Investigation of the Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Loading on Heart Rate Variability in Soccer Players

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 17 - 25, 31.03.2023

Aylin Abdioğlu Esin Kaplan Abdurrahman Aktop Vedat Çetinkaya

https://doi.org/10.55238/seder.1216444

Öz

The aim of the study is to examine the change in heart rate variability (HRV) data before and after aerobic and anaerobic loading in football players and to compare the differences between the tests. The research was carried out with 24 male football players with an average age of 19.40±1.49 years. All statistical analyzes were made with the SPSS (version 22) program. In the analysis of the data, the normal distribution criteria were examined by using the Shapiro-Wilk test. T-test for normally distributed variables, Mann Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables, non-normally distributed data; Wilcoxon test was used to compare within-group differences. alpha value of 0.05 is accepted. Astrand Rhyming Bicycle Ergometer Test was applied for aerobic loading and Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAnT) was applied for anaerobic loading. HRV parameters (SDNN, RMSSD) were examined for 5 minutes before and after the tests, and HR parameter just before and after the applications. In the comparison before and after WAnT, there was a significant difference in SDDN (t=3.53 z, p=.002), RMSSD (z=-4,000, p=.000), HRmean (t=-43.06, p=.000). In the comparison of the participants before and after the Astrand Test, it was determined that there was a significant difference in SDNN (z=-2.057, p=.040), RMSSD (z=-4.257, p=.000), HRmean (t= -29.31, p=.000) values. has been done. As a result of the comparison made according to the loading type, a significant difference was found only in the percentage change of the HRmean value (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that there was a decrease in SDNN and rMSSD, which are HRV parameters, before and after high-intensity anaerobic and aerobic loads. These results are an indication that short-term intense loads increase sympathetic activity on the heart.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aerbic capacity, anaerobic capacity, heart rate variability

Futbolcularda Aerobik ve Anaerobik Yüklenmenin Kalp Atım Hızı Değişkenliğine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Araştırmanın amacı futbolcularda aerobik ve anaerobik yüklenme öncesi ve sonrasında kalp atım hızı değişkenliği (KAHD) verilerindeki değişimi incelemek ve testler arası farkları karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırma yaşları ortalaması 19,40±1,49 yıl olan 24 erkek futbolcu ile yürütülmüştür. Tüm istatistiksel analizler SPSS (sürüm 22) programı ile yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Shapiro-Wilk testi kullanılarak normal dağılım ölçütlerine bakılmıştır. Normal dağılım gösteren değişkenler için t-testi, normal dağılım göstermeyen değişkenler için Mann Whitney U testi, normal dağılım göstermeyen verilerin; grup içi farklılıklarının karşılaştırılmasında Wilcoxon testi kullanıldı. alfa değeri 0,05 kabul edilmiştir. Aerobik yüklenme için Astrand Rhyming Bisklet Ergometre Testi ve anaerobik yüklenme için Wingate Anaerobik Güç Testi (WAnT) uygulanmıştır. Testlerin öncesi ve sonrasında 5 dakika süreyle KAHD parametreleri (SDNN, RMSSD) ve uygulamaların hemen öncesi ve sonrasında KAH parametresi incelenmiştir. WAnT öncesi ve sonrası karşılaştırmada SDDN (t=3.53 z, p=.002), RMSSD (z=-4.000, p=.000), KAHort (t=-43.06, p=.000) değerlerinde anlamlı fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların Astrand Testi öncesi ve sonrası karşılaştırmasında SDNN (z=-2.057, p=.040), RMSSD (z=-4.257, p=.000), KAHort (t=-29.31, p=.000) değerlerinde anlamlı fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yüklenme türüne göre yapılan karşılaştırma sonucunda sadece KAHort değerinin yüzdelik değişiminde anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak, yüksek yoğunluklu anaerobik ve aerobik yüklenmelerin öncesi ve sonrasında KAHD parametrelerinden SDNN ve rMSSD’de düşüş olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar kısa süreli yoğun yüklenmelerin, kalp üzerinde sempatik aktiviteyi arttırdığının bir göstergesidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aerobik kapasite, Anaerobik kapasite, kalp atım hızı değişkenliği

