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The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Libya and Syria: An Analysis of Competing Normative Discourses

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 54, 53 - 74, 20.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1353781

Öz

In 2011, based on the R2P principles, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) authorized a military intervention led by NATO in Libya to “protect civilians”. Yet, the UNSC could not agree on sanctions or military action to protect civilians in Syria. Analyzing the relevant UNSC resolutions, official documents, and formal statements of state representatives, this study aims to uncover the discursive practices around military interventions. More specifically, it explores official discourses that legitimized the NATO-led military intervention in Libya and non-intervention in Syria. A comparative analysis of the Libyan and Syrian cases presents us with an opportunity to assess where R2P currently stands as an international norm.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav (2004). “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism”, International Organization, 58 (2): 239-275.
  • Arab League (2011), “The Implications of the Current Events in Libya and the Arab Position”, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/699706/files/S_2011_137-EN.pdf (24.08.2023).
  • Bellamy, Alex J. (2011). “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm”, Ethics & International Affair, 25 (3): 263-269.
  • Bloomfield, Alan (2016). “Norm Antipreneurs and Theorizing Resistance to normative change”, Review of International Studies, 42: 310-333.
  • Bloomfield, Alan (2017). “Resisting the responsibility to protect”, Alan Bloomfield and Shirley Scott (eds.), Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change (London: Routledge): 20-38.
  • Darweesh, Abbas Deygan and Hussein Dhahi Muzhir (2016). “Representation of the Syrian Crisis in the American Political Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis”, International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3 (1): 40-48.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann (2013). “Things We Lost in the Fire: How Different Types of Contestation Affect the Validity of International Norms”, PRIF Working Papers No 18, Frankfurt am Main.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann (2019). “Norms under challenge: Unpacking the dynamics of norm robustness”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4 (1): 2-17.
  • Denk, Erdem (2016). “Uluslararası Sistemdeki Dönüşümler Işığında BM’nin 70 Yılı”, Journal of Business Economics and Political Science, 5 (9): 11-28.
  • Dunne, Tim and Jess Gifkins (2011). “Libya and the state of intervention”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 65 (5): 515-529.
  • Fairclough, Norman and Ruth Wodak (1997). “Critical Discourse Analysis”, T.A. Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as a Social Interaction (London: Sage): 258-284.
  • Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink (1998). “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change”, International Organization, 52 (4): 887-917.
  • Evans, Gareth (2020). “The Dream and the Reality”, Global Responsibility to Protect, 12 (4): 363-365. Goldberg, Jeffrey (2016). “The Obama Doctrine”, The Atlantic, https://theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/ (03.08.2023).
  • Gözen Ercan, Pınar (2016). Debating the Future of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (London: Palgrave). Hall, Stuart (1992). “The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power”, Stuart Hall and B. Gieben (eds.), Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press): 275-320.
  • ICISS (2001). The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre). Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink (1998). Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
  • Kelleci, Tuğçe and Marella Bodur Ün (2017). “TWAIL ve Yeni Bir Hâkimiyet Aracı Olarak Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2P): Libya Örneği”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 14 (56): 89-104.
  • Keskin, Funda (2009). “Darfur: Koruma Yükümlülüğü ve İnsancıl Müdahale Kavramları Çerçevesinde Bir İnceleme”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 6 (21): 67-88.
  • Krook, Mona Lena and Jacqui True (2012). “Rethinking the life cycles of international norms: The United Nations and the global promotion of gender equality”, European Journal of International Relations, 18 (1): 103-127.
  • Lavrov, Sergey (2008, August 9). “Interview by Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov to BBC”, https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/1743011/ (01.08.2023).
  • MacFarquhar, Neil (2011), “Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria Over Crackdown”, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html?_r=0 (18.06.2023).
  • Medvedev, Dmitry (2011a). “Meeting with Security Council members”, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/12972 (20.10.2023).
  • Medvedev, Dmitry (2011b). “Statement by Dmitry Medvedev on the situation in Libya”, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/10701 (25.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2013a, August 31). “Answers to journalists’ questions”, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19113 (08.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2013b, September 11). “A Plea for Caution from Russia”, https://nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html (08.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2015, September 28). “Statement at 70th session of the UN General Assembly”, https://gadebate.un.org/sites/default/files/gastatements/70/70_RU_EN.pdf (08.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2022, February 24). “Address by the President of the Russian Federation”, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 (20.10.2023).
  • “Six-Point Proposal of the Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations and the League of Arab States”,https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SY_120414_SixPointPlan.pdf (30.08.2023). Sputnik (2011). “Putin likens UN Libya resolution to crusade call”, https://sputnikglobe.com/20110321/163126957.html (30.08.2023).
  • Stahn, Carsten (2007). “Responsibility to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?”, The American Journal of International Law, 101 (1): 99-120.
  • Thakur, Ramesh (2011). “Has R2P Worked in Libya?”, http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/editorial/has-r2p-worked-in-libya-20110918-1wqqb.html (05.07.2023).
