Attachment Styles and Loneliness as Predictors of Phubbing amongst University Students

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 18 - 32, 29.04.2024

Serap Büyükşakar Eyüp Çelik

https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.1255291

Öz

Due to the increase in the use of technology, more loneliness and phubbing have been observed in individuals. In this concept, the relationship between attachment styles, loneliness, and phubbing was examined in this study. The research data was collected from 288 students, 224 of whom were women (77.8%) and 64 of whom were men (22.2%). The data was collected using the Relationship Scales Questionnaire, the UCLA Loneliness Scale Short Form (ULS-8), and the General Phubbing Scale. The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression methods in accordance with the aim of the research. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that there is a relationship a positive and significant relationship between phubbing and loneliness, fearful attachment, dismissive-avoidant attachment, and preoccupied attachment. However, the relationship between phubbing and secure attachment was found to be insignificant. According to the regression analysis, phubbing was predicted by loneliness, fearful attachment, and preoccupied attachment, but not by secure attachment and dismissive- avoidant attachment styles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phubbing, Attachment styles, Loneliness, university students

SOSYOTELİZM’İN YORDAYICILARI OLARAK BAĞLANMA STİLLERİ VE YALNIZLIK

Öz

Teknolojinin kullanımının artmasıyla birlikte bireyler arasında daha fazla yalnızlık ve sosyotelizm görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bu araştırmada bağlanma stilleri, yalnızlık ve sosyotelizm arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Araştırma verileri 224’ü kadın (%77,8), 64’ü erkek (%22,2) olmak üzere toplam 288 kişiden toplanmıştır. Veriler, İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi, UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği Kısa Formu (ULS-8) ve Genel Phubbing Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda veriler korelasyon ve regresyon yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizi sonucu sosyotelizm ile yalnızlık, korkulu bağlanma, kayıtsız bağlanma ve saplantılı bağlanma arasında pozitif yönde ve önemli düzeyde ilişkinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak sosyotelizm ile güvenli bağlanma arasındaki ilişkinin anlamsız olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan regresyon analizine göre de sosyotelizmi yalnızlık, bağlanma stillerinden korkulu ve saplantılı bağlanma yordamakta, ama güvenli ve kayıtsız bağlanma yordamamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyotelizm, Bağlanma stilleri, Yalnızlık

