Araştırma Makalesi
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İstanbul’da Yaşayan Bireylerin Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Bedensel Duyum Algıları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 29 - 41, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1039124

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, bireylerin pandemi sürecinde bedensel duyum algılarını değerlendirmek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Örneklem ve Yöntem: Çalışma, tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel desende tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma, İstanbul’da yaşayan 18-65 yaş arası 613 bireyin katılımı ile tamamlanmıştır. Veriler, Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve The Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS) ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test ve Bonferroni düzeltmesi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların, %69,3’ünün kadın, %53’ünün üniversite mezunu, %12,4’ünün kronik hastalığı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan kişilerde, kadınların (Z=-6,028, p=0,000), kronik hastalığı olanların (Z=-2,760; p=0,006), kendisinin/yakınının Covid-19 tanısı alma korkusu olanların (Z=-4,220; p=0,000), kendi (Z=-2,305; p=0,021) ve yakını Covid-19 tanısı alanların (Z=-2,549; p=0,011) SSAS puanları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Katılımcıların %84,3’ünün kendisinin/yakının Covid-19 tanısı almasından korktuğunu belirtmiştir. Beden duyumlarını abartma durumunu etkileyen risk faktörleri incelendiğinde yaşın (β=-0,088; p=0,038), cinsiyetin (β=-0,232; p<0,001), kronik hastalık varlığının (β=-0,116; p<0,005), kendisinin/yakınının Covid-19 tanısı almasından korkmasının (β=-0,175; p<0,001) ve Covid-19 tanısı almanın (β=-0,089; p=0,025) negatif yönde etkileyen bir risk faktörü olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Bu araştırma, bireylerin pandemi sürecinde bedensel duyumlarını abarttığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca yaşın, cinsiyetin, kronik hastalık varlığının, kendisinin ve bir yakının Covid-19 tanısı almasından korkmasının ve kendisinin Covid-19 tanısı almasının bedensel duyumları abartma açısından risk faktörü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçların pandemi sürecinde bireyleri psikososyal ve psikosomatik algılar yönünden desteklemek için geliştirilecek stratejiler ve yardımcı yaklaşımlar açısından yol gösterici olacağına inanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abajo, F.J., Rodriguez-Martin, S., Lerma, V., & Mejia-Abril, G. (2020). Use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital: A case-population study. The Lancet, 395(10238). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31030-8
  • Aktoz M. Altay H. Aslanger E. Atalar E. et al. (2020). Turkish Society of Cardiology Consensus Report: Things to know about the COVID-19 Pandemic and cardiovascular diseases. Turkish Society of Cardiology Archive, 48(1), 1-48
  • Alharbi, J., Jackson, D., & Usher, K. (2020). The potential for COVID-19 to contribute to compassion fatigue in critical care nurses [Editorial]. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29, 2762–2764. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15314.
  • Alimoğlu, O., Erol, C. I. (2020). Approach to general surgery practice during COVID-19 Pandemic. Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(Special Issues 1), 102-110
  • Arons, M. M., Hatfield, K. M., Reddy, S. C., Kimbal, A. et al. (2020). Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 ınfections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(22), 2081-2090. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2008457
  • Aronson, K. R., Barret, L. F., &Quigley, K. S. (2001). Feeling your body or feelig badly-Evidence fort he limited validity of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale as an index of somatic sensitivity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 387-394. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00216-1.
  • Aydemir, Ö., Kırkpınar, İ., Satı, T., Uykur, B. et al. (2013). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Health Anxiety Inventory. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50(4), 325-331. doi: 10.4274/npa.y6383
  • Bridou, M., & Aguerre, C. (2013). Validity of the French form of The Somatosensory Amplification Scale in a non-clinical sample. Health Psychology Research, 1(11), 38-43. doi: 10.4081/hpr.2013.e11
  • Brown, R. J., Skelly, N.,& Chew‐Graham, C. A. (2020). Online health research and health anxiety: A systematic review and conceptual integration. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 27(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12299
  • Chams, N., Chams, S., Badran, R., Shams, A. Araji, A., Raad, M., Mukhopadhyay, S., Stroberg, E., Duval, E. J., Barton, L. M., & Hussein, I. H. (2020). Covid-19: A multidiciplinary review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00383
  • Chen, N., Zho, M., Dong, X., Qu J. Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
  • Çelik, F. Ç., & Gündüz, N. (2020). Grief in Covid 19 pandemic [Editorial]. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23(Suppl-1), 99-102. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.15807
  • Enli Tuncay, F., Koyuncu, E., & Özel, Ş. (2020). A review of protective and risk factors affecting psychosocial health of healthcare workers in pandemics. Ankara Medical Journal, 2, 488-504. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418