  • The White House (2011a). “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/28/remarks-president-address-nation-libya (11.07.2023).
  • The White House (2011b). “Remarks by the President on Libya”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/19/remarks-president-libya (11.07.2023).
  • The White House (2012a). “Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/20/remarks-president-white-house-press-corps (16.07.2023).
  • The White House (2012b). “Statement by the President on Syria”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/04/statement-president-syria (15.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013a). “Address to the Nation on Syria”, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/september-10-2013-address-nation-syria (13.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013b). “Remarks by President Obama and President Hollande of France after Bilateral Meeting”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/09/06/president-obamas-bilateral-meeting-president-hollande-france (13.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013c). “Remarks by President Obama and the Presidents of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/30/remarks-president-obama-and-presidents-estonia-lithuania-and-latvia, (13.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013d). “Statement by the President on Syria”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/31/statement-president-syria (14.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013e). “Weekly Address: Calling for Limited Military Action in Syria”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/09/07/weekly-address-calling-limited-military-action-syria (14.07.2023).
  • The White House (2014). “Weekly Address: The World is United in the Fight Against ISIL”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2014/09/19/weekly-address-world-united-fight-against-isil (14.07.2023).
  • The White House (2015). “Remarks by President Obama to the United Nations General Assembly”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/28/remarks-president-obama-united-nations-general-assembly (14.07.2023).
  • UN Press Release (2011, July 21). “Special Advisers of the United Nations Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide, Francis Deng, and on the Responsibility to Protect, Edward Luck, on the situation in Syria”, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/media/statements/2011/English/2011-07-21-OSAPG%20statement%20Syria%2022%20July%202011%20FINAL.pdf (11.08.2023).
  • UN Press Release (2012, July 19). “Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Syria That Would Have Threatened Sanctions, Due to Negative Votes of China, Russian Federation”, http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10714.doc.htm (11.08.2023).
  • UNGA (2005). “2005 World Summit Outcome”, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/A-RES-60-1-E.pdf (20.07.2023).
  • UNGA (2009). “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect”, http://undocs.org/A/63/677 (20.07.2023).
  • UNGA (2011), “Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic”, A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, http://undocs.org/A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1 (20.07.2023).
  • UNGA (2012). “Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic”, A/HRC/19/69, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/19/69 (23.08.2023).
  • UNHCR (2011). “The Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria”, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2011/11/findings-independent-commission-inquiry-syria (23.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2006). Resolution 1674 (S/RES/1674), https://undocs.org/S/RES/1674(2006) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011a). 6498th Meeting (S/PV.6498), https://undocs.org/S/PV.6498 (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011b). 6627th Meeting (S/PV.6627), https://undocs.org/S/PV.6627 (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011c). Resolution 1970 (S/RES/1970), https://undocs.org/S/RES/1970(2011) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011d). Resolution 1973 (S/RES/1973), https://undocs.org/S/RES/1973(2011) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2012a). 6711th Meeting (S/PV.6711), https://undocs.org/S/PV.6711 (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2012b). Resolution 2042 (S/RES/2042), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2042(2012) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2012c). Resolution 2043 (S/RES/2043), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2043(2012) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2013). Resolution 2118 (S/RES/2118), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2118(2013) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2015a). Resolution 2235 (S/RES/2235), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2235(2015) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2015b). Resolution 2254 (S/RES/2254), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2254(2015) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2016). Resolution 2268 (S/RES/2268), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2268(2016) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC Draft Resolution (2011). S/2011/612, https://undocs.org/S/2011/612 (16.05.2023).
  • UNSC Draft Resolution (2012). S/2012/77, https://undocs.org/S/2012/77 (16.05.2023).
  • UNSC Draft Resolution (2014), S/2014/348, https://undocs.org/S/2014/348 (16.05.2023).
  • Van Dijk, Teun A. (1993). “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis”, Discourse & Society, 4 (2): 249-283. Welsh, Jennifer (2019). “Norm robustness and the Responsibility to Protect”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4 (1): 53-72.
  • Wiener, Antje (2004). “Contested Compliance: Interventions on the normative structure of world politics”, European Journal of International Relations, 10 (2): 189-234.
  • Wiener, Antje (2014). A Theory of Contestation (Berlin: Springer).
  • Wodak, Ruth (2001a). “What CDA is about - a summary of its history, important concepts and its developments”, Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer (eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Sage): 1-13.
  • Wodak, Ruth (2001b). “The discourse-historical approach”, Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer (eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Sage): 63-95.
  • Wodak, Ruth and Michael Meyer (2016). “Critical discourse analysis: history, agenda, theory and methodology’, Ruth Wodak and M. Meyer (eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, 3rd edition (London: Sage).

