Araştırma Makalesi
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Using R Studio in Intermedia Agenda-Setting Studies: Computerizing Cross-Lagged Correlation Using Rozelle-Campbell Baseline

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 35, 262 - 280, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.598078

Öz

Today, the importance of reproducible and transparent research has been increased along with the use of large data sets in a multinational environment. Researchers using intermedia agenda-setting theory have also affected this trend by conducting studies using big data and social media data. The Rozelle-Campbell formula is widely used by such researchers to investigate media effects and their direction. 
“R” is a general purpose statistical software package used in many fields of research. It is licensed for a free and an open-source software. There are many researchers have released applications for general use in “R” after they have been introduced into the literature. The authors have written this informative paper as a reference text for users of R in communication studies. Our primary purpose is to provide users an easy way to learn how to perform using R and R Studio analysis to use in intermedia agenda-setting, without having to navigate through the extensive, and excessive documentation. Another purpose of this study is to simplify and to reduce analyzing steps in complex cross-lagged correlations (synchronous correlations, cross-lagged correlations and autocorrelations) and Rozelle-Campbell Baseline analysis. On the other hand, neither do we claim to provide the most convenient solution for the researchers. We have tried to provide a simple approach which is easily understandable for those with an understanding of statistics. We anticipate that this tool “R” will be particularly useful for intermediate users, who need or want to conduct their studies when retrieving from the big data. In addition, this article will encourage researchers to improve their analytic abilities, by providing a brief manual and tested examples. 
Following the existing literature, this study re-tests the results of previous four intermedia agenda-settings studies, which had been previously analyzed by SPSS Software Program or Microsoft Excel. The present study’s data analysis 100% has matched with original studies. The results suggest that researchers can use this R Studio scripts to conduct their intermedia agenda-setting analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, J. W. (2000). New media in the muslim world: The emerging public sphere. ISIM Newsletter, 5, 1.
  • Aust, F., & Barth, M. (2018). papaja: Create APA manuscripts with R Markdown. Retrieved from https://github.com/crsh/papaja
  • Ball, R., & Medeiros, N. (2012). Teaching integrity in empirical research: A protocol for documenting data management and analysis. The Journal of Economic Education, 43(2), 182–189.
  • Campbell, D. T., & Kenny, D. A. (1999). A primer on regression artifacts. Guilford Publications.
  • Ceron, A., Curini, L., & Iacus, S. M. (2016). First- and second-level agenda setting in the twittersphere: An application to the Italian political debate. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 13(2), 159–174. doi:10.1080/19331681.2016.1160266
  • Chatfield, C. (2016). The analysis of time series: An introduction. CRC press.
  • Conway, B. A., Kenski, K., & Wang, D. (2015). The rise of twitter in the political campaign: Searching for intermedia agenda-setting effects in the Presidential primary. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 363–380. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12124
  • Cui, D., & Wu, F. (2017). Inter-media agenda setting in global news production: examining agenda attributes in newspaper coverage of the MH370 incident in the U.S., China, and Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(6), 582–600. doi:10.1080/01292986.2017.1305426
  • Dearing, J. W., Rogers, E. M., & Fei, X. (1988). The agenda-setting process for the issue of aids. In Annual meeting of the international communication association, new orleans, may.
  • Du, Y. R. (2013). Intermedia agenda-setting in the age of globalization: A multinational agenda-setting test. Global Media and Communication. doi:10.1177/1742766512463038
  • Dunn, S. W. (2006). Candidate and media agenda setting in the 2005 Virginia gubernatorial election (PhD thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute; State University.
  • Freeman, J. R. (1983). Granger causality and the times series analysis of political relationships. American Journal of Political Science, 327–358.Funkhouser, G. R. (1973). The issues of the sixties: An exploratory study in the dynamics of public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(1), 62–75.