  • Güçlü, D. G., Şenormancı, Ö., Güçlü Gönüllü ,O., Çırak M. Konkan, R., & Erkıran, M. (2013). The effect of psychopathology on the quality of life and the disability of patients with chronic neck pain. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(3), 702-710. doi: 10.5336/medsci.2012-30432
  • Güleç, H., Sayar, K., & Yazıcı Güleç, M. (2007). The reliability and validity of the Turkish Form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 20(1), 16-24
  • Haitao, T., Vermunt, J. V., Abeykoon, J., Ghaamrawi, R., Gunaratne, M., Jayachandran, M., Narang, K., Parashuram, S., Suvakov, S., & Garovic, V. D. (2020). COVID-19 and sex differences. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(10): 2189-2203. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.024
  • Hart, J. & Björgvinsson, T. (2010). Health anxiety and hypochondriasis: Description and treatment ıssues highlighted through a case illustration. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 74(2), 122-140. doi: 10.1521/bumc.2010.74.2.122
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L. Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., Gao, H., Guo, L., Xie, J., Wang, G., Jiang, R., Gao, Z., Jin, Q., Wang, J., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395: 497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety?, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239
  • Kandemir, G. & Ak, İ. (2013). Psychiatric aspects of medically unexplained symptoms. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 5(4), 479-506. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130530
  • Kardeş, V. Ç. (2020). Mental and behavioral evaluation of during and after the pandemic. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 4(2), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.754693
  • Kaya, Ş., Aytaç, M., & Bayram, N. (2015). Analysis of the relationship between vertigo, anxiety and somatosensory amplification with Structural Equation Modelling. Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(2), 65-75.
  • Kosic, A., Lindholm, P., Järvholm, K., Hedman-Lagerlöf , E., & Axelsson, E. (2020). Three decades of increase in health anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis of birth cohort changes in university student samples from 1985 to 2017. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102208
  • Kulu, M., Özsoy, F., & Korkmaz M. (2020). Levels of anxiety-depression and somatosensory amplification in patients with osteoarthritis. Cukurova Medical Journal, 45(2), 688-694. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.697988
  • Machluf, Y., Chaiter,Y., & Tal, O. (2020). Gender medicine: Lessons from COVID-19 and other medical conditions for designing health policy. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(17), 3645-3668. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i17.3645
  • Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Merz, N. B., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J. J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vrie,s G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L, Lonardo, A., Maki, P. M., McCullough, L. D., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Regensteiner, J. G., Rubin, J. B., Sandberg, K., & Suzuki, A. (2020). Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. The Lancet, 396(10250), 565–82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
  • Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., & Huang, H.. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. doi: 10.1111/jonm.13014
  • Nakao, M., & Barsky, A. J. (2007). Clinical application of somatosensory amplification in psychosomatic medicine. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1(17), 1-7. doi: 10.1186/1751-0759-1-17
  • Özsoy, F., & Kulu, M. (2019). Somatosensory amplification and somatization in hemodialysis patients. Konuralp Medical Journal, 12(2): 276-281. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.515659
  • Taycan, O., Özdemir, A., & Erdoğan Taycan, S. (2017). Alexithymia and somatization in depressed patients: The role of the type of somatic symptom attribution. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 54(2), 99-104. doi: 10.5152/npa.2016.12385
  • Tian, S., Hu, N., Lou, J., Chen, K., Kang, X., Xiang, Z., Chen, H., Wang, D., Liu, N., Liu, D., Chen, G., Zhang, Y., Li, D., Li, J., Lian, H., Niu, S., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2020). Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. Journal of Infection, 80(4), 401-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018
  • Uslu, E. (2020). Compassion fatigue in pandemics. Gürhan N, editör. Psychiatry Nursing in The Pandemic. Ankara: Turkey Clinics, p. 19-23.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Reseaarch and Public Health, 17(5), 1-25. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wang, Z., Yang, B., Li ,Q., Wen, L. Zhang, R.. (2020). Clinical features of 69 cases with Coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Disease, 71(15), 769-777. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa272
  • WHO. (2020). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed date: 20.10.2020)
  • Zhou, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B. et al. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579, 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7

