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The Symbiotic Relationships Between Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) and Ambrosia Fungi

Year 2017, , 239 - 246, 19.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.321179

Abstract

It is known that each of the ambrosia beetles is associated
with one or more symbiotic fungi. The symbiotic fungi are the major food
sources of adult and larvae of ambrosia bettles. Ambrosia beetles excavate
tunnels in the wood tissue of trees in which they inoculate and cultivate symbiotic
fungi which carry in their fungi pouch (Mycangia).
Fungi pouch of some little ambrosia beetles
were lost and they can not carry symbiotic fungi in their bodies and are known
as mycocleptic. Ambrosia beetles cause significant loss in forests and fruit
trees. However, it is known that ambrosia fungi also play an important role in
the decay of trees. If there is find out an effective method to under control
the development of these fungi, alternative methods of combating with ambrosia
beetles will be developed.

References

  • Batra, L.R., 1963. Ecology of ambrosia fungi and their dissemination by beetles. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 66: 213-236.
  • Batra, L.R., 1967. Ambrosia fungi: a taxonomic revision and nutritional studies of some species. Mycologia 59: 976–1017.
  • Beaver, R.A., 1989. Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. In Insect fungus Interactions, 14th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London, (ed): Wilding, N., Collins, N. M., Hammond, P.M., Webber, J.F., 121 pp.
  • Beaver, R.A., Liu, L.Y., 2013. A synopsis of the pine-hole borers of Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae). Zootaxa, 3646: 447- 486 pp.
  • Biedermann, P.H.W., Taborsky, M., 2011. Larval helpers and age polyethism in ambrosia beetles. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America 108: 17064 - 17069 pp.
  • Castrillo, L.A., Griggs, M.H., Ranger, C.M., Reding, M.E., Vandenberg, J.D., 2011. Virulence of commercial strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against adult Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and impact on brood. Biological Control 58: 121-126 pp.
  • Cebeci, H.H., Ayberk, H., 2010. Ambrosia beetles, hosts and distribution in Turkey with a study on the species of Istanbul province. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(10): 1055 - 1059 pp.
  • Douglas, A.E., 2010. The Symbiotic Habit. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 978-0-691-11341-8, 202 pp.
  • Farrell, B.D., Sequeira, A.S., O’Meara, B.C., Normark, B.B., Chung, J.H., Jordal, B.H., 2001. The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Evolution, 55: 2011–2027 pp.
  • Francke-Grosmann, H., 1956. Hautdrüsen als träger der pilzsymbiose bei ambrosiakäfern. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 45 (3): 275-308 pp.
  • Francke-Grosmann, H., 1967. Ectosymbiosis in wood-inhabiting insects. (ed): Henry S.M., Symbiosis. Academic Press, New York, 142-206 pp.
  • French, J.R., Roeper, R.A., 1972. Observations on Trypodendron rufitarsis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and its primary symbiotic fungus, Ambrosiella ferruginea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65: 282-282 pp.
  • Funk, A., 1970. Fungal symbionts of the ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus sulcatus. Canadian Journal of Botany, 48 (8): 1445-1448 pp.
  • Gebhardt, H., Bergerow, D., Oberwinkler, F., 2004. Identification of the ambrosia fungus of Xyleborus monographus and X. dryographus (Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Mycological Progress, 3: 95 - 102 pp.
  • Hain, F., 2006. New threats to forest health require quick and comprehensive research response. Journal of Forestry, 104: 182 – 186 pp.
  • Harrington, T.C., 2005. Ecology and evolution of mycophagous bark beetles and their fungal partners. (eds): Vega, F.E., Blackwell, M., Ecological and Evolutionary Advances in Insect-Fungal Associations. Oxford University Press, New York, 257 - 291 pp.
  • Harrington, T.C., 2009. The genus Ceratocystis. Where does the oak wilt fungus fit? (eds): Billings, R.F., Appel, D.N., Proceedings of the 2nd National Oak Wilt Symposium Texas Forest Service Publication 166, Austin, Texas, 21 - 35 pp.
  • Harrington, T.C., McNew, D., Mayers, C., Fraedrich, S.W., Reed, S.E., 2014. Ambrosiella roeperi sp. nov. is the mycangial symbiont of the granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus. Mycologia, 106: 835 - 845 pp.
  • Hsiau, P.T.W., Harrington, T.C., 2003. Phylogenetics and Adaptations of Basidiomycetous Fungi Fed upon by Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Symbiosis 34: 111 - 131 pp.