  • Guo, L. (2012). The application of social network analysis in agenda setting eesearch: A methodological exploration. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 56(4), 616–631. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.732148
  • Guo, L., & Vargo, C. J. (2017). Global intermedia agenda setting: A big data analysis of international news flow. Journal of Communication, 67(4), 499–520. doi:10.1111/jcom.12311
  • Guo, L., Vargo, C. J., Pan, Z., Ding, W., & Ishwar, P. (2016). Big social data analytics in journalism and mass communication: Comparing dictionary-based text analysis and unsupervised topic modeling. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 1–28. doi:10.1177/1077699016639231
  • Han, J. (., Lee, S., & McCombs, M. (2017). The attribute agenda-setting influence of online community on online newscast: investigating the South Korean Sewol ferry tragedy. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(6), 601–615. doi:10.1080/01292986.2017.1334073
  • Harder, R. A., Sevenans, J., & Van Aelst, P. (2017). Intermedia agenda setting in the social media age: How traditional players dominate the news agenda in election times. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(3), 275–293. doi:10.1177/1940161217704969
  • Hester, J. B., & Gibson, R. (2003). The economy and second-level agenda setting: A time-series analysis of economic news and public opinion about the economy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(1), 73–90.
  • Hoffmann, M., Rosenbaum, M., Yoshida, N., & others. (2013). Estimation of the lead-lag parameter from non-synchronous data. Bernoulli, 19(2), 426–461.
  • Jenkins, R., Peters, E. D., & Moreira, M. M. (2006). The economic impact of china on latin america–an agenda for research. In Seventh annual global development conference, pre-conference workshop on asian and other drivers of global change, st. Petersburg (pp. 18–19).
  • Kenny, D. A. (1973). Cross-lagged and synchronous common factors in panel data. In. Structural equation models in the social sciences. New York: Seminar Press.
  • Ku, G., Kaid, L. L., & Pfau, M. (2003). The Impact of web site campaigning on traditional news media and public information processing. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(3), 528–547. doi:10.1177/107769900308000304
  • Kushin, M. J. (2011). Tweeting the issues in the age of social media? Intermedia agenda setting between the "New York times" and twitter. (PhD thesis No. 10-A). Washington State Univetsty. Retrieved from http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/m_kushin_041510.pdf
  • Lee, B., Lancendorfer, K. M., & Lee, K. J. (2005). Agenda-setting and the internet: The intermedia influence of internet bulletin boards on newspaper coverage of the 2000 general election in South Korea. Asian Journal of Communication, 15(1), 57–71. doi:10.1080/0129298042000329793
  • Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R., & Hermida, A. (2013). Content analysis in an era of big data: A Hybrid approach to computational and manual methods. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(1), 34–52. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.761702
  • Lim, J. (2006). A Cross-Lagged analysis of agenda setting among online news media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(2), 298–312. doi:10.1177/107769900608300205
  • Lippmann, W. (1948). Public opinion. British Medical Journal, 1(4547), 397–398. doi:10.1017/S0003055414000380
  • Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2009). Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 1). Sage.
  • Livingstone, S. (2002). Young people and new media: Childhood and the changing media environment. Sage.
  • Makel, M. C., & Plucker, J. A. (2014). Facts are more important than novelty: Replication in the education sciences. Educational Researcher, 43(6), 304–316.
  • McCombs, M. (2005). A Look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future. Journalism Studies, 6(4), 543–557. doi:10.1080/14616700500250438
  • McCombs, M. (2015). New trends in agenda-setting research. Interview with Professor Maxwell McCombs — one of the two founding fathers of empirical research on the agenda-setting function of the press. Central European Journal of Communication, 8(2), 301–312.
  • McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. doi:10.1086/267990
  • McCombs, M., Llamas, J. P., Lopez-escobar, E., & Rey, F. (1997). Candidate images in Spanish elections : Second-level agenda-setting effects. J&MC Quarterly, 74(4), 703–717.
  • McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. (1977). The emergence of american political issues. St. Paul, Minessota.
  • Melek, G. (2015). Medya arası gündem belirleme kuramı çerçevesinde hürriyet ve twitter üzerinde bir çalışma (Doktora Tezi) (PhD thesis). T.C. Ege Üniversitesi.
  • Melek, G., & Bakan, U. (2016). First and second level intermedia agenda-setting between international newspapers and twitter during the coverage of the 266th papal election. Akdeniz İletişim Dergisi, 155–177.
  • Meraz, S. (2011). Using time series analysis to measure intermedia agenda - setting influence in traditional media and political blog networks. J&MC Quarterly, 88(1), 176–194.
  • Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible research in computational science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227.