The Somatosensory Perceptions of Individuals Living in Istanbul During The Covid-19 Pandemic Process

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 29 - 41, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1039124

Öz

Aim: This study was planned to evaluate individuals’ somatosensory perceptions during the pandemic process. Subject and Method: The study used a descriptive and cross-sectional design and was carried out with the participation of 613 individuals who were aged between 18 and 65 and lived in Istanbul. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form and the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS). Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Bonferroni correction were used for data analysis. Results: According to the findings, 69.3% of the participants were female, 53% had an undergraduate degree, and 12.4% had chronic diseases. The SSAS scores were statistically significantly higher in those who were female (Z=-6.028, p=0.000), had a chronic disease (Z=-2.760; p=0.006), were afraid that they/their family members would get infected with COVID-19 (Z=-4.220; p=0.000), had tested positive for COVID-19 (Z=-2.305; p=0.021), and had a relative who tested positive for COVID-19 (Z=-2.549; p=0.011) (p<0.05). Also, 84.3% of the participants stated that they were afraid they/their family members would be diagnosed with COVID-19. The examination of the risk factors affecting the participants’ somatosensory amplification status indicated that age (β= -0.088; p=0.038), sex (β= -0.232; p<0.001), presence of a chronic disease (β= -0.116; p<0.005), fear that they/ their family members would test positive for COVID-19 (β = -0.175; p<0.001), and being diagnosed with COVID-19 (β= -0.089; p=0.025) were negative risk factors Conclusion: This study revealed that individuals exaggerated their somatic sensations during the pandemic process. In addition, age, sex, the presence of chronic diseases, fear that they/their family members would be diagnosed with COVID-19, and getting a diagnosis of COVID-19 were found to be risk factors in terms of amplifying somatic sensations. It is believed that the results obtained from this study will be a guide in developing strategies and helpful approaches to support individuals in terms of psychosocial and psychosomatic perceptions during the pandemic process.