  • Hudson, W., Mizell, R., 1999. Management of Asian ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, in nurseries. (ed): James, B.L., Proceedings of the 44th Annual Southern Nursery Associated Research Conference, Atlanta, GA. 44: 182 - 185 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Adams, A.S., Raffa, K., Hofstetter, R.W., Klepzig, K.D., Currie, C.R., 2010. Presence and diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and sympatric bark beetle galleries across North America. Microbial Ecology, 61(4): 759 - 768 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Cognato, A.I., 2010. Repeated evolution of crop theft in fungus-farming ambrosia beetles. Evolution 64: 3205 - 3212 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Dunn, R.R., 2011. The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect-fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B., 278: 2866 - 2873 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Mann, R., Stelinski, L.L., 2011. The scent of a partner: ambrosia beetles are attracted to volatiles from their fungal symbionts. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37: 1374 - 1377 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Mogia, M., Isua, B., Novotny, V., 2007. Host specificity of ambrosia and bark beetles (Col., Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in a New Guinea rainforest. Ecological Entomology, 32: 762 - 772 pp.
  • Kirisits, T., 2004. Fungal associates of European bark beetles with special emphasis on the ophiostomatoid fungi. (eds): Lieutier, F., Keith, R.D., Battisti, A., Gre´goire, J. C., Evans, H.F., Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a Synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht, 181 - 237 pp.
  • Kirkendall, L.R., Biedermann, P.H.W., Jordal, B.H., 2015. Evolution and diversity of bark and ambrosia beetles. (eds): Vega, F.E., Hofstetter, R.W., Bark Beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species. Academic Press, 85 - 156 pp.
  • Kok, L.T., 1979. Lipids of ambrosia fungi in the life of mutualistic beetles. (ed): Batra, L.R., Insect-fungus Symbiosis. Halsted Press, Chichester, Sussex, 33 - 52 pp.
  • Kok, L.T., Norris, D.M., Chu, H.M., 1970. Sterol metabolism as a basis for mutualistic symbiosis. Nature 225: 661 - 662 pp.
  • Kostovcik, M., Bateman, C., Klarik, M., Stelinski, L., Jordal, B., Hulcr, J., 2015. The ambrosia symbiosis is specific in some species and promiscuous in others: evidence from community pyrosequencing. International Society for Microbial Ecology, 9: 126 - 138 pp.
  • Kuhnholz, S., Borden, J.H., Uzunovic, A., 2003. Secondary ambrosia beetles in apparently healthy trees: Adaptations, potential causes and suggested research. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 6: 209 - 219 pp.
  • Marvaldi, A.E., Sequeira, A.S., O’Brien, C.W., Farrell, B.D., 2002. Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology, 51: 761 - 785 pp.
  • Mayers, C.G., Mcnew, D.L., Harrington, T.C., Roeper, R.A., Fraedrich, S.W., Biedermann, P.H.W., Castrillo, L.A., Reed, S.E., 2015. Three genera in the Ceratocystidaceae are the respective symbionts of three independent lineages of ambrosia beetles with large, complex mycangia. Fungal Biology, 119: 1075 - 1092 pp.
  • Mueller, U.G., Gerardo, N.M., Aanen, D.K., Six, D.L., Schultz, T.R., 2005. The evolution of agriculture in insects. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 36: 63 - 95 pp.
  • Norris, D.M., 1979. The mutualistic fungi of Xyleborini beetles. See Batra, 53 - 65 pp.
  • Oliver, J.B., Mannion, C.M., 2001. Ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) species attacking chestnut and captured in ethanol-baited traps in middle Tennessee. Environmental Entomology, 30: 909 - 918 pp.
  • Price, S.L., Murakami, T., Mueller, U.G., Schultz, T.R., Currie, C.R., 2003. Recent findings in fungus-growing ants: Evolution, ecology, and behavior of a complex microbial symbiosis. In Genes, Behavior, and Evolution in Social Insects, (ed): Kikuchi, M., Higashi, S., 255 pp, 80. Sapporo: Hokkaido Univ. Press. 314 pp.
  • Roeper, R.A., 1995. Patterns of mycetophagy in Michigan ambrosia beetles. Michigan Academician, 26: 153 - 161 pp.
  • Roeper, R.A., Treeful, L.M., Foote, R.A., Bunce, M.A., 1980. In vitro culture of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus affinis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Lakes Entomologist, 13: 33 - 35 pp.
  • Rollins, F., Jones, K.G., Krokene, P., Solheim, H., Blackwell, M., 2001. Phylogeny of asexual fungi associated with bark and ambrosia beetles. Mycologia, 93: 991 - 996 pp.
  • Saruhan, İ., Tuncer, C., 2001. Population densities and seasonal fluctuations of hazelnut pests in Samsun, Turkey. Acta Hort., 556: 495 - 502 pp.
  • Saruhan, I., Akyol, H., 2012. Monitoring population density and fluctuations of Anisandrus dispar and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Coleoptera:Scolytinae,Curculionidae) in hazelnut orchards. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(18): 4202 - 4207 pp.
  • Schultz, T.R., Meier, R., 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) based on morphological characters of the larvae. Systematic Entomology, 20: 337 - 370 pp.
  • Selmi, E., 1998. Türkiye Kabuk Böcekleri ve Savaşı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayın No: 4042, Emek Matbaası, İstanbul, 196 pp.
  • Vega, F.E., Blackwell, M., 2005. Insect-Fungal Associations: Ecology and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 333 pp.
  • Vega, F.E., Hofstetter, R.W., 2015. Bark beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species. San Diego, California: Academic Press, 640 pp.
  • Wood, S.L., Bright, D.E., 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: taxonomic index. Great Basin Nat Mem., 13: 1 - 1553 pp.