  • Ragas, M. W. (2010). Agenda building and agenda-setting in corporate proxy contests: Exploring influence among public relations efforts, financial media coverage and investor opinion. Zhurnal Eksperimental’noi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, 1–429. Retrieved from http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041554/ragas_m.pdf
  • Reynolds, A., & McCombs, M. (2002). News influence on our pictures of the world. In Media effects (pp. 11–28). Routledge.
  • Riffe, D., & Freitag, A. (1997). A content analysis of content analyses: Twenty-five years of journalism quarterly. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(3), 515–524.
  • Roberts, M., & McCombs, M. (1994). Agenda setting and political advertising: Origins of the news agenda. Political Communication, 11(3), 249–262. doi:10.1080/10584609.1994.9963030
  • Rosenthal, C. (2014). Reconsidering agenda setting and intermedia agenda setting from a global perspective: A Cross-national comparative agenda setting test. MEDIA@LSE MSc Dissertation Series.
  • Rozelle, R. M., & Campbell, D. T. (1969). More plausible rival hypotheses in the cross-lagged panel correlation technique. Psychological Bulletin, 71(1), 74–80. doi:10.1037/h0026863
  • Russell Neuman, W., Guggenheim, L., Mo Jang, S., & Bae, S. Y. (2014). The dynamics of public attention: Agenda-setting theory meets big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 193–214. doi:10.1111/jcom.12088
  • Sayre, B., Bode, L., Shah, D., Wilcox, D., & Shah, C. (2010). Agenda setting in a digital age: Tracking attention to california proposition 8 in social media, online news and conventional news. Policy & Internet, 2(2), 7–32.
  • Schiffer, A. J. (2006). Blogswarms and press norms: News coverage of the downing street memo controversy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(3), 494–510.
  • Schimdheiny, K. (2013). A beginner ’s hands-on guide to R with RStudio. Short Guides to Microeconomics, Fall 2013, 37.Shaw, D. L., & McCombs, M. E. (1977). The agenda-setting function of the press. The Emergency of American Political Issues, St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co, 1–17.
  • Sikanku, E. G. (2011). Intermedia influences among Ghanaian online and print news media: Explicating salience transfer of media agendas. Journal of Black Studies. doi:10.1177/0021934711417435
  • Singer, J. B. (2005). The political j-blogger:Normalizing a new media form to fit old norms and practices. Journalism, 6(2), 173–198.
  • Singer, P. (2011). Time series analysis of online social network data and content Masterarbeit Zeitverlaufsanalysen von sozialen Netzwerkdaten und -inhalten am World Wide Web, (September).
  • Sweetser, K. D., Golan, G. J., & Wanta, W. (2008). Intermedia agenda setting in television, advertising, and blogs during the 2004 election. Mass Communication and Society, 11(2), 197–216. doi:10.1080/15205430701590267
  • Tedesco, J. C. (2005). Intercandidate agenda setting in the 2004 Democratic presidential primary, (2002), 92–113. doi:10.1177/0002764205279435
  • Tipton, L., Haney, R. D., & Baseheart, J. R. (1975). Media agenda-setting in city and state election campaigns. Journalism Quarterly, 52(1), 15–22.
  • Tran, H. (2013). Online agenda setting. Agenda Setting in a 2.0 World: New Agendas in Communication, 205.
  • Vamvakasi, V., & Dimitrakopoulou, D. (2012). The online ’Factor’ in the intermedia agenda-setting: The case of the Greek indignant citizens movement.
  • Vargo, C. J., & Guo, L. (2016). Networks, big data, and intermedia agenda setting. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 107769901667997. doi:10.1177/1077699016679976
  • Verzani, J. (2011). Getting started with RStudio: An integrated development environment for R (p. 92). doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  • West, M. D. (2001). Theory, method, and practice in computer content analysis (Vol. 16). Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Wickham, H., & Bryan, J. (2018). Readxl: Read excel files. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readxl
  • Winter, J. P., & Eyal, C. H. (1981). Agenda setting for the civil rights issue. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45(3), 376–383.

Medyalararası Gündem Belirleme Çalışmalarında R Stüdyo Kullanımı: Rozelle-Campbell Taban Hizası ile Çapraz Gecikmeli Korelasyonun Bilişimleştirilmesi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 35, 262 - 280, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.598078

Öz

Today, the importance of reproducible and transparent research has been increased along with the use of large data sets in a multinational environment. Researchers using intermedia agenda-setting theory have also affected this trend by conducting studies using big data and social media data. The Rozelle-Campbell formula is widely used by such researchers to investigate media effects and their direction.