Libya ve Suriye’de Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2P): Rakip Normatif Söylemlerin Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 54, 53 - 74, 20.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1353781

Öz

2011 yılında, Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi (BMGK), R2P ilkelerine dayanarak “sivilleri korumak” amacıyla Libya’da NATO öncülüğünde bir askeri müdahaleye izin verdi. Ancak BMGK, Suriye’deki “sivilleri korumak” için yaptırım ya da askeri eylem konusunda uzlaşıya varamadı. Bu çalışma, ilgili BMGK kararlarını, resmî belgeleri ve devlet temsilcilerinin açıklamalarını analiz ederek, askeri müdahaleler üzerine söylemsel pratikleri ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Daha spesifik olarak çalışma, Libya’da NATO öncülüğündeki askeri müdahaleyi ve Suriye’de müdahalesizliği meşrulaştıran resmi söylemleri araştırmaktadır. Libya ve Suriye vakalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi, gelişmekte olan bir uluslararası norm olarak R2P’nin şu anda nerede durduğunu değerlendirme fırsatı sunacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav (2004). “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism”, International Organization, 58 (2): 239-275.
  • Arab League (2011), “The Implications of the Current Events in Libya and the Arab Position”, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/699706/files/S_2011_137-EN.pdf (24.08.2023).
  • Bellamy, Alex J. (2011). “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm”, Ethics & International Affair, 25 (3): 263-269.
  • Bloomfield, Alan (2016). “Norm Antipreneurs and Theorizing Resistance to normative change”, Review of International Studies, 42: 310-333.
  • Bloomfield, Alan (2017). “Resisting the responsibility to protect”, Alan Bloomfield and Shirley Scott (eds.), Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change (London: Routledge): 20-38.
  • Darweesh, Abbas Deygan and Hussein Dhahi Muzhir (2016). “Representation of the Syrian Crisis in the American Political Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis”, International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3 (1): 40-48.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann (2013). “Things We Lost in the Fire: How Different Types of Contestation Affect the Validity of International Norms”, PRIF Working Papers No 18, Frankfurt am Main.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann (2019). “Norms under challenge: Unpacking the dynamics of norm robustness”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4 (1): 2-17.
  • Denk, Erdem (2016). “Uluslararası Sistemdeki Dönüşümler Işığında BM’nin 70 Yılı”, Journal of Business Economics and Political Science, 5 (9): 11-28.
  • Dunne, Tim and Jess Gifkins (2011). “Libya and the state of intervention”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 65 (5): 515-529.
  • Fairclough, Norman and Ruth Wodak (1997). “Critical Discourse Analysis”, T.A. Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as a Social Interaction (London: Sage): 258-284.
  • Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink (1998). “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change”, International Organization, 52 (4): 887-917.
  • Evans, Gareth (2020). “The Dream and the Reality”, Global Responsibility to Protect, 12 (4): 363-365. Goldberg, Jeffrey (2016). “The Obama Doctrine”, The Atlantic, https://theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/ (03.08.2023).
  • Gözen Ercan, Pınar (2016). Debating the Future of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (London: Palgrave). Hall, Stuart (1992). “The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power”, Stuart Hall and B. Gieben (eds.), Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press): 275-320.
  • ICISS (2001). The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre). Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink (1998). Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
  • Kelleci, Tuğçe and Marella Bodur Ün (2017). “TWAIL ve Yeni Bir Hâkimiyet Aracı Olarak Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2P): Libya Örneği”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 14 (56): 89-104.
  • Keskin, Funda (2009). “Darfur: Koruma Yükümlülüğü ve İnsancıl Müdahale Kavramları Çerçevesinde Bir İnceleme”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 6 (21): 67-88.
  • Krook, Mona Lena and Jacqui True (2012). “Rethinking the life cycles of international norms: The United Nations and the global promotion of gender equality”, European Journal of International Relations, 18 (1): 103-127.