Kaynakça

• Astrand PO, Ryhming I. (1954). A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rates during submaximal work. Journal of Applied Physiology.;7: 218-221.
• Andreassen, K. (2019). Real-time analysis of physical performance parameters in elite soccer. International Conference on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing, 1-6.
• Aras, D., Akça F., Akalan C.(2013). 50 metre sprint yüzmenin 13-14 yaşlarındaki erkek yüzücülerde kalp hızı değişkenliğine etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, XI (1) 13-18
• Aras D., Karakoç B., Koz M. (2014), Egzersiz yapan yetişkinlerde 1 saatlik koşu sonrasında KHD’deki 48 saatlik değişimin incelenmesi. Ankara Üniv Spor Bil Fak, 12 (1), 35-42
• Ari, E., & Sözen, H. (2021). The Relationship between anaerobic power, reaction time and body composition parameters of young soccer players. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 27(1), 108-120.
• Bencke J, Damsgaard R, Sækmose A, Jørgensen P, Jørgensen K, Klausen K. Anaerobic power and muscle strength characteristics of 11 years old elite and non‐elite boys and girls from gymnastics, team handball, tennis and swimming. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2012;12(3), 171-178
• Blumenstein, B., Orbach, I. (2014). Biofeedback for sports and performance enhancement Oxford handbooks online.
• Boraczyński, M., Boraczyński, T, Podstawski, R., Wójcik, Z. and Gronek, P. (2020). Relationships between measures of functional and ısometric lower body strength, aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, sprint and countermovement jump performance in professional soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 75(1), 161-175.
• Bricout, V.A., Dechenaud., S., Juvin, A.F. (2010). Analyses of heart rate variability in young soccer players: the effects of sport activity. Auton Neurosci, 19, 154(1-2), 112-116.
• Carling, C., Williams, A.M., Reilly, T. (2007). Handbook of Soccer Match Analysis: A Systematic Approach to Improving Performance; Routledge: London, UK.
• Coutts, A.J., Wallace, L.K., Slattery, K.M. (2007). Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. Int J Sports Med, 28(2), 125-134.
• Çetinkaya, E., Tanır, H., Çelebi, B. (2018). Comparison of agility, sprint, anaerobic power and aerobic capacities of soccer players by playing positions. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(9).
• Fang, B., Kim, Y., Choi, M. (2021). Effect of Cycle-Based High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Adolescent Soccer Players. Healthcare, 9, 1628.
• Freeman, J.V, Dewey, F.E, Hadley, D.M, Myers, J., Froelicher, V.F. (2006). Autonomic Nervous System Interaction with the Cardiovascular System During Exercise. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 48, 342-62.
• Helgerud J, Rodas G, Kemi OJ, Hoff J. (2011). Strength and endurance in elite football players. Int J Sports Med.Sep;32(9):677-82. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1275742. Epub 2011 May 11. PMID: 21563031.
• Hong-Sun Song, Buong-O Chun, Kihyuk Lee. (2021). Relationship between anaerobic power and isokinetic trunk strength in college male soccer players. J. Mens. Health, 17(1), 44–49.
• Koz, M. (2014). Yoğun Egzersiz Çalışmaları Sonrasında Toparlanma Sürecine Etki Eden Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi. (Proje No. 11B5552001). Ankara Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri. Ankara.
• Kubayi, A., Toriola., A. (2018). Physical demands analysis of soccer players during the extra-time periods of the UEFA Euro 2016. South Afr. J. Sports Med., 30, 1–3.
• Lee K.H., Lee K., Cho Y.C.(2020).Very Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training in High School Soccer Players. J Mens Health Vol 16(2):e1-e8.DOI: 10.15586/jomh.v16i2.211
• Leontijevic, B. Jankovic, A., Tomic, L. (2019). Attacking performance profile of football teams in different national leagues according to uefa rankings for club competitions. Facta Univ. Ser. Phys. Educ. Sport, 697–708.
• Malagù, M., Vitali, F., Rizzo, U., Brieda, A., Zucchetti, O., Verardi, F.M., Guardigli, G., Bertini, M. (2021). Heart Rate Variability Relates with Competition Performance in Professional Soccer Players. Hearts, 2, 36-44.
• McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tomasino D, Bradley R.T. (2009). The coherent heart heart-brain ınteractions, psychophysiological coherence, and the emergence of system-wide order. Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary & Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research, & Praxis, 5(2).
• Memmert, D., Lemmink K.A.P.M., Sampaio, J. (2017). Current approaches to tactical performance analyses in soccer using position data. Sports Med, 47, 1–10.
• Millar, P.J, Rakobowchuk, M., Mccartney, N., Macdonald, M.J. (2009). Heart rate variability and non-linear analysis of heart rate dynamics following single and multiple wingate bouts. Applied Physiology, Nutrition&Metabolism, 34 (5), 875-883.
• Muratlı, S., Yaman, H. (1997). Uygulamada Ergobisiklet, Gençlik Basımevi, Antalya, 100-108.
• Nikolaidis, P.T, Matos, B., Clemente, F.M., Bezerra, P., Camões, M., Rosemann, T., and Knechtle, B. (2018). Normative data of the wingate anaerobic test in 1 year age groups of male soccer players. Front. Physiol, 9, 1619.
• Nobari, H., Tubagi Polito, L.F., Clemente, F.M., Pérez-Gómez, J., Ahmadi, M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.Á.,Silva, A.F.,Adsuar, J.C. (2020). Relationships between training workload parameters with variations in anaerobic power and change of direction status in elite youth soccer players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 7934.
• Ören, H. ve Aytemir, K. (2008). Kalp hızı toparlanma indeksi (heart rate recovery): klinik kullanım ve yöntemler. Türk Aritmi, Pacemaker ve Elektrofizyoloji Dergisi, 6, 3.
• Ryan, M., Malone, S., Collins, K. (2018). An acceleration profile of elite Gaelic football match play. J Strength Cond Res. 32, 812–820.
• Sampaio, J., McGarry T., Calleja-González, J., Sáiz, S.J. (2015). Exploring game performance in the national basketball association using player tracking data. PloS one, 10(7), e0132894.
• Sánchez-Sánchez, J., Botella, J., Felipe Hernández., J.L., León, M., Paredes-Hernández, V., Colino, E., Gallardo, L., García-Unanue, J. (2021). Heart rate variability and physical demands of ın-season youth elite soccer players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 1391.
• Somlev, P.G., Uzunova, E.P. (2012). Heart rate variability at rest in elite and former soccer players. Scripta Scientifica Medica, 44(1).
• Yu, S., Katoh T., Makino, H, Mimuno, S., Sato, S. (2010). Age and heart rate variability after soccer games. Res Sports Med, 18(4), 263-9.