behind-moroccos-diplomatic-crisis-iran, 11 Mayıs 2018.
  • Zoubir, Yahia (1987), “Soviet Policy toward the Western Sahara Conflict”, Africa Today, c.34, s.3, ss. 17-32.
  • Zunes, Stephen (1998), “The United States and the Western Sahara Peace Process”, Middle East Policy, c. 5, s.4, ss. 131-146.

The Diplomatic Ontology of Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97, 167 - 185, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.683428

Öz

This paper aims to analyse the way and the extent to which Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) exists diplomatically. Although it is not deemed among the constituent elements of state, diplomatic recognition is a fundamental element that supports the existence of a state at least as an “idea”, as in the case of SADR. SADR is a full member of African Union and recognized by 44 UN member states, but the self-declared Saharawi state has not ensured its anthropic and physical existence due to its incapacity to exercise sovereignty over Western Sahara. This situation makes the existence of SADR problematic, albeit not sufficient to prove its non-existence. The diplomatic support SADR receives helps the Saharawi state survive as a “semi-existence”. States’ decision to recognize or not to recognize SADR also functions as a litmus test for political rivalries in not only Africa but also the Middle East, showing the positions of actors in their respective alliances. Thus SADR turns into an instrumentalised “diplomatic entity”.

Kaynakça

  • Africa Times (2018), “Ahead of AU summit, Western Sahara leader’s tour takes him next to SA”, https://africatimes.com/2018/06/03/ahead-of-au-summit-western-sahara-leaders-tour-takes-him-next-to-sa/, 3 Haziran 2018.
  • Afrol News (2002), “Morocco loses out in Africa”, http://www.afrol.com/News2002/mor016a _ sah_au.htm, 11 Temmuz 2002.
  • Al Jazeera (2018a), “Morocco cuts diplomatic ties with Iran over Western Sahara feud”, https:// www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/morocco-cuts-diplomatic-ties-iran-western-sahara-feud-180501173229190.html, 1 Mayıs 2018.
  • Al Jazeera (2018b), “Iran denies Moroccan accusations of supporting Polisario Front”, https://www. aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/iran-denies-moroccan-accusations-supporting-polisario-front-180502150452407.html, 2 Mayıs 2018.
  • Arabic News (1999), “Yemen backs Morocco's efforts to perfect territorial integrity”, http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990702/1999070246.html, 7 Şubat 1999.
  • Cantürk, Caner ve Şengül, Betül (2019), “Kuzey Afrika’da Bir Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi Analizi: Polisario Cephesi ve Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (SADC)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c.21, s.4, ss.1321-1353.
  • Cevizci, Ahmet (1999), Felsefe Sözlüğü, İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • European Parliament (2019), “EU-Morocco Agreement on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, 2019”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2019-0016_EN.html (E.T.: 30 Ocak 2020).
  • Garzón, Camilo Andrés Devia (2016), “Problemáticas de Autodeterminación en Timor Oriental y Sahara Occidental: los Contextos que Propiciaron la Intervención Internacional”, Estudios Internaci-onales, c. 48, s.184, ss. 75-101.
  • Government of South Africa (2013), “Remarks by the Minister of International Relations and Cooper-ation, Her Excellency Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, on the occasion of the joint press conference fol-lowing the conclusion of the bilateral meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, His Excellency Mohamed Ould Salek, Pretoria”, http://www.info.gov.za/ speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&sid=37595&tid=111276, 27 Haziran 2013.
  • Government of South Africa (2018), “Joint Communiqué on Working Visit by H.E Mr Brahim Ghali, President of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to South African”, https://www.gov.za/speeches/ joint-communiqu%C3%A9-working-visit-he-mr-brahim-ghali-president-sahrawi-arab-democratic, 5 Haziran 2018.
  • Herz, Manuel (2013), “Refugee Camps of the Western Sahara”, Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, c.4, s.3, ss. 365-391.
  • Hodges, Tony (1983), Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War, Westport: Lawrence Hill & Co.
  • Jacobs, Michael D. (2012), Hegemonic Rivalry in the Maghreb: Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara Conflict, M.A. Thesis in Government and International Affairs, University of South Florida.
  • Justo, Juan Carlos Gómez (2013),“El Frente Polisario: La Historia de un Movimiento de Liberación Nacional Vivo”, Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Político, c. 8, s.1, ss. 261-280.
  • Kamil, Leo (1987), Fueling the Fire: U.S. Policy and the Western Sahara Conflict, Trenton: Red Sea Press.
