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Antimicrobial effect of commercial play dough, safety or not?

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1180 - 1187, 15.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1162689

Abstract

Toys have been used increasingly as an aid in the treatment of hospitalized children since the 1950s due to their positive effect on child psychology. Play dough plays a role in children's reflection of their imagination and development of hand skills. In addition to the educational properties of play dough, its chemical and biological safety is also critical. This work investigated the antimicrobial effects of 40 different commercially available play doughs on various pathogenic microorganisms. According to the obtained results 52.5% of play dough samples showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus licheniformis, 20% of play dough samples showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, 20% of play dough samples showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12.5% of play dough samples showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and 7.5% play dough samples showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In the era of the spread of COVID-19, when antimicrobial toys for reducing microbial load were evaluated, the antimicrobial activity of play dough was reported for the first time in this study.

References

  • Aleksejeva, V., Dovbenko, A., Kroiča, J. & Skadiņš, I. (2021). Toys in the playrooms of children’s hospitals: A potential source of nosocomial bacterial infections? Children. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100914
  • Ayan, S., Galhan, M., Kaygusuz, S. & Ergene, A. (2018). Microbial characterization of sport facilities and children’s playgrounds in Kirikkale Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin.
  • Bandyopadhyay, R., Ghosh, S., Chatterjee, S. & Shyamapada, M. (2019). Bacteriological profi ling of toys and clothes of children from children’s day care centre of Tarakeswar, Hooghly West Bengal, India. Microbiological Communication, 12(1): 99-
  • Banerjee, S., Devaraja, T. N., Shariff, M. & Yusoff, F. M. (2007). Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia. Journal of Fish Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00819.x
  • Basmaciyan, L., Bon, F., Paradis, T., Lapaquette, P. & Dalle, F. (2019). “Candida albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier.” In Tissue Barriers. https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2019.1612661
  • Buttery, J. P., Alabaster, S. J., Heine, R. G., Scott, S. M., Crutchfield, R. A. & Garland, S. M. (1998). Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a pediatric oncology ward related to bath toys. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199806000-00015
  • Chedid, K., Hayashi, M., DeJonge, P., Yancey, O., Siebert, E., Getz, A., Eisenberg, J., Hashikawa, A. & Martin, E. (2020). Antimicrobial Bacteria and Viruses Detected Through Systematic Sampling in the Childcare Environment. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1134
  • Chen, H., Zhou, X., Ren, B. & Cheng, L. (2020). The regulation of hyphae growth in Candida albicans. In Virulence. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2020.1748930
  • Custovic, A., Smajlovic, J., Husaric, E., Jahic, R., Dzafic, F. & Ibrahimagic, O. (2021). Frequency and etiology of nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. International Medicine. https://doi.org/10.5455/im.49683
  • Davies, M. W., Mehr, S., Garland, S. T. & Morley, C. J. (2000). Bacterial colonization of toys in neonatal intensive care cots. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.2.e18
  • Dülger, G., Çaliskan, E., Kiliç, N. & Ankarali, H. (2017). Reability investigations of bacteriological aspects of play dough. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2016.34603
  • Erbas, Z., Karatepe, A. & Soylak, M. (2017). Heavy metal contents of play dough, face and finger paint samples sold in turkish markets. Talanta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.025
  • Girolametto, L., Weitzman, E., Van Lieshout, R. & Duff, D. (2000). Directiveness in Teachers’ Language Input to Toddlers and Preschoolers in Day Care. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4305.1101
  • Hughes, W. T., Williams, B., Williams, B. & Pearson, T. (1986). The nosocomial colonization of T. Bear. Infection Control. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0195941700065115
  • Ibfelt, T., Engelund, E. H., Schultz, A. C. & Andersen, L. P. (2015). Effect of cleaning and disinfection of toys on infectious diseases and micro-organisms in daycare nurseries. Journal of Hospital Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2014.10.007
  • Koşarsoy Ağçeli, G. (2022). A new approach to nanocomposite carbohydrate polymer films: Levan and chia seed mucilage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 218(June), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.157
