Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 249 - 263, 28.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.38004/sobad.1186270

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abell, P., Khalaf, H. and Smeaton, D. (1995). “An exploration on entry to and exit from self-employment”, London School of Economics, Discussion Paper No. 224.
  • Acs, Z. J. and Varga, A. (2005). “Agglomeration, entrepreneurship and technological change”, Small Business Economics, 24 (3), 323 – 334.
  • Ağır, H. and Kara, M. A. (2017). “Girişimcilik ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (2), 213 – 227.
  • Amorós, J. E., Borraz, F. and Veiga, L. (2016). “Entrepreneurship and socioeconomic indicators in Latin America”, Latin American Research Review, 51 (4), 186 – 201.
  • Apayadın, Ş. (2018). “The Relations Between Unemployment and Entrepreneurship in Turkey: Schumpeter or Refugee Effect?”, Fiscaoeconomia, 2 (2), 1 – 14.
  • Asogwa, O. S. and Dim, E. M. (2016). “Entrepreneurship development and unemployment reduction in Nigeria”, International Journal of Business and Management Review, 4 (8), 27 – 43.
  • Aubry, M., Bonnet, J. and Renou-Maissant, P. (2015). “Entrepreneurship and the business cycle: The ˋSchumpeter effectˊ versus the ˋrefugee effectˊ – A French appraisal based on regional data”, Annals of Regional Sciences, 54, 23 – 55.
  • Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A. and Thurik, A. R. (2001). “Does entrepreneurship reduce unemployment?”, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 2001-074/3.
  • Audretsch, D. B. and Keilbach, M. (2004). “Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance”, Regional Studies, 38 (8), 949 – 959.
  • Birch, D. L. (1979). The Job Generation Process, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Blanchflower, D. and Meyer, B. (1994). “A longitudinal analysis of young entrepreneurs in Australia and the United States”, Small Business Economics, 6, 1 – 20.
  • Blau, D. (1987). “A time series analysis of self-employment in the United States”, Journal of Political Economy, 95, 445 – 467.
  • Cieślik, J. (2017). Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Palgrave – MacMillan, Switzerland.
  • Cole, I. M. (2015). “A spatial analysis of unemployment and entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States”, California University of Pennsylvania, Department of Business and Economics, Working Paper Series: 09/2015.
  • Cowling, M. and Bygrave, W. D. (2003). “Entrepreneurship and unemployment: relationships between unemployment and entrepreneurship in 37 nations participating in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2002”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research BCERC Proceedings, 2003, 544 – 555.
  • Dilanchiev, A. (2014). “Relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment: The case of Georgia”, Journal of Social Sciences, 3 (2), 5 – 9.
  • Evans, D. and Jovanovic, B. (1989). “An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints”, Journal of Political Economy, 97, 808 – 827.
  • Evans, D. and Leighton, L. (1990). “Small business formation by unemployed and employed Workers”, Small Business Economics, 2, 319 – 330.
  • Faria, J. R., Cuestas, J. C. and Gil-Alana, L. (2008). “Unemployment and entrepreneurship: A cyclical relation?”, Nottingham Trend University, Discussion Papers in Economics, No. 2008/2.
  • Fritsch, M., Kritikos, A. and Pijnenburg, K. (2013). “Business cycles, unemployment and entrepreneurial entry: Evidence from Germany”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7852, Bonn, Germany.
  • Fritsch, M. (2008). “How does new business formation affect regional development? Introduction to special issue”, Small Business Economics, 30 (1), 1 – 14.
  • Fritsch, M. and Schroeter, A. (2011). “Why does the effect of new business formation differ across regions?”, Small Business Economics, 36, 383 – 400.
  • Gad, A. M. and Qura, M. E. (2016). “Regression Estimation in the Presence of Outliers: A Comparative Study”, International Journal of Probability and Statistics, 5 (3), 63 – 72.
  • Guha, R. K. and Al Mamun, A. (2017). “Youth employment and entrepreneurship scenario in rural areas of Bangladesh: A case of Mohammedpur West Union”, Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP) Working Paper No. CBMS-2017-10.
  • Haltiwanger, J. C., Jarmin, R. S. and Miranda, J. (2013). “Who creates jobs? Small versus large versus young”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 95 (2), 347 – 361.
  • Karagöz, K. (2016). “Girişimcilik – Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”, Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 11 (2), 264 – 292.
  • Minniti, M. (2007). “Introduction”, in Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Growth (Volume 1), Ed.: M. Minniti, Praeger, London, ix – xx.
  • Oxenfeldt, A. (1943). New Firms and Free Enterprise, American Council on Public Affairs, Washington, D. C.
  • Özerkek, Y. and Doğruel, F. (2015). “Self-employment and Unemployment in Turkey”, Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies, 17 (1), 133 – 152.
  • Parker, S. C. and Robson, M. T. (2004). “Explaining international variations in self-employment: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries”, Southern Economic Journal, 71 (2), 287 – 301.
  • Pehlivanoğlu, F. and Narman, Z. (2019). “Girişimcilik ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15 (1), 149 – 160.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289 – 326.
  • Pfeifer, F. and Reize, F. (2000a). “Business start-ups by the unemployed: An econometric analysis based on firm data”, Labour Economics, 7, 629 – 663.
  • Pfeifer, F. and Reize, F. (2000b). “From unemployment to self-employment: public promotion and selectivity”, International Journal of Sociology, 30, 71 – 99.
  • Robson, M. (1996). “Macroeconomics factors in the birth and death of UK firms”, Manchester School, 64 (2), 170 – 188.
  • Robson, M. (1998). “Self-employment in the UK regions”, Applied Economics, 30, 313 – 322.
  • Shane, S. A. (2008). The Illusion of Entrepreneurship, Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Vazquez-Rozas, E. E., Gomes, S. and Vieira, E. (2010). “Entrepreneurship and economic growth in Spanish and Portuguese regions”, 50th ERSA Conference, August 20-22, 2010, Jönköping, Sweden, 109 – 126.
  • Yanya, M., Abdul-Hakim, R. and Abdul-Razak, N. A. (2011). “Entrepreneurship causes growth or growth causes entrepreneurship? Evidence from Thailand”, International Conference on Business and Economic Research, Singapore, 53 – 57.

IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON EMPLOYMENT: AN ECONOMETRIC INVESTIGATION FOR TURKEY

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 249 - 263, 28.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.38004/sobad.1186270

Öz

As is the case in the past, one of the main problems faced by economic administrators and political decision makers is increasing employment and struggling with unemployment. Turkey is a country that has had to deal with the high unemployment rates seen in almost every period since 1960’s. Especially after the 1980s, unemployment which started to increase due to globalization and technological progress reached high levels in the 1990s in terms of global measures.
Besides financial and monetary policies, there are various social tools that governments can use for this purpose. Subsidies for the private sector, assistance to self-employed people, investment incentives and facilities can be regarded in this framework. It can, therefore, be expected that these policies to support entrepreneurial activities will contribute positively, both indirectly and indirectly, through employment and growth.
In this study, reflections of the increase in entrepreneurship onto employment and unemployment are empirically investigated for the case of Turkey. According to the empirical findings obtained from the analysis carried out using modern time series analysis tools, while the increase in entrepreneurial activities in Turkey has a positive effect on employment in the long run, it does not have the expected effect on unemployment. This seemingly contradictory result can be explained partly by the weakness of entrepreneurial skills and partly by analyses of unsuccessful and inadequate investment.

Kaynakça

  • Abell, P., Khalaf, H. and Smeaton, D. (1995). “An exploration on entry to and exit from self-employment”, London School of Economics, Discussion Paper No. 224.
  • Acs, Z. J. and Varga, A. (2005). “Agglomeration, entrepreneurship and technological change”, Small Business Economics, 24 (3), 323 – 334.
  • Ağır, H. and Kara, M. A. (2017). “Girişimcilik ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (2), 213 – 227.
  • Amorós, J. E., Borraz, F. and Veiga, L. (2016). “Entrepreneurship and socioeconomic indicators in Latin America”, Latin American Research Review, 51 (4), 186 – 201.
  • Apayadın, Ş. (2018). “The Relations Between Unemployment and Entrepreneurship in Turkey: Schumpeter or Refugee Effect?”, Fiscaoeconomia, 2 (2), 1 – 14.
  • Asogwa, O. S. and Dim, E. M. (2016). “Entrepreneurship development and unemployment reduction in Nigeria”, International Journal of Business and Management Review, 4 (8), 27 – 43.
  • Aubry, M., Bonnet, J. and Renou-Maissant, P. (2015). “Entrepreneurship and the business cycle: The ˋSchumpeter effectˊ versus the ˋrefugee effectˊ – A French appraisal based on regional data”, Annals of Regional Sciences, 54, 23 – 55.
  • Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A. and Thurik, A. R. (2001). “Does entrepreneurship reduce unemployment?”, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 2001-074/3.
  • Audretsch, D. B. and Keilbach, M. (2004). “Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance”, Regional Studies, 38 (8), 949 – 959.
  • Birch, D. L. (1979). The Job Generation Process, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Blanchflower, D. and Meyer, B. (1994). “A longitudinal analysis of young entrepreneurs in Australia and the United States”, Small Business Economics, 6, 1 – 20.
  • Blau, D. (1987). “A time series analysis of self-employment in the United States”, Journal of Political Economy, 95, 445 – 467.
  • Cieślik, J. (2017). Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Palgrave – MacMillan, Switzerland.
  • Cole, I. M. (2015). “A spatial analysis of unemployment and entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States”, California University of Pennsylvania, Department of Business and Economics, Working Paper Series: 09/2015.
  • Cowling, M. and Bygrave, W. D. (2003). “Entrepreneurship and unemployment: relationships between unemployment and entrepreneurship in 37 nations participating in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2002”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research BCERC Proceedings, 2003, 544 – 555.