Ambrosya Böcekleri (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae ve Platypodinae) ile Ambrosya Fungusları Arasındaki Simbiyotik İlişkiler

Year 2017, , 239 - 246, 19.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.321179

Abstract

Ambrosya böceklerinin her birinin bir veya birkaç simbiyotik
fungusla ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Simbiyotik funguslar bu böceklerin
ergin ve larvalarının ana besin kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Ambrosya
böceklerinin erginleri ağaçların odun dokusunda açtıkları galerilerine, fungus keselerinde
(Mycangia) taşıdıkları simbiyotik fungusları bulaştırarak yetiştirmektedir. Fakat
mycocleptic türler olarak bilinen bazı küçük ambrosya böceği türlerinin ise
fungus keseleri bulunmadığından simbiyotik fungusları taşımamaktadır. Ambrosya
böcekleri orman ve meyve ağaçlarında önemli kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bununla
birlikte, ambrosia funguslarının da ağaçların çürümesinde önemli rol oynadığı
bilinmektedir. Bu fungusların gelişimlerini kontrol altına alabilecek etkili
bir yöntem bulunduğu takdirde, ambrosya böcekleri ile mücadelede alternatif yöntemler
geliştirilebilecektir.  

References

  • Batra, L.R., 1963. Ecology of ambrosia fungi and their dissemination by beetles. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 66: 213-236.
  • Batra, L.R., 1967. Ambrosia fungi: a taxonomic revision and nutritional studies of some species. Mycologia 59: 976–1017.
  • Beaver, R.A., 1989. Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. In Insect fungus Interactions, 14th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London, (ed): Wilding, N., Collins, N. M., Hammond, P.M., Webber, J.F., 121 pp.
  • Beaver, R.A., Liu, L.Y., 2013. A synopsis of the pine-hole borers of Thailand (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae). Zootaxa, 3646: 447- 486 pp.
  • Biedermann, P.H.W., Taborsky, M., 2011. Larval helpers and age polyethism in ambrosia beetles. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America 108: 17064 - 17069 pp.
  • Castrillo, L.A., Griggs, M.H., Ranger, C.M., Reding, M.E., Vandenberg, J.D., 2011. Virulence of commercial strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against adult Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and impact on brood. Biological Control 58: 121-126 pp.
  • Cebeci, H.H., Ayberk, H., 2010. Ambrosia beetles, hosts and distribution in Turkey with a study on the species of Istanbul province. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(10): 1055 - 1059 pp.
  • Douglas, A.E., 2010. The Symbiotic Habit. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 978-0-691-11341-8, 202 pp.
  • Farrell, B.D., Sequeira, A.S., O’Meara, B.C., Normark, B.B., Chung, J.H., Jordal, B.H., 2001. The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Evolution, 55: 2011–2027 pp.
  • Francke-Grosmann, H., 1956. Hautdrüsen als träger der pilzsymbiose bei ambrosiakäfern. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 45 (3): 275-308 pp.
  • Francke-Grosmann, H., 1967. Ectosymbiosis in wood-inhabiting insects. (ed): Henry S.M., Symbiosis. Academic Press, New York, 142-206 pp.
  • French, J.R., Roeper, R.A., 1972. Observations on Trypodendron rufitarsis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and its primary symbiotic fungus, Ambrosiella ferruginea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65: 282-282 pp.
  • Funk, A., 1970. Fungal symbionts of the ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus sulcatus. Canadian Journal of Botany, 48 (8): 1445-1448 pp.
  • Gebhardt, H., Bergerow, D., Oberwinkler, F., 2004. Identification of the ambrosia fungus of Xyleborus monographus and X. dryographus (Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Mycological Progress, 3: 95 - 102 pp.