  • Ledwaba, S. E., Becker, P., Traore-Hoffman, A. & Potgieter, N. (2019). Bacterial contamination of children’s toys in rural day care centres and households in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162900
  • Lee, L., Tin, S. & Kelley, S. T. (2007). Culture-independent analysis of bacterial diversity in a child-care facility. BMC Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-7-27
  • Mahl, M. C. & Sadler, C. (1975). Virus survival on inanimate surfaces. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1139/m75-121
  • Martínez-Bastidas, T., Castro-del Campo, N., Mena, K. D., Castro-del Campo, N., León-Félix, J., Gerba, C. P. & Chaidez, C. (2014). Detection of pathogenic micro-organisms on children’s hands and toys during play. Journal of Applied Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12473
  • Morad, H. O. J., Wild, A. M., Wiehr, S., Davies, G., Maurer, A., Pichler, B. J. & Thornton, C. R. (2018). pre-clinical imaging of invasive candidiasis using immunoPET/MR. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01996
  • Moreno, M. A., Furtner, F. & Rivara, F. P. (2009). Escherichia coli O157 and children. In Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.535
  • Mukaremera, L., Lee, K. K., Mora-Montes, H. M. & Gow, N. A. R. (2017). Candida albicans yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal morphogenesis differentially affects immune recognition. Frontiers in Immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00629
  • Nieminen, T., Rintaluoma, N., Andersson, M., Taimisto, A. M., Ali-Vehmas, T., Seppälä, A., Priha, O. & Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (2007). Toxinogenic Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis from mastitic milk. Veterinary Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.015
  • Ochoa, T. J. & Contreras, C. A. (2011). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in children. In Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a8b8b
  • Pilmis, B., Alby-Laurent, F., Fasola, M. L., Seegers, V., Guery, R., Guet-Revillet, H., Postaire, M., Toubiana, J., Bille, E., Lortholary, O. & Zahar, J. R. (2020). Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections in children: a 9-year retrospective study. European Journal of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03598-4
  • Prüss-Üstün, A. & Corvalán, C. (2006). Preventing disease through healthy environments. World Health.
  • Randle, J. & Fleming, K. (2006). The risk of infection from toys in the intensive care setting. Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987). https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2006.06.20.40.50.c4180
  • Rogers, M., Weinstock, D. M., Eagan, J., Kiehn, T., Armstrong, D. & Sepkowitz, K. A. (2000). Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric ontology floor: Possible association with toys. American Journal of Infection Control. https://doi.org/10.1067/mic.2000.109908
  • Salkinoja-Salonen, M. S., Vuorio, R., Andersson, M. A., Kämpfer, P., Andersson, M. C., Honkanen-Buzalski, T. & Scoging, A. C. (1999). Toxigenic strains of Bacillus licheniformis related to food poisoning. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4637-4645.1999
  • Sayem, S. M. A., Manzo, E., Ciavatta, L., Tramice, A., Cordone, A., Zanfardino, A., De Felice, M. & Varcamonti, M. (2011). Anti-biofilm activity of an exopolysaccharide from a sponge-associated strain of Bacillus licheniformis. Microbial Cell Factories. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-10-74
  • Susanti, M. M. & Trianingsih, Y. (2017). Efektivitas Terapi Bermain Play Dough Dan Puzzle Terhadap Tingkat Perkembangan Motorik Halus Pada Anak Usia Dini Di Paud Dahlia Godong. The Shine Cahaya Dunia Ners Jurnal.
  • Talapko, J., Juzbašić, M., Matijević, T., Pustijanac, E., Bekić, S., Kotris, I. & Škrlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans-the virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection. Journal of Fungi. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7020079
  • Torondel, B., Gyekye-Aboagye, Y., Routray, P., Boisson, S., Schimdt, W. & Clasen, T. (2015). Laboratory development and field testing of sentinel toys to assess environmental faecal exposure of young children in rural India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trv023
  • Vinoj, G., Vaseeharan, B., Thomas, S., Spiers, A. J. & Shanthi, S. (2014). Quorum-Quenching Activity of the AHL-Lactonase from Bacillus licheniformis DAHB1 Inhibits Vibrio Biofilm Formation In Vitro and Reduces Shrimp Intestinal Colonisation and Mortality. Marine Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-014-9585-9
  • Wong, J. G., Chen, M. I., Win, M. K., Ng, P. Y. & Chow, A. (2016). Length of stay an important mediator of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268815002733

Ticari oyun hamurlarının antimikrobiyal etkisi, güvenli mi değil mi?