  • Dilanchiev, A. (2014). “Relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment: The case of Georgia”, Journal of Social Sciences, 3 (2), 5 – 9.
  • Evans, D. and Jovanovic, B. (1989). “An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints”, Journal of Political Economy, 97, 808 – 827.
  • Evans, D. and Leighton, L. (1990). “Small business formation by unemployed and employed Workers”, Small Business Economics, 2, 319 – 330.
  • Faria, J. R., Cuestas, J. C. and Gil-Alana, L. (2008). “Unemployment and entrepreneurship: A cyclical relation?”, Nottingham Trend University, Discussion Papers in Economics, No. 2008/2.
  • Fritsch, M., Kritikos, A. and Pijnenburg, K. (2013). “Business cycles, unemployment and entrepreneurial entry: Evidence from Germany”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7852, Bonn, Germany.
  • Fritsch, M. (2008). “How does new business formation affect regional development? Introduction to special issue”, Small Business Economics, 30 (1), 1 – 14.
  • Fritsch, M. and Schroeter, A. (2011). “Why does the effect of new business formation differ across regions?”, Small Business Economics, 36, 383 – 400.
  • Gad, A. M. and Qura, M. E. (2016). “Regression Estimation in the Presence of Outliers: A Comparative Study”, International Journal of Probability and Statistics, 5 (3), 63 – 72.
  • Guha, R. K. and Al Mamun, A. (2017). “Youth employment and entrepreneurship scenario in rural areas of Bangladesh: A case of Mohammedpur West Union”, Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP) Working Paper No. CBMS-2017-10.
  • Haltiwanger, J. C., Jarmin, R. S. and Miranda, J. (2013). “Who creates jobs? Small versus large versus young”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 95 (2), 347 – 361.
  • Karagöz, K. (2016). “Girişimcilik – Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”, Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 11 (2), 264 – 292.
  • Minniti, M. (2007). “Introduction”, in Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Growth (Volume 1), Ed.: M. Minniti, Praeger, London, ix – xx.
  • Oxenfeldt, A. (1943). New Firms and Free Enterprise, American Council on Public Affairs, Washington, D. C.
  • Özerkek, Y. and Doğruel, F. (2015). “Self-employment and Unemployment in Turkey”, Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies, 17 (1), 133 – 152.
  • Parker, S. C. and Robson, M. T. (2004). “Explaining international variations in self-employment: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries”, Southern Economic Journal, 71 (2), 287 – 301.
  • Pehlivanoğlu, F. and Narman, Z. (2019). “Girişimcilik ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15 (1), 149 – 160.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289 – 326.
  • Pfeifer, F. and Reize, F. (2000a). “Business start-ups by the unemployed: An econometric analysis based on firm data”, Labour Economics, 7, 629 – 663.
  • Pfeifer, F. and Reize, F. (2000b). “From unemployment to self-employment: public promotion and selectivity”, International Journal of Sociology, 30, 71 – 99.
  • Robson, M. (1996). “Macroeconomics factors in the birth and death of UK firms”, Manchester School, 64 (2), 170 – 188.
  • Robson, M. (1998). “Self-employment in the UK regions”, Applied Economics, 30, 313 – 322.
  • Shane, S. A. (2008). The Illusion of Entrepreneurship, Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Vazquez-Rozas, E. E., Gomes, S. and Vieira, E. (2010). “Entrepreneurship and economic growth in Spanish and Portuguese regions”, 50th ERSA Conference, August 20-22, 2010, Jönköping, Sweden, 109 – 126.
  • Yanya, M., Abdul-Hakim, R. and Abdul-Razak, N. A. (2011). “Entrepreneurship causes growth or growth causes entrepreneurship? Evidence from Thailand”, International Conference on Business and Economic Research, Singapore, 53 – 57.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kadir Karagöz 0000-0002-4436-9235

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi 22 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karagöz, K. (2022). IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON EMPLOYMENT: AN ECONOMETRIC INVESTIGATION FOR TURKEY. Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 5(2), 249-263. https://doi.org/10.38004/sobad.1186270

The Journal of Social Sciences Academy
     Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi
(SOBAD)