  • Hain, F., 2006. New threats to forest health require quick and comprehensive research response. Journal of Forestry, 104: 182 – 186 pp.
  • Harrington, T.C., 2005. Ecology and evolution of mycophagous bark beetles and their fungal partners. (eds): Vega, F.E., Blackwell, M., Ecological and Evolutionary Advances in Insect-Fungal Associations. Oxford University Press, New York, 257 - 291 pp.
  • Harrington, T.C., 2009. The genus Ceratocystis. Where does the oak wilt fungus fit? (eds): Billings, R.F., Appel, D.N., Proceedings of the 2nd National Oak Wilt Symposium Texas Forest Service Publication 166, Austin, Texas, 21 - 35 pp.
  • Harrington, T.C., McNew, D., Mayers, C., Fraedrich, S.W., Reed, S.E., 2014. Ambrosiella roeperi sp. nov. is the mycangial symbiont of the granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus. Mycologia, 106: 835 - 845 pp.
  • Hsiau, P.T.W., Harrington, T.C., 2003. Phylogenetics and Adaptations of Basidiomycetous Fungi Fed upon by Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Symbiosis 34: 111 - 131 pp.
  • Hudson, W., Mizell, R., 1999. Management of Asian ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, in nurseries. (ed): James, B.L., Proceedings of the 44th Annual Southern Nursery Associated Research Conference, Atlanta, GA. 44: 182 - 185 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Adams, A.S., Raffa, K., Hofstetter, R.W., Klepzig, K.D., Currie, C.R., 2010. Presence and diversity of Streptomyces in Dendroctonus and sympatric bark beetle galleries across North America. Microbial Ecology, 61(4): 759 - 768 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Cognato, A.I., 2010. Repeated evolution of crop theft in fungus-farming ambrosia beetles. Evolution 64: 3205 - 3212 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Dunn, R.R., 2011. The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect-fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B., 278: 2866 - 2873 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Mann, R., Stelinski, L.L., 2011. The scent of a partner: ambrosia beetles are attracted to volatiles from their fungal symbionts. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37: 1374 - 1377 pp.
  • Hulcr, J., Mogia, M., Isua, B., Novotny, V., 2007. Host specificity of ambrosia and bark beetles (Col., Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) in a New Guinea rainforest. Ecological Entomology, 32: 762 - 772 pp.
  • Kirisits, T., 2004. Fungal associates of European bark beetles with special emphasis on the ophiostomatoid fungi. (eds): Lieutier, F., Keith, R.D., Battisti, A., Gre´goire, J. C., Evans, H.F., Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, a Synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht, 181 - 237 pp.
  • Kirkendall, L.R., Biedermann, P.H.W., Jordal, B.H., 2015. Evolution and diversity of bark and ambrosia beetles. (eds): Vega, F.E., Hofstetter, R.W., Bark Beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species. Academic Press, 85 - 156 pp.
  • Kok, L.T., 1979. Lipids of ambrosia fungi in the life of mutualistic beetles. (ed): Batra, L.R., Insect-fungus Symbiosis. Halsted Press, Chichester, Sussex, 33 - 52 pp.
  • Kok, L.T., Norris, D.M., Chu, H.M., 1970. Sterol metabolism as a basis for mutualistic symbiosis. Nature 225: 661 - 662 pp.
  • Kostovcik, M., Bateman, C., Klarik, M., Stelinski, L., Jordal, B., Hulcr, J., 2015. The ambrosia symbiosis is specific in some species and promiscuous in others: evidence from community pyrosequencing. International Society for Microbial Ecology, 9: 126 - 138 pp.
  • Kuhnholz, S., Borden, J.H., Uzunovic, A., 2003. Secondary ambrosia beetles in apparently healthy trees: Adaptations, potential causes and suggested research. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 6: 209 - 219 pp.