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1180 - 1187, 15.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1162689

Abstract

Oyuncaklar, çocuk psikolojisi üzerindeki olumlu etkileri sayesinde 1950'li yıllardan itibaren hastanede yatan çocukların tedavisinde yardımcı olarak gün be gün artan bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Oyun hamuru çocukların hayal güçlerini yansıtmalarında ve el becerilerinin gelişmesinde rol oynar. Oyun hamurunun eğitici özelliklerinin yanı sıra kimyasal ve biyolojik güvenliği de oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışma oyun hamurundaki tehlikeye dikkat çekmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, piyasada bulunan 40 farklı oyun hamurunun çeşitli patojenik mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre oyun hamuru örneklerinin %52,5'i Bacillus licheniformis'e karşı, %20’si Escherichia coli'ye karşı, %20'si Pseudomonas aeruginosa'ya karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite gösterirken, oyun hamuru örneklerinin %12.5'i Candida albicans'a karşı %7,5'i Staphylococcus aureus'a (MRSA) karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermiştir. COVID-19'un yayıldığı bu çağda mikrobiyal yükü azaltmaya yönelik antimikrobiyal oyuncakların değerlendirildiği bu çalışma ile oyun hamurunun antimikrobiyal aktivitesi ilk kez rapor edilmiştir.