Kaynakça

• Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Akyol, S. U. (2015). Boşanmış ve boşanmamış aileye sahip ergenlerin yalnızlık, yaşam doyumu, sosyal destek ve bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Examination of adolescents with divorced and non-divorced families in terms of loneliness, life satisfaction, social support and some variables.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis).Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 357111).
• Akyürek, M. İ. (2022). Eğitim yönetimi alanında yayımlanan araştırmaların eğilimleri: Betimsel içerik analizi [Trends in research published in the field of educational administration: Descriptive content analysis]. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(33), 324-341. https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.774620
• Al-Saggaf, Y., & O’Donnell, S. B. (2019b. December). The role of state boredom, state of fear of missing out and state loneliness in state phubbing. In The 30th Australasian Conference on Information Systems: ACIS 2019 (pp. 214- 221). Australasian Conference on Information Systems.
• Al‐Saggaf. Y., & O'Donnell, S. B. (2019a). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors and impacts. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.137
• Al-Saggaf, Y., MacCulloch, R., & Wiener, K. (2018). Trait boredom is a predictor of phubbing frequency. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 4, 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-018-0080-4
• Aslan Cevheroğlu, B. & Say, G. (2021). Yalnızlıkla ilişkili değişkenler: Şema alanları, bağlanma ve aşka ilişkin tutumlar [Variables related to loneliness: Schema domains, attitudes towards attachment and love.]. Nesne, 9(19), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-09-19-07
• Aydoğdu, F., & Çevik, Ö. (2020). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının sosyotelist davranışlarının, sosyotelizme maruz kalma ve yalnızlık düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi [Examining the effect of school psychological counselors' sociotelistic behaviors on their exposure to sociotelism and loneliness levels.]. Humanistic Perspective, 2(3), 219-230. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.810850
• Badcock, J. C., Adery, L. H., & Park, S. (2020). Loneliness in psychosis: A practical review and critique for clinicians. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 27(4), e12345. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/cpsp.12345
• Bakar Benli, T. (2019). Doğu anadolu bölgesi̇nde sosyal medya bağımlılığı i̇le bağlanma sti̇lleri̇ni̇n i̇li̇şki̇si̇ni̇n i̇ncelenmesi̇ [Examining the relationship between social media addiction and attachment styles in the Eastern Anatolia region.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 653304).
• Ballı, Ş. N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyotelizmin incelenmesi [Examining sociotelism in university students] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 657189).
• Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
• Bartholomew, K., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment: Do they converge. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.). Attachment and close relationships (25-45). New York: Guilford.
• Bayraktar, M. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde bağlanma stilleri, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve koşullu öz-değer arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between attachment styles, social media addiction and conditional self-worth in university students.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 633454).
• Bingül, F. & Çelik, E. (2021). Yalnızlığın bağlanma stilleri, beğenilme arzusu ve olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu açısından incelenmesi [Examining loneliness in terms of attachment styles, desire to be liked and fear of negative evaluation.]. Ekev Akademi Dergisi. 85, 187 - 202. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sosekev/issue/71584/1151872
• Blachnio, A., & Przepiorka. A. (2019). Be aware! If you start using Facebook problematically you will feel lonely: Phubbing, loneliness, self-esteem and Facebook intrusion. A cross-sectional study. Social Science Computer Review, 37(2). 270–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318754490
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, volume 2 separation anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group
• Büyükgebiz Koca, E. (2019). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve sosyotelizm üzerine bir yazın taraması [A literature review on smartphone addiction and sociotelism]. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 6(6), 399-411. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/asead/issue/47256/595893
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz. Ş., & Demirel, F. (2021). Eğitimde Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri [Scientific Research Methods in Education] (30th edition). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
• Çaka, C. (2021). Çağın teknolojik bağımlılığı: Sosyotelizm (Kavramsal bir bakış) [Technological addiction of the age: Sociotelism (A conceptual view)]. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3). 464-476. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/anadoluakademi/issue/65160/989919
• Çalık, M., & Sözbilir, M. (2014). Parameters of content analysis. Education and Science. 39(174). 33-38. http://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2014.3412
• Canatar, F. (2020). Nomofobi ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığının bağlanma stilleri, kimlik duygusu ve kişiler arası problemler açısından incelenmesi [Examining nomophobia and smartphone addiction in terms of attachment styles, sense of identity and interpersonal problems.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 659392).
• Ceyhan, E. (2016). İnternet bağımlılığının bağlanma stilleri ve duygusal düzenlemeyle ilişkisi [The relationship between internet addiction and attachment styles and emotional regulation] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 435312).
• Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018
• Çiftçi, A. (2021). İnternet oyun bağımlılığının bağlanma stilleri, metakognisyonlar ve çocukluk çağı olumsuz yaşantıları ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between internet game addiction and attachment styles, metacognition and negative childhood experiences.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 668615).
• Davey, S., Davey, A., Raghav, S. K., Singh, J. V., Singh, N., Blachnio, A., & Przepiórkaa, A. (2018). Predictors and consequences of “Phubbing” among adolescents and youth in India: An impact evaluation study. Journal of Family & Community Medicine. 25(1). 35-42. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_71_17
• David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2017). Phubbed and alone: Phone snubbing. social exclusion. and attachment to social media. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1086/690940
• Doğan, T., Çötok, N. A., & Tekin, E. G. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish Version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2058-2062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.053
• Dong, W., Li, S., & Wang, X. (2023). Parental phubbing and Chinese adolescents’ SNSs addiction: Loneliness as a mediator and self-esteem as a moderator. Current Psychology, 42(19), 16560-16572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04066-y
• Ergün, N., Göksu, İ., & Sakız, H. (2020). Effects of phubbing: Relationships with psychodemographic variables. Psychological reports, 123(5), 1578-1613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119889581
• Hazan, C. & Shaver P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351153683-17
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
• Ivanova, A., Gorbaniuk, O., Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Mraka, N., Polishchuk, V., & Gorbaniuk, J. (2020). Mobile phone addiction. phubbing. and depression among men and women: a moderated mediation analysis. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 655-668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09723-8
• Kaplan, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyleri, sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ve bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between university students' social media addiction levels, social media usage purposes and attachment styles.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 593073).
• Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Mızrak Şahin, B., Çulha, İ., & Babadağ, B. (2016). The virtual world’s current addiction: Phubbing. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addiction, 3, 250–269. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0013
• Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M., Çulha, İ., & Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing. which is the sum of many virtual addictions: a structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 60-74. http://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005
• Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy; childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2), 66-104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333827
• Mayers, A. (2013). Introduction to statistics and SPSS in psychology. Pearson Education Limited.
• Mert, A., & Özdemir, G. (2018). Yalnızlık duygusunun akıllı telefon bağımlılığına etkisi [The effect of loneliness on smartphone addiction]. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 88-107. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.382285
• Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 13-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(99)00049-7
• Morsünbül, Ü. (2014). İnternet bağımlılığının bağlanma stilleri, kişilik özellikleri, yalnızlık ve yaşam doyumu ile ilişkisi [The relationship between internet addiction and attachment styles, personality traits, loneliness and life satisfaction]. International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(1), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v11i1.2727
• Nazir, T., & Pişkin, M. (2016). Phubbing: A technological invasion which connected the world but disconnected humans. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 39-46. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/02cf/4be51f199e9834c9d329a5cb60e58c71a98a.pdf
• Okkay, İ., & Bal, F. (2021). İletişim teknolojileri ve değişen empati kavramı [Communication technologies and the changing concept of empathy]. Humanistic Perspective, 3 (1), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.873320
• Okur, S., & Özekes, M. (2020). Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs and Problematic Internet Use of Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(4), 214-222. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sinan-Okur/publication/348417663_Relationship_between_Basic_Psychological_Needs_and_Problematic_Internet_Use_of_Adolescents_The_Mediating_Role_of_Life_Satisfaction/links/600fc567299bf14088c096cf/Relationship-between-Basic-Psychological-Needs-and-Problematic-Internet-Use-of-Adolescents-The-Mediating-Role-of-Life-Satisfaction.pdf
• Öziç, E. (2019). Batı karadeniz bölgesinde oyun bağımlılığı ve bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between game addiction and attachment styles in the Western Black Sea region] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 657389).
• Parmaksız, İ. (2021). Sosyotelizm (phubbing) ile bilinçli farkındalık arasındaki ilişkide sosyal kaygının aracı rolü [The mediating role of social anxiety in the relationship between phubbing and mindfulness]. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 1387-1420. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.904379
• Perlman, D., Peplau, L. A., & Goldston, S. E. (1984). Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings. In Paplau, L. A., & Goldstone, S. E. (Eds.) Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness (pp. 13-46). National Institute of Mental Health, Maryland, USA.
• Roberts, J., Yaya, L., & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: Cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral. Addiction, 3(4), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.015
• Shams, M., Iftikhar, U., & Raja, A. A. (2019). Impact of Attachment Styles on Relationship Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Phubbing Behavior. IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), 15(1), 161-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2019.15.01.13
• Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck Jr., P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1-3), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00107-X
• Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma [Psychometric evaluation of adult attachment styles scales on a Turkish sample and an intercultural comparison]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(43), 71-106. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nebi-Suemer-2/publication/299011827_Psychometric_evaluation_of_adult_attachment_measures_on_Turkish_samples_and_a_cross-cultural_comparison/links/565ca7e008ae1ef92981efd2/Psychometric-evaluation-of-adult-attachment-measures-on-Turkish-samples-and-a-cross-cultural-comparison.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%3D
• Tok, E. S., & Güzel, H. Ş. (2020). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı, bağlanma ve duygu düzenlemenin ilişkisi: Mizaç ve karakter özelliklerinin aracı rolü [The relationship between smartphone addiction, attachment and emotion regulation: The mediating role of temperament and character traits.]. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000020
• Ting, S. T., Ho, K. H., & Low, S. K. (2018). Are you “phubbing” me? The determinants of phubbing behavior and assessment of measurement 102 invariance across sex differences. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 159-190. https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2018.3318
• Tüfekçi, B., & Karaca, S. (2021). Fabrika çalışanlarında yalnızlık, depresyon ve tükenmişliğin incelenmesi. Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences (OTJHS), 6(4), 514-520. https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.882828
• Uzun, A. M., & Ünal, E. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin genelleştirilmiş problemli internet kullanımlarının incelenmesi [Examining generalized problematic internet use of university students]. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi [Journal of Theoretical Educational Science], 11(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.361141
• Ünlü, F. (2015). Ebeveyni boşanmış bireylerde; benlik saygısı, yalnızlık ve bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between self-esteem, loneliness and attachment styles in individuals with divorced parents.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 412423).
• van Roekel, E., Ha, T., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., & Verhagen, M. (2016). Loneliness in the daily lives of young adults: Testing a socio-cognitive models. European Journal of Personality, 30(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2028
• Yam, F. C., & İlhan, T. (2020). Modern çağın bütünsel teknolojik bağımlılığı: Phubbing [The holistic technological addiction of the modern age: Phubbing]. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.551299
• Yanık, A., & Özçiçek, S. (2021). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığında Sosyal Medya ve Oyunların Etkilerini Anlamak [Understanding the Effects of Social Media and Games on Smartphone Addiction]. Uluslararası Halkbilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(7), 177-192. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/uhad/issue/65997/1017456
• Yaşar Can, S., & Kavak Budak, F. (2021). The Relationship of Social Media Use with Depression and Loneliness in Adolescents: A Descriptive Study. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 13(4), 980-986. http://doi.org/10.5336/nurses.2021-82198
• Yıldız, S. İ. (2021). Beliren Yetişkinlerde Yalnızlığın Yordayıcıları Olarak Bağlanma Stilleri. Reddedilme Duyarlılığı ve Mükemmeliyetçiliğin İncelenmesi [Examining Attachment Styles, Rejection Sensitivity, and Perfectionism as Predictors of Loneliness in Emerging Adults] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 683557).
• Yılmaz, B. (2020). E-spor oyuncularının algıladıkları sosyal destek, aile iklimi ve yetişkin bağlanma stillerinin oyun bağımlılığı üzerine etkisi [The effects of e-sports players' perceived social support, family climate and adult attachment styles on game addiction.] (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Accessed from YÖK Thesis Center database (Thesis No: 626790).