Kaynakça

  • Abajo, F.J., Rodriguez-Martin, S., Lerma, V., & Mejia-Abril, G. (2020). Use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital: A case-population study. The Lancet, 395(10238). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31030-8
  • Aktoz M. Altay H. Aslanger E. Atalar E. et al. (2020). Turkish Society of Cardiology Consensus Report: Things to know about the COVID-19 Pandemic and cardiovascular diseases. Turkish Society of Cardiology Archive, 48(1), 1-48
  • Alharbi, J., Jackson, D., & Usher, K. (2020). The potential for COVID-19 to contribute to compassion fatigue in critical care nurses [Editorial]. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29, 2762–2764. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15314.
  • Alimoğlu, O., Erol, C. I. (2020). Approach to general surgery practice during COVID-19 Pandemic. Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(Special Issues 1), 102-110
  • Arons, M. M., Hatfield, K. M., Reddy, S. C., Kimbal, A. et al. (2020). Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 ınfections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(22), 2081-2090. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2008457
  • Aronson, K. R., Barret, L. F., &Quigley, K. S. (2001). Feeling your body or feelig badly-Evidence fort he limited validity of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale as an index of somatic sensitivity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 387-394. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00216-1.
  • Aydemir, Ö., Kırkpınar, İ., Satı, T., Uykur, B. et al. (2013). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Health Anxiety Inventory. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50(4), 325-331. doi: 10.4274/npa.y6383
  • Bridou, M., & Aguerre, C. (2013). Validity of the French form of The Somatosensory Amplification Scale in a non-clinical sample. Health Psychology Research, 1(11), 38-43. doi: 10.4081/hpr.2013.e11
  • Brown, R. J., Skelly, N.,& Chew‐Graham, C. A. (2020). Online health research and health anxiety: A systematic review and conceptual integration. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 27(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12299
  • Chams, N., Chams, S., Badran, R., Shams, A. Araji, A., Raad, M., Mukhopadhyay, S., Stroberg, E., Duval, E. J., Barton, L. M., & Hussein, I. H. (2020). Covid-19: A multidiciplinary review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00383
  • Chen, N., Zho, M., Dong, X., Qu J. Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
  • Çelik, F. Ç., & Gündüz, N. (2020). Grief in Covid 19 pandemic [Editorial]. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23(Suppl-1), 99-102. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.15807
  • Enli Tuncay, F., Koyuncu, E., & Özel, Ş. (2020). A review of protective and risk factors affecting psychosocial health of healthcare workers in pandemics. Ankara Medical Journal, 2, 488-504. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418
  • Güçlü, D. G., Şenormancı, Ö., Güçlü Gönüllü ,O., Çırak M. Konkan, R., & Erkıran, M. (2013). The effect of psychopathology on the quality of life and the disability of patients with chronic neck pain. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(3), 702-710. doi: 10.5336/medsci.2012-30432
  • Güleç, H., Sayar, K., & Yazıcı Güleç, M. (2007). The reliability and validity of the Turkish Form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 20(1), 16-24
  • Haitao, T., Vermunt, J. V., Abeykoon, J., Ghaamrawi, R., Gunaratne, M., Jayachandran, M., Narang, K., Parashuram, S., Suvakov, S., & Garovic, V. D. (2020). COVID-19 and sex differences. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(10): 2189-2203. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.024
  • Hart, J. & Björgvinsson, T. (2010). Health anxiety and hypochondriasis: Description and treatment ıssues highlighted through a case illustration. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 74(2), 122-140. doi: 10.1521/bumc.2010.74.2.122
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L. Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., Gao, H., Guo, L., Xie, J., Wang, G., Jiang, R., Gao, Z., Jin, Q., Wang, J., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395: 497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety?, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239
  • Kandemir, G. & Ak, İ. (2013). Psychiatric aspects of medically unexplained symptoms. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 5(4), 479-506. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130530
  • Kardeş, V. Ç. (2020). Mental and behavioral evaluation of during and after the pandemic. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 4(2), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.754693
  • Kaya, Ş., Aytaç, M., & Bayram, N. (2015). Analysis of the relationship between vertigo, anxiety and somatosensory amplification with Structural Equation Modelling. Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(2), 65-75.
  • Kosic, A., Lindholm, P., Järvholm, K., Hedman-Lagerlöf , E., & Axelsson, E. (2020). Three decades of increase in health anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis of birth cohort changes in university student samples from 1985 to 2017. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102208
  • Kulu, M., Özsoy, F., & Korkmaz M. (2020). Levels of anxiety-depression and somatosensory amplification in patients with osteoarthritis. Cukurova Medical Journal, 45(2), 688-694. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.697988
  • Machluf, Y., Chaiter,Y., & Tal, O. (2020). Gender medicine: Lessons from COVID-19 and other medical conditions for designing health policy. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(17), 3645-3668. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i17.3645
  • Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Merz, N. B., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J. J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vrie,s G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L, Lonardo, A., Maki, P. M., McCullough, L. D., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Regensteiner, J. G., Rubin, J. B., Sandberg, K., & Suzuki, A. (2020). Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. The Lancet, 396(10250), 565–82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
  • Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., & Huang, H.. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. doi: 10.1111/jonm.13014
  • Nakao, M., & Barsky, A. J. (2007). Clinical application of somatosensory amplification in psychosomatic medicine. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1(17), 1-7. doi: 10.1186/1751-0759-1-17
  • Özsoy, F., & Kulu, M. (2019). Somatosensory amplification and somatization in hemodialysis patients. Konuralp Medical Journal, 12(2): 276-281. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.515659
  • Taycan, O., Özdemir, A., & Erdoğan Taycan, S. (2017). Alexithymia and somatization in depressed patients: The role of the type of somatic symptom attribution. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 54(2), 99-104. doi: 10.5152/npa.2016.12385
  • Tian, S., Hu, N., Lou, J., Chen, K., Kang, X., Xiang, Z., Chen, H., Wang, D., Liu, N., Liu, D., Chen, G., Zhang, Y., Li, D., Li, J., Lian, H., Niu, S., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2020). Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. Journal of Infection, 80(4), 401-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018
  • Uslu, E. (2020). Compassion fatigue in pandemics. Gürhan N, editör. Psychiatry Nursing in The Pandemic. Ankara: Turkey Clinics, p. 19-23.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Reseaarch and Public Health, 17(5), 1-25. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wang, Z., Yang, B., Li ,Q., Wen, L. Zhang, R.. (2020). Clinical features of 69 cases with Coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Disease, 71(15), 769-777. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa272
  • WHO. (2020). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed date: 20.10.2020)
  • Zhou, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B. et al. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579, 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gülcan Kendirkıran 0000-0002-3243-9590

Esra Uslu 0000-0003-0168-2747

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kendirkıran, G., & Uslu, E. (2022). The Somatosensory Perceptions of Individuals Living in Istanbul During The Covid-19 Pandemic Process. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1039124