“R” is a general purpose statistical software package used in many fields of research. It is licensed for a free and an open-source software. There are many researchers have released applications for general use in “R” after they have been introduced into the literature. The authors have written this informative paper as a reference text for users of R in communication studies. Our primary purpose is to provide users an easy way to learn how to perform using R and R Studio analysis to use in intermedia agenda-setting, without having to navigate through the extensive, and excessive documentation. Another purpose of this study is to simplify and to reduce analyzing steps in complex cross-lagged correlations (synchronous correlations, cross-lagged correlations and autocorrelations) and Rozelle-Campbell Baseline analysis. On the other hand, neither do we claim to provide the most convenient solution for the researchers. We have tried to provide a simple approach which is easily understandable for those with an understanding of statistics. We anticipate that this tool “R” will be particularly useful for intermediate users, who need or want to conduct their studies when retrieving from the big data. In addition, this article will encourage researchers to improve their analytic abilities, by providing a brief manual and tested examples.
Following the existing literature, this study re-tests the results of previous four intermedia agenda-settings studies, which had been previously analyzed by SPSS Software Program or Microsoft Excel. The present study’s data analysis 100% has matched with original studies. The results suggest that researchers can use this R Studio scripts to conduct their intermedia agenda-setting analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, J. W. (2000). New media in the muslim world: The emerging public sphere. ISIM Newsletter, 5, 1.
  • Aust, F., & Barth, M. (2018). papaja: Create APA manuscripts with R Markdown. Retrieved from https://github.com/crsh/papaja
  • Ball, R., & Medeiros, N. (2012). Teaching integrity in empirical research: A protocol for documenting data management and analysis. The Journal of Economic Education, 43(2), 182–189.
  • Campbell, D. T., & Kenny, D. A. (1999). A primer on regression artifacts. Guilford Publications.
  • Ceron, A., Curini, L., & Iacus, S. M. (2016). First- and second-level agenda setting in the twittersphere: An application to the Italian political debate. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 13(2), 159–174. doi:10.1080/19331681.2016.1160266
  • Chatfield, C. (2016). The analysis of time series: An introduction. CRC press.
  • Conway, B. A., Kenski, K., & Wang, D. (2015). The rise of twitter in the political campaign: Searching for intermedia agenda-setting effects in the Presidential primary. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 363–380. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12124
  • Cui, D., & Wu, F. (2017). Inter-media agenda setting in global news production: examining agenda attributes in newspaper coverage of the MH370 incident in the U.S., China, and Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(6), 582–600. doi:10.1080/01292986.2017.1305426
  • Dearing, J. W., Rogers, E. M., & Fei, X. (1988). The agenda-setting process for the issue of aids. In Annual meeting of the international communication association, new orleans, may.
  • Du, Y. R. (2013). Intermedia agenda-setting in the age of globalization: A multinational agenda-setting test. Global Media and Communication. doi:10.1177/1742766512463038
  • Dunn, S. W. (2006). Candidate and media agenda setting in the 2005 Virginia gubernatorial election (PhD thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute; State University.
  • Freeman, J. R. (1983). Granger causality and the times series analysis of political relationships. American Journal of Political Science, 327–358.Funkhouser, G. R. (1973). The issues of the sixties: An exploratory study in the dynamics of public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(1), 62–75.
  • Guo, L. (2012). The application of social network analysis in agenda setting eesearch: A methodological exploration. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 56(4), 616–631. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.732148
  • Guo, L., & Vargo, C. J. (2017). Global intermedia agenda setting: A big data analysis of international news flow. Journal of Communication, 67(4), 499–520. doi:10.1111/jcom.12311
  • Guo, L., Vargo, C. J., Pan, Z., Ding, W., & Ishwar, P. (2016). Big social data analytics in journalism and mass communication: Comparing dictionary-based text analysis and unsupervised topic modeling. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 1–28. doi:10.1177/1077699016639231
  • Han, J. (., Lee, S., & McCombs, M. (2017). The attribute agenda-setting influence of online community on online newscast: investigating the South Korean Sewol ferry tragedy. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(6), 601–615. doi:10.1080/01292986.2017.1334073
  • Harder, R. A., Sevenans, J., & Van Aelst, P. (2017). Intermedia agenda setting in the social media age: How traditional players dominate the news agenda in election times. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(3), 275–293. doi:10.1177/1940161217704969
  • Hester, J. B., & Gibson, R. (2003). The economy and second-level agenda setting: A time-series analysis of economic news and public opinion about the economy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(1), 73–90.