  • Lavrov, Sergey (2008, August 9). “Interview by Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov to BBC”, https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/1743011/ (01.08.2023).
  • MacFarquhar, Neil (2011), “Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria Over Crackdown”, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syria-over-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html?_r=0 (18.06.2023).
  • Medvedev, Dmitry (2011a). “Meeting with Security Council members”, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/12972 (20.10.2023).
  • Medvedev, Dmitry (2011b). “Statement by Dmitry Medvedev on the situation in Libya”, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/10701 (25.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2013a, August 31). “Answers to journalists’ questions”, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19113 (08.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2013b, September 11). “A Plea for Caution from Russia”, https://nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html (08.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2015, September 28). “Statement at 70th session of the UN General Assembly”, https://gadebate.un.org/sites/default/files/gastatements/70/70_RU_EN.pdf (08.08.2023).
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2022, February 24). “Address by the President of the Russian Federation”, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 (20.10.2023).
  • “Six-Point Proposal of the Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations and the League of Arab States”,https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SY_120414_SixPointPlan.pdf (30.08.2023). Sputnik (2011). “Putin likens UN Libya resolution to crusade call”, https://sputnikglobe.com/20110321/163126957.html (30.08.2023).
  • Stahn, Carsten (2007). “Responsibility to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?”, The American Journal of International Law, 101 (1): 99-120.
  • Thakur, Ramesh (2011). “Has R2P Worked in Libya?”, http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/editorial/has-r2p-worked-in-libya-20110918-1wqqb.html (05.07.2023).
  • The White House (2011a). “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/28/remarks-president-address-nation-libya (11.07.2023).
  • The White House (2011b). “Remarks by the President on Libya”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/19/remarks-president-libya (11.07.2023).
  • The White House (2012a). “Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/20/remarks-president-white-house-press-corps (16.07.2023).
  • The White House (2012b). “Statement by the President on Syria”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/04/statement-president-syria (15.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013a). “Address to the Nation on Syria”, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/september-10-2013-address-nation-syria (13.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013b). “Remarks by President Obama and President Hollande of France after Bilateral Meeting”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/09/06/president-obamas-bilateral-meeting-president-hollande-france (13.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013c). “Remarks by President Obama and the Presidents of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/30/remarks-president-obama-and-presidents-estonia-lithuania-and-latvia, (13.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013d). “Statement by the President on Syria”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/31/statement-president-syria (14.07.2023).
  • The White House (2013e). “Weekly Address: Calling for Limited Military Action in Syria”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/09/07/weekly-address-calling-limited-military-action-syria (14.07.2023).
  • The White House (2014). “Weekly Address: The World is United in the Fight Against ISIL”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2014/09/19/weekly-address-world-united-fight-against-isil (14.07.2023).
  • The White House (2015). “Remarks by President Obama to the United Nations General Assembly”, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/28/remarks-president-obama-united-nations-general-assembly (14.07.2023).
  • UN Press Release (2011, July 21). “Special Advisers of the United Nations Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide, Francis Deng, and on the Responsibility to Protect, Edward Luck, on the situation in Syria”, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/media/statements/2011/English/2011-07-21-OSAPG%20statement%20Syria%2022%20July%202011%20FINAL.pdf (11.08.2023).