References

  • Aleksejeva, V., Dovbenko, A., Kroiča, J. & Skadiņš, I. (2021). Toys in the playrooms of children’s hospitals: A potential source of nosocomial bacterial infections? Children. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100914
  • Ayan, S., Galhan, M., Kaygusuz, S. & Ergene, A. (2018). Microbial characterization of sport facilities and children’s playgrounds in Kirikkale Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin.
  • Bandyopadhyay, R., Ghosh, S., Chatterjee, S. & Shyamapada, M. (2019). Bacteriological profi ling of toys and clothes of children from children’s day care centre of Tarakeswar, Hooghly West Bengal, India. Microbiological Communication, 12(1): 99-
  • Banerjee, S., Devaraja, T. N., Shariff, M. & Yusoff, F. M. (2007). Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia. Journal of Fish Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00819.x
  • Basmaciyan, L., Bon, F., Paradis, T., Lapaquette, P. & Dalle, F. (2019). “Candida albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier.” In Tissue Barriers. https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2019.1612661
  • Buttery, J. P., Alabaster, S. J., Heine, R. G., Scott, S. M., Crutchfield, R. A. & Garland, S. M. (1998). Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a pediatric oncology ward related to bath toys. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199806000-00015
  • Chedid, K., Hayashi, M., DeJonge, P., Yancey, O., Siebert, E., Getz, A., Eisenberg, J., Hashikawa, A. & Martin, E. (2020). Antimicrobial Bacteria and Viruses Detected Through Systematic Sampling in the Childcare Environment. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1134
  • Chen, H., Zhou, X., Ren, B. & Cheng, L. (2020). The regulation of hyphae growth in Candida albicans. In Virulence. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2020.1748930
  • Custovic, A., Smajlovic, J., Husaric, E., Jahic, R., Dzafic, F. & Ibrahimagic, O. (2021). Frequency and etiology of nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. International Medicine. https://doi.org/10.5455/im.49683
  • Davies, M. W., Mehr, S., Garland, S. T. & Morley, C. J. (2000). Bacterial colonization of toys in neonatal intensive care cots. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.2.e18
  • Dülger, G., Çaliskan, E., Kiliç, N. & Ankarali, H. (2017). Reability investigations of bacteriological aspects of play dough. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2016.34603
  • Erbas, Z., Karatepe, A. & Soylak, M. (2017). Heavy metal contents of play dough, face and finger paint samples sold in turkish markets. Talanta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.025
  • Girolametto, L., Weitzman, E., Van Lieshout, R. & Duff, D. (2000). Directiveness in Teachers’ Language Input to Toddlers and Preschoolers in Day Care. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4305.1101
  • Hughes, W. T., Williams, B., Williams, B. & Pearson, T. (1986). The nosocomial colonization of T. Bear. Infection Control. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0195941700065115
  • Ibfelt, T., Engelund, E. H., Schultz, A. C. & Andersen, L. P. (2015). Effect of cleaning and disinfection of toys on infectious diseases and micro-organisms in daycare nurseries. Journal of Hospital Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2014.10.007
  • Koşarsoy Ağçeli, G. (2022). A new approach to nanocomposite carbohydrate polymer films: Levan and chia seed mucilage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 218(June), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.157
  • Ledwaba, S. E., Becker, P., Traore-Hoffman, A. & Potgieter, N. (2019). Bacterial contamination of children’s toys in rural day care centres and households in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162900
  • Lee, L., Tin, S. & Kelley, S. T. (2007). Culture-independent analysis of bacterial diversity in a child-care facility. BMC Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-7-27
  • Mahl, M. C. & Sadler, C. (1975). Virus survival on inanimate surfaces. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1139/m75-121
  • Martínez-Bastidas, T., Castro-del Campo, N., Mena, K. D., Castro-del Campo, N., León-Félix, J., Gerba, C. P. & Chaidez, C. (2014). Detection of pathogenic micro-organisms on children’s hands and toys during play. Journal of Applied Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12473
  • Morad, H. O. J., Wild, A. M., Wiehr, S., Davies, G., Maurer, A., Pichler, B. J. & Thornton, C. R. (2018). pre-clinical imaging of invasive candidiasis using immunoPET/MR. Frontiers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01996
  • Moreno, M. A., Furtner, F. & Rivara, F. P. (2009). Escherichia coli O157 and children. In Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.535
  • Mukaremera, L., Lee, K. K., Mora-Montes, H. M. & Gow, N. A. R. (2017). Candida albicans yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal morphogenesis differentially affects immune recognition. Frontiers in Immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00629
  • Nieminen, T., Rintaluoma, N., Andersson, M., Taimisto, A. M., Ali-Vehmas, T., Seppälä, A., Priha, O. & Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (2007). Toxinogenic Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis from mastitic milk. Veterinary Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.015
  • Ochoa, T. J. & Contreras, C. A. (2011). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in children. In Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a8b8b
  • Pilmis, B., Alby-Laurent, F., Fasola, M. L., Seegers, V., Guery, R., Guet-Revillet, H., Postaire, M., Toubiana, J., Bille, E., Lortholary, O. & Zahar, J. R. (2020). Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections in children: a 9-year retrospective study. European Journal of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03598-4
  • Prüss-Üstün, A. & Corvalán, C. (2006). Preventing disease through healthy environments. World Health.
  • Randle, J. & Fleming, K. (2006). The risk of infection from toys in the intensive care setting. Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987). https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2006.06.20.40.50.c4180
  • Rogers, M., Weinstock, D. M., Eagan, J., Kiehn, T., Armstrong, D. & Sepkowitz, K. A. (2000). Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric ontology floor: Possible association with toys. American Journal of Infection Control. https://doi.org/10.1067/mic.2000.109908
  • Salkinoja-Salonen, M. S., Vuorio, R., Andersson, M. A., Kämpfer, P., Andersson, M. C., Honkanen-Buzalski, T. & Scoging, A. C. (1999). Toxigenic strains of Bacillus licheniformis related to food poisoning. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4637-4645.1999
  • Sayem, S. M. A., Manzo, E., Ciavatta, L., Tramice, A., Cordone, A., Zanfardino, A., De Felice, M. & Varcamonti, M. (2011). Anti-biofilm activity of an exopolysaccharide from a sponge-associated strain of Bacillus licheniformis. Microbial Cell Factories. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-10-74
  • Susanti, M. M. & Trianingsih, Y. (2017). Efektivitas Terapi Bermain Play Dough Dan Puzzle Terhadap Tingkat Perkembangan Motorik Halus Pada Anak Usia Dini Di Paud Dahlia Godong. The Shine Cahaya Dunia Ners Jurnal.
  • Talapko, J., Juzbašić, M., Matijević, T., Pustijanac, E., Bekić, S., Kotris, I. & Škrlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans-the virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection. Journal of Fungi. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7020079
  • Torondel, B., Gyekye-Aboagye, Y., Routray, P., Boisson, S., Schimdt, W. & Clasen, T. (2015). Laboratory development and field testing of sentinel toys to assess environmental faecal exposure of young children in rural India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trv023
  • Vinoj, G., Vaseeharan, B., Thomas, S., Spiers, A. J. & Shanthi, S. (2014). Quorum-Quenching Activity of the AHL-Lactonase from Bacillus licheniformis DAHB1 Inhibits Vibrio Biofilm Formation In Vitro and Reduces Shrimp Intestinal Colonisation and Mortality. Marine Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-014-9585-9
  • Wong, J. G., Chen, M. I., Win, M. K., Ng, P. Y. & Chow, A. (2016). Length of stay an important mediator of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268815002733
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gözde Koşarsoy Ağçeli 0000-0001-8318-8990

Publication Date October 15, 2022
Submission Date August 16, 2022
Acceptance Date October 7, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Koşarsoy Ağçeli, G. (2022). Antimicrobial effect of commercial play dough, safety or not?. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(4), 1180-1187. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1162689