  • Hoffmann, M., Rosenbaum, M., Yoshida, N., & others. (2013). Estimation of the lead-lag parameter from non-synchronous data. Bernoulli, 19(2), 426–461.
  • Jenkins, R., Peters, E. D., & Moreira, M. M. (2006). The economic impact of china on latin america–an agenda for research. In Seventh annual global development conference, pre-conference workshop on asian and other drivers of global change, st. Petersburg (pp. 18–19).
  • Kenny, D. A. (1973). Cross-lagged and synchronous common factors in panel data. In. Structural equation models in the social sciences. New York: Seminar Press.
  • Ku, G., Kaid, L. L., & Pfau, M. (2003). The Impact of web site campaigning on traditional news media and public information processing. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(3), 528–547. doi:10.1177/107769900308000304
  • Kushin, M. J. (2011). Tweeting the issues in the age of social media? Intermedia agenda setting between the "New York times" and twitter. (PhD thesis No. 10-A). Washington State Univetsty. Retrieved from http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/m_kushin_041510.pdf
  • Lee, B., Lancendorfer, K. M., & Lee, K. J. (2005). Agenda-setting and the internet: The intermedia influence of internet bulletin boards on newspaper coverage of the 2000 general election in South Korea. Asian Journal of Communication, 15(1), 57–71. doi:10.1080/0129298042000329793
  • Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R., & Hermida, A. (2013). Content analysis in an era of big data: A Hybrid approach to computational and manual methods. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(1), 34–52. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.761702
  • Lim, J. (2006). A Cross-Lagged analysis of agenda setting among online news media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(2), 298–312. doi:10.1177/107769900608300205
  • Lippmann, W. (1948). Public opinion. British Medical Journal, 1(4547), 397–398. doi:10.1017/S0003055414000380
  • Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2009). Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 1). Sage.
  • Livingstone, S. (2002). Young people and new media: Childhood and the changing media environment. Sage.
  • Makel, M. C., & Plucker, J. A. (2014). Facts are more important than novelty: Replication in the education sciences. Educational Researcher, 43(6), 304–316.
  • McCombs, M. (2005). A Look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future. Journalism Studies, 6(4), 543–557. doi:10.1080/14616700500250438
  • McCombs, M. (2015). New trends in agenda-setting research. Interview with Professor Maxwell McCombs — one of the two founding fathers of empirical research on the agenda-setting function of the press. Central European Journal of Communication, 8(2), 301–312.
  • McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. doi:10.1086/267990
  • McCombs, M., Llamas, J. P., Lopez-escobar, E., & Rey, F. (1997). Candidate images in Spanish elections : Second-level agenda-setting effects. J&MC Quarterly, 74(4), 703–717.
  • McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. (1977). The emergence of american political issues. St. Paul, Minessota.
  • Melek, G. (2015). Medya arası gündem belirleme kuramı çerçevesinde hürriyet ve twitter üzerinde bir çalışma (Doktora Tezi) (PhD thesis). T.C. Ege Üniversitesi.
  • Melek, G., & Bakan, U. (2016). First and second level intermedia agenda-setting between international newspapers and twitter during the coverage of the 266th papal election. Akdeniz İletişim Dergisi, 155–177.
  • Meraz, S. (2011). Using time series analysis to measure intermedia agenda - setting influence in traditional media and political blog networks. J&MC Quarterly, 88(1), 176–194.
  • Peng, R. D. (2011). Reproducible research in computational science. Science, 334(6060), 1226–1227.
  • Ragas, M. W. (2010). Agenda building and agenda-setting in corporate proxy contests: Exploring influence among public relations efforts, financial media coverage and investor opinion. Zhurnal Eksperimental’noi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, 1–429. Retrieved from http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041554/ragas_m.pdf
  • Reynolds, A., & McCombs, M. (2002). News influence on our pictures of the world. In Media effects (pp. 11–28). Routledge.