  • UN Press Release (2012, July 19). “Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Syria That Would Have Threatened Sanctions, Due to Negative Votes of China, Russian Federation”, http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10714.doc.htm (11.08.2023).
  • UNGA (2005). “2005 World Summit Outcome”, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/A-RES-60-1-E.pdf (20.07.2023).
  • UNGA (2009). “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect”, http://undocs.org/A/63/677 (20.07.2023).
  • UNGA (2011), “Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic”, A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1, http://undocs.org/A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1 (20.07.2023).
  • UNGA (2012). “Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic”, A/HRC/19/69, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/19/69 (23.08.2023).
  • UNHCR (2011). “The Findings of the Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria”, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2011/11/findings-independent-commission-inquiry-syria (23.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2006). Resolution 1674 (S/RES/1674), https://undocs.org/S/RES/1674(2006) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011a). 6498th Meeting (S/PV.6498), https://undocs.org/S/PV.6498 (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011b). 6627th Meeting (S/PV.6627), https://undocs.org/S/PV.6627 (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011c). Resolution 1970 (S/RES/1970), https://undocs.org/S/RES/1970(2011) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2011d). Resolution 1973 (S/RES/1973), https://undocs.org/S/RES/1973(2011) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2012a). 6711th Meeting (S/PV.6711), https://undocs.org/S/PV.6711 (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2012b). Resolution 2042 (S/RES/2042), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2042(2012) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2012c). Resolution 2043 (S/RES/2043), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2043(2012) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2013). Resolution 2118 (S/RES/2118), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2118(2013) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2015a). Resolution 2235 (S/RES/2235), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2235(2015) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2015b). Resolution 2254 (S/RES/2254), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2254(2015) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC (2016). Resolution 2268 (S/RES/2268), https://undocs.org/S/RES/2268(2016) (30.08.2023).
  • UNSC Draft Resolution (2011). S/2011/612, https://undocs.org/S/2011/612 (16.05.2023).
  • UNSC Draft Resolution (2012). S/2012/77, https://undocs.org/S/2012/77 (16.05.2023).
  • UNSC Draft Resolution (2014), S/2014/348, https://undocs.org/S/2014/348 (16.05.2023).
  • Van Dijk, Teun A. (1993). “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis”, Discourse & Society, 4 (2): 249-283. Welsh, Jennifer (2019). “Norm robustness and the Responsibility to Protect”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4 (1): 53-72.
  • Wiener, Antje (2004). “Contested Compliance: Interventions on the normative structure of world politics”, European Journal of International Relations, 10 (2): 189-234.
  • Wiener, Antje (2014). A Theory of Contestation (Berlin: Springer).
  • Wodak, Ruth (2001a). “What CDA is about - a summary of its history, important concepts and its developments”, Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer (eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Sage): 1-13.
  • Wodak, Ruth (2001b). “The discourse-historical approach”, Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer (eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (London: Sage): 63-95.
  • Wodak, Ruth and Michael Meyer (2016). “Critical discourse analysis: history, agenda, theory and methodology’, Ruth Wodak and M. Meyer (eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, 3rd edition (London: Sage).
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Marella Bodur Ün 0000-0001-6828-3690

Tuğçe Kelleci 0000-0003-0981-3406

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 54

Kaynak Göster

APA Bodur Ün, M., & Kelleci, T. (2023). The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Libya and Syria: An Analysis of Competing Normative Discourses. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 54, 53-74. https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1353781