  • Kasraoui, Safaa (2018), “Morocco’s phosphate cargo auctioned in South Africa after pro-Polisario verdict”, Morocco World News, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/03/242803/moroccos-phosphate-cargo-south-africa-polisario/, 20 Mart 2018.
  • Khaled, Khalid Ibrahim (2016), “Polisario: Sahrawis offended by Brahim Ghali’s submission to Algiers”, Morocco Tomorrow, http://www.moroccotomorrow.org/polisario-sahrawis-offended-by-bra-him-ghalis-submission-to-algiers/, 15 Temmuz 2016.
  • Koundouno, Tamba François (2019), “Saudi Television Airs Polisario-Friendly Documentary, Cross-es Red Line in Relationship with Morocco”, Morocco World News, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com /2019/02/265011/saudi-television-polisario-friendly-documentary-red-line-morocco/, 3 Şubat 2019.
  • La Vanguardia (2018), “Marruecos rompe relaciones diplomáticas con Irán por su apoyo al Frente Polisario”, https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180501/443172693715/marruecos-rompe-relaciones-diplomaticas-con-iran-por-su-apoyo-al-polisario.html, 1 Mayıs 2018.
  • Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, (2020), “La clasificación para fines de exención y obligatoriedad de visa”, http://www.minex.gob.gt/Visor_Pagina.aspx?PaginaID=21, (E.T.: 31 Ocak 2020).
  • North Africa Post (2018),“Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain Condemn Iran’s support for Polisario”, http://northafricapost.com/23440-saudi-arabia-uae-bahrain-condemn-irans-support-polisario.html, 2 Mayıs 2018.
  • Ohaegbulam, F. Ugboaja (1984), “The Conflict in the Western Sahara”, The Journal of Modern Afri-can Studies, c.22, s.4, 1984, ss. 696-703. Pan-African Parliament (2018), https://au.int/en/organs/pap, 1 Kasım 2018.
  • Reuters (2016), “U.S. supports Moroccan autonomy plan for Western Sahara”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-westernsahara-usa-idUSKCN0WL0OX, 19 Mart 2016.
  • Ringmar, Erik (1996), “On the Ontological Status of the State”, European Journal of International Relations, c.2, s.4, ss. 439–466.
  • Russia Today (2010), “Sahara Occidental discute independencia de Osetia del Sur”, https://actualidad.rt. com/actualidad/view/17644-Sahara-Occidental-discute-independencia-de-Osetia-del-Sur, 30 Eylül 2010.
  • Sahara Press Service (2012), “Ethiopia reaffirms will to strengthen excellent and historic relations with Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic”, https://www.spsrasd.info/news/en/articles/2016/12/05/5818.html, 5 Aralık 2012.
  • Sahara Press Service (2013), “South Africa and SADR signs three Memorandums of Understanding”, http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/south-africa-and-sadr-signs-three-memorandums-understanding, 28 Haziran 2013.
  • Sobowale, Rasheed (2019), “Nigeria to Halt Sardine, Fertilizer Importation from Morocco”, Vanguard Nigeria News, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/western-sahara-nigeria-to-halt-sardine-fertilizer -importation-from-morocco/, 19 Eylül 2019.
  • Stortinget (2010), “Skriftlig spørsmål fra Dagfinn Høybråten (KrF) til utenriksministeren”, Doku-ment nr. 15:1152, 11 Mayıs 2010.
  • Tembo, Benedict (2017), “Sahrawi Republic President Brahim Ghali visit historical”, Daily Mail, http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/sahrawi-republic-president-brahim-ghali-visit-historical/, 16 Ocak 2017.
  • Tripartite Alliance Statement (1995), “The Sahrawi Republic - why no recognition?”, The African Communist: Journal of the South African Communist Party, s.141.
  • Wikileaks (2009), “Morocco's tally of countries rejecting/supporting recognition of independent Sahara”, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09RABAT195_a.html (E.T.: 6 Mart 2009).
  • Yıldız, Uğur Burç (2013), “The European Union’s Position on the Western Sahara Conflict: A Barrier to Mediterranean Cooperation”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, c.21, s.1, ss. 37-59.
  • Zaireg, Reda (2018), “The truth behind Morocco's diplomatic crisis with Iran”, Middle East Eye, https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/truth-behind-moroccos-diplomatic-crisis-iran, 11 Mayıs 2018.
  • Zoubir, Yahia (1987), “Soviet Policy toward the Western Sahara Conflict”, Africa Today, c.34, s.3, ss. 17-32.
  • Zunes, Stephen (1998), “The United States and the Western Sahara Peace Process”, Middle East Policy, c. 5, s.4, ss. 131-146.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Mürsel Bayram

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mart 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 97

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayram, M. (2020). Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’nin Diplomatik Ontolojisi. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(97), 167-185. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.683428

Cited By

Batı Sahra Sorunu
Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi
https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.894368