  • Riffe, D., & Freitag, A. (1997). A content analysis of content analyses: Twenty-five years of journalism quarterly. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(3), 515–524.
  • Roberts, M., & McCombs, M. (1994). Agenda setting and political advertising: Origins of the news agenda. Political Communication, 11(3), 249–262. doi:10.1080/10584609.1994.9963030
  • Rosenthal, C. (2014). Reconsidering agenda setting and intermedia agenda setting from a global perspective: A Cross-national comparative agenda setting test. MEDIA@LSE MSc Dissertation Series.
  • Rozelle, R. M., & Campbell, D. T. (1969). More plausible rival hypotheses in the cross-lagged panel correlation technique. Psychological Bulletin, 71(1), 74–80. doi:10.1037/h0026863
  • Russell Neuman, W., Guggenheim, L., Mo Jang, S., & Bae, S. Y. (2014). The dynamics of public attention: Agenda-setting theory meets big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 193–214. doi:10.1111/jcom.12088
  • Sayre, B., Bode, L., Shah, D., Wilcox, D., & Shah, C. (2010). Agenda setting in a digital age: Tracking attention to california proposition 8 in social media, online news and conventional news. Policy & Internet, 2(2), 7–32.
  • Schiffer, A. J. (2006). Blogswarms and press norms: News coverage of the downing street memo controversy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(3), 494–510.
  • Schimdheiny, K. (2013). A beginner ’s hands-on guide to R with RStudio. Short Guides to Microeconomics, Fall 2013, 37.Shaw, D. L., & McCombs, M. E. (1977). The agenda-setting function of the press. The Emergency of American Political Issues, St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co, 1–17.
  • Sikanku, E. G. (2011). Intermedia influences among Ghanaian online and print news media: Explicating salience transfer of media agendas. Journal of Black Studies. doi:10.1177/0021934711417435
  • Singer, J. B. (2005). The political j-blogger:Normalizing a new media form to fit old norms and practices. Journalism, 6(2), 173–198.
  • Singer, P. (2011). Time series analysis of online social network data and content Masterarbeit Zeitverlaufsanalysen von sozialen Netzwerkdaten und -inhalten am World Wide Web, (September).
  • Sweetser, K. D., Golan, G. J., & Wanta, W. (2008). Intermedia agenda setting in television, advertising, and blogs during the 2004 election. Mass Communication and Society, 11(2), 197–216. doi:10.1080/15205430701590267
  • Tedesco, J. C. (2005). Intercandidate agenda setting in the 2004 Democratic presidential primary, (2002), 92–113. doi:10.1177/0002764205279435
  • Tipton, L., Haney, R. D., & Baseheart, J. R. (1975). Media agenda-setting in city and state election campaigns. Journalism Quarterly, 52(1), 15–22.
  • Tran, H. (2013). Online agenda setting. Agenda Setting in a 2.0 World: New Agendas in Communication, 205.
  • Vamvakasi, V., & Dimitrakopoulou, D. (2012). The online ’Factor’ in the intermedia agenda-setting: The case of the Greek indignant citizens movement.
  • Vargo, C. J., & Guo, L. (2016). Networks, big data, and intermedia agenda setting. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 107769901667997. doi:10.1177/1077699016679976
  • Verzani, J. (2011). Getting started with RStudio: An integrated development environment for R (p. 92). doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  • West, M. D. (2001). Theory, method, and practice in computer content analysis (Vol. 16). Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Wickham, H., & Bryan, J. (2018). Readxl: Read excel files. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readxl
  • Winter, J. P., & Eyal, C. H. (1981). Agenda setting for the civil rights issue. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45(3), 376–383.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İnanç Alikılıç 0000-0001-9079-8420

Özlem Alikılıç Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6311-2622

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 35

Kaynak Göster

APA Alikılıç, İ., & Alikılıç, Ö. (2020). Medyalararası Gündem Belirleme Çalışmalarında R Stüdyo Kullanımı: Rozelle-Campbell Taban Hizası ile Çapraz Gecikmeli Korelasyonun Bilişimleştirilmesi. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(35), 262-280. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.598078