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Fabrication of SnS thin film by rapid thermal processing: effect of annealing temperature in sulfurization process

Year 2022, , 404 - 413, 15.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1006581

Abstract

In this study, the effect of sulfurization temperature on properties of SnS thin films was investigated. The SnS thin films were fabricated by two-stage method includes deposition of SnS films by magnetron sputtering using a single SnS target, followed by annealing/sulfurization treatment in Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) system at 225, 300 and 375 °C temperatures. Several characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, EDX, optical transmission and Van der Pauw were used for analyses of the films. The EDX analyses showed that all the samples had almost stoichiometric (S/Sn~1) chemical composition. However, the amount of sulfur in the samples increased slightly as the sulfurization temperature increased. XRD pattern of the films exhibited constitution of orthorhombic SnS structure regardless of annealing temperature. The SnS2 secondary phase was observed in addition to orthorhombic SnS phase in the sample annealed at highest reaction temperature (375°C). Raman spectroscopy measurements of the films verified constitution of orthorhombic SnS structure. The band gap of the films exhibited distinction from 1.42 to 1.81 eV regarding to annealing temperature. The electrical characterization of the most promising SnS thin film sulfurized at 300°C had resistivity and charge carrier concentration values 1.07x104 Ω.cm and 1.70x1014 cm-3, respectively. Based on the all characterizations, it can be deduced that SnS thin film sulfurized at 300°C exhibited more outstanding structural and optical properties for potential solar cell applications.

References

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Hızlı ısıl işlemle SnS ince filmlerinin üretimi: sülfürleme işleminde tavlama sıcaklığının etkisi

Year 2022, , 404 - 413, 15.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1006581

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, sülfürleme sıcaklığının SnS ince filmlerin özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırıldı. SnS ince film örnekleri, RF saçtırma metodunda tek hedef SnS saçtırma kaynağı kullanılarak ile SnS filmlerinin biriktirilmesi ve devamında 225, 300 ve 375°C sıcaklıklarda Hızlı Isıl İşlem (RTP) sistemiyle tavlama/sülfürleme işlemi kullanılmasıyla iki aşamada üretildi. Filmlerin analizleri için XRD, Raman spektroskopisi, EDX, optik geçirgenlik ve Van der Pauw gibi çeşitli karakterizasyon teknikleri kullanıldı. EDX analizleri, tüm numunelerin neredeyse stokiyometrik (S/Sn~1) kimyasal kompozisyona sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Ancak sülfürleme sıcaklığı arttıkça numunelerdeki sülfür miktarının hafifçe arttığı görüldü. Filmlerin XRD spektrumları, tavlama sıcaklığından bağımsız olarak ortorombik SnS yapısının oluşumunu gösterdi. En yüksek sıcaklıkta (375°C) tavlanan SnS örneğinde ortorombik SnS fazının yanında SnS2 ikincil faz oluşumu gözlendi. Filmlerin Raman spektroskopi ölçümleri, ortorombik SnS yapısının oluşumunu doğruladı. Filmlerin bant aralığının, sülfürleme sıcaklığına bağlı olarak 1.42 ile 1.81 eV arasında değiştiği belirlendi. Sergilediği özellikler ile öne çıkan örnek olan 300°C’de sülfürlenen SnS ince filminin elektriksel karakterizasyonu, özdirenç ve yük taşıyıcı konsantrasyonunun sırasıyla 1.07x104 Ω.cm ve 1.70x1014 cm-3 olduğu belirlendi. Gerçekleştirilen tüm karakterizasyonlara dayanarak, 300°C'de sülfürlenen SnS ince filminin potansiyel güneş hücre uygulamaları için daha üstün yapısal ve optik özelliklere sahip olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