  • Marvaldi, A.E., Sequeira, A.S., O’Brien, C.W., Farrell, B.D., 2002. Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology, 51: 761 - 785 pp.
  • Mayers, C.G., Mcnew, D.L., Harrington, T.C., Roeper, R.A., Fraedrich, S.W., Biedermann, P.H.W., Castrillo, L.A., Reed, S.E., 2015. Three genera in the Ceratocystidaceae are the respective symbionts of three independent lineages of ambrosia beetles with large, complex mycangia. Fungal Biology, 119: 1075 - 1092 pp.
  • Mueller, U.G., Gerardo, N.M., Aanen, D.K., Six, D.L., Schultz, T.R., 2005. The evolution of agriculture in insects. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 36: 63 - 95 pp.
  • Norris, D.M., 1979. The mutualistic fungi of Xyleborini beetles. See Batra, 53 - 65 pp.
  • Oliver, J.B., Mannion, C.M., 2001. Ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) species attacking chestnut and captured in ethanol-baited traps in middle Tennessee. Environmental Entomology, 30: 909 - 918 pp.
  • Price, S.L., Murakami, T., Mueller, U.G., Schultz, T.R., Currie, C.R., 2003. Recent findings in fungus-growing ants: Evolution, ecology, and behavior of a complex microbial symbiosis. In Genes, Behavior, and Evolution in Social Insects, (ed): Kikuchi, M., Higashi, S., 255 pp, 80. Sapporo: Hokkaido Univ. Press. 314 pp.
  • Roeper, R.A., 1995. Patterns of mycetophagy in Michigan ambrosia beetles. Michigan Academician, 26: 153 - 161 pp.
  • Roeper, R.A., Treeful, L.M., Foote, R.A., Bunce, M.A., 1980. In vitro culture of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus affinis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Lakes Entomologist, 13: 33 - 35 pp.
  • Rollins, F., Jones, K.G., Krokene, P., Solheim, H., Blackwell, M., 2001. Phylogeny of asexual fungi associated with bark and ambrosia beetles. Mycologia, 93: 991 - 996 pp.
  • Saruhan, İ., Tuncer, C., 2001. Population densities and seasonal fluctuations of hazelnut pests in Samsun, Turkey. Acta Hort., 556: 495 - 502 pp.
  • Saruhan, I., Akyol, H., 2012. Monitoring population density and fluctuations of Anisandrus dispar and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Coleoptera:Scolytinae,Curculionidae) in hazelnut orchards. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(18): 4202 - 4207 pp.
  • Schultz, T.R., Meier, R., 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) based on morphological characters of the larvae. Systematic Entomology, 20: 337 - 370 pp.
  • Selmi, E., 1998. Türkiye Kabuk Böcekleri ve Savaşı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayın No: 4042, Emek Matbaası, İstanbul, 196 pp.
  • Vega, F.E., Blackwell, M., 2005. Insect-Fungal Associations: Ecology and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 333 pp.
  • Vega, F.E., Hofstetter, R.W., 2015. Bark beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species. San Diego, California: Academic Press, 640 pp.
  • Wood, S.L., Bright, D.E., 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: taxonomic index. Great Basin Nat Mem., 13: 1 - 1553 pp.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Derleme Makaleleri
Authors

Rahman Kushiyev This is me

Onur Aker

Celal Tuncer This is me

Publication Date June 19, 2017
Submission Date June 13, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

APA Kushiyev, R., Aker, O., & Tuncer, C. (2017). Ambrosya Böcekleri (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae ve Platypodinae) ile Ambrosya Fungusları Arasındaki Simbiyotik İlişkiler. Harran Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(2), 239-246. https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.321179

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