References

  • Arepalli, V. K., & Kim, J. (2018). Effect of substrate temperature on the structural and optical properties of radio frequency sputtered tin sulfide thin films for solar cell application. Thin Solid Films, 666, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2018.09.009
  • Arepalli, V. K., Shin, Y., & Kim, J. (2018). Influence of working pressure on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of rf-sputtered sns thin films. Superlattices and Microstructures, 122, 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2018.08.001
  • Arepalli, V. K., Shin, Y., & Kim, J. (2019). Photovoltaic behavior of the room temperature grown rf-sputtered sns thin films. Optical Materials, 88, 594-600. v10.1016/j.optmat.2018.12.016
  • Baby, B. H., & Mohan, D. B. (2018). Phase optimization study of orthorhombic structured sns nanorods from ctab assisted polyol synthesis for higher efficiency thin film solar cells. Solar Energy, 174, 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.09.019
  • Baby, B. H., & Mohan, D. B. (2019). The effect of in-situ and post deposition annealing towards the structural optimization studies of rf sputtered sns and sn2s3 thin films for solar cell application. Solar Energy, 189, 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.059
  • Banai, R. E., Horn, M. W., & Brownson, J. R. S. (2016). A review of tin (ii) monosulfide and its potential as a photovoltaic absorber. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 150, 112-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.12.001
  • Candelise, C., Winskel, M., & Gross, R. (2012). Implications for cdte and cigs technologies production costs of indium and tellurium scarcity. Progress in Photovoltaics, 20(6), 816-831. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2216
  • Ceylan, A. (2017). Synthesis of sns thin films via high vacuum sulfidation of sputtered sn thin films. Materials Letters, 201, 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.05.022
  • Chalapathi, U., Poornaprakash, B., Choi, W. J., & Park, S. H. (2020). Ammonia(aq)-enhanced growth of cubic sns thin films by chemical bath deposition for solar cell applications. Applied Physics a-Materials Science & Processing, 126(8), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03763-4
  • Chandrasekhar, H., Humphreys, R., Zwick, U., & Cardona, M. (1977). Infrared and raman spectra of the iv-vi compounds sns and snse. Physical Review B, 15(4), 2177. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.15.2177 Chopra, K. (1969). Thin film phenomena mcgraw-hill. New York, 19692, 196.
  • Di Mare, S., Menossi, D., Salavei, A., Artegiani, E., Piccinelli, F., Kumar, A., Mariotto, G., & Romeo, A. (2017). Sns thin film solar cells: Perspectives and limitations. Coatings, 7(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7020034
  • Fairbrother, A., Fourdrinier, L., Fontané, X., Izquierdo-Roca, V., Dimitrievska, M., Pérez-Rodríguez, A. ,& Saucedo, E. (2014). Rapid thermal processing of cu2znsnse4 thin films. Í 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC). https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925390
  • Fu, H. Y. (2018). Environmentally friendly and earth-abundant colloidal chalcogenide nanocrystals for photovoltaic applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 6(3), 414-445. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc04952h
  • Gedi, S., Reddy, V. R. M., Kang, J. Y., & Jeon, C. W. (2017). Impact of high temperature and short period annealing on sns films deposited by e-beam evaporation. Applied Surface Science, 402, 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.113
  • Ghazali, A., Zainal, Z., Hussein, M. Z., & Kassim, A. (1998). Cathodic electrodeposition of sns in the presence of edta in aqueous media. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 55(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(98)00106-8
  • Guang-Pu, W., Zhi-Lin, Z., Wei-Ming, Z., Xiang-Hong, G., Wei-Qun, C., Tanamura, H., Yamaguchi, M., Noguchi, H., Nagatomo, T., & Omoto, O. (1994). Investigation on sns film by rf sputtering for photovoltaic application. Í Proceedings of 1994 IEEE 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion-WCPEC (A Joint Conference of PVSC, PVSEC and PSEC). https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.1994.519977
  • Guo, F. R., Guo, H. F., Zhang, K. Z., Yuan, N. Y., & Ding, J. N. (2017). Variations in structural and optoelectronic features of thermally co-evaporated sns films with different sn contents. Thin Solid Films, 642, 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.09.031
  • Gurnani, C., Hawken, S. L., Hector, A. L., Huang, R., Jura, M., Levason, W., Perkins, J., Reid, G., & Stenning, G. B. (2018). Tin(iv) chalcogenoether complexes as single source precursors for the chemical vapour deposition of sne2 and sne (e= s, se) thin films. Dalton Transactions, 47(8), 2628-2637. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7DT03848H
  • Hartman, K., Johnson, J. L., Bertoni, M. I., Recht, D., Aziz, M. J., Scarpulla, M. A., & Buonassisi, T. (2011). Sns thin-films by rf sputtering at room temperature. Thin Solid Films, 519(21), 7421-7424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.186
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Çiriş 0000-0003-4266-2080

Mehmet Ali Olğar 0000-0002-6359-8316

Publication Date April 15, 2022
Submission Date October 8, 2021
Acceptance Date January 16, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Çiriş, A., & Olğar, M. A. (2022). Fabrication of SnS thin film by rapid thermal processing: effect of annealing temperature in sulfurization process. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 404-413. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1006581