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Afyon Menekşe mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, karakterizasyonu, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi

Year 2021, , 785 - 796, 01.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.673694

Abstract

Mermer, antik çağların en önemli yapı malzemelerinden birisidir. Özellikle Roma İmparatorluğu döneminde mermer kullanımı artmıştır. Roma döneminde önemli anıtsal yapılarda kaliteli mermere ihtiyaç duyulması nedeniyle birçok mermer ocağı açılmıştır. Bu ocaklardan birisi de Docimium (İscehisar-Afyonkarahisar) mermer ocağıdır. Bu ocaktan ince taneli beyaz (Afyon kaymak) ve morumsu-kırmızı renkli (Afyon Menekşe) mermerleri çıkarılmıştır. Bu mermerler, Efes limanından birçok Roma şehrine gönderilmiş ve Roma döneminde birçok anıtsal ve önemli yapıda kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, antik dönemlerden beri uluslararası öneme sahip olan Afyon Menekşe (Pavonazzetto) mermeri incelenmiştir. Çalışma üç aşamada ele alınmıştır. Birinci aşamada Afyon Menekşe mermerinin Roma dönemindeki önemi açıklanmış, ikinci aşamada karakterizasyonu yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla kimyasal, mineralojik-petrografik (polarize mikroskop, XRD, SEM), fiziksel ve mekanik testler/analizler yapılmıştır. Üçüncü aşamada ise Afyon Menekşe (Pavonazzetto) mermerinin, tuz kristalleşme ve donma-çözülme deneyleri yardımıyla dayanıklılığı değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre mermerlerin, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme deneyleri sonrasında ultrasonik dalga hızı ilerlemesi sırasıyla %23,83 ve %13,3, tek eksenli basınç dayanımı değerleri %15,97 ve %20,11 oranında azalmıştır. Yaşlandırma deneyleri sonrasında meydana gelen ayrışmaların breşik yapıda yer alan flogopit ve muskovit gibi mika ve illit gibi kil minerallerinden kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir.

References

  • [1] Mrozek-Wysocka M. “Ancient marbles: Provenance determination by archaeometric study”. In Geoscience in Archaeometry. Methods and Case Studies; Michalska, D., Szczepaniak, M., Eds.; Wydawnictwo Naukowe Bogucki: Poznan, Poland, 99–122, (2014).
  • [2] Moropoulou A., Delegou E.T., Apostolopoulou M., Kolaiti A., Papatrechas C., Economou G., Mavrogonatos C. “The white marbles of the Tomb of Christ in Jerusalem: characterization and provenance”, Sustainability, 11: 2495, (2019).
  • [3] Yavuz A.B. “Mermer ocaklarında üretim verimliliğini etkileyen jeolojik parametreler ve bunların tespitinin üretim verimliliği üzerindeki etkileri”, Mermer Madenciliğinde Çevresel Yaklaşımlar, Muğla Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları – 6, (Ed. Güler, T ve Polat E), 1-22, (2018).
  • [4] Lazzarini L. “Archaeometric aspects of white and coloured marbles used in antiquity: the state of the art”, Periodico di Mineralogie, 73: 113-125, (2004).
  • [5] Koch G. “Sarkophage DerRömischen Kaiserzeit”, Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Lahitleri, (in Turkish), Çev. Z. Zühre İlkgelen, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, (2001).
  • [6] Röder J. “Marmor Phrygium; Die Antiken Marmorbrüche von İscehisar in Westanatolien”. JDL 86: 253–312, (1971).
  • [7] Attanasio D., Bruno M., Prochaska W., Yavuz A.B. “Analysis and Discrimination of Phrygian and other Pavonazzetto-like marbles”, Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference of ASMOSIA Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones in Antiquity Rome. (2012).
  • [8] Long L.E. “Extracting economics from Roman marble quarries”. Economic History Review, 70(1): 52–78, (2017).
  • [9] Hirt A.M. “Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World Organizational Aspects 27 BC–AD 235”. (Oxford Classical Monographs). Oxford University Press. 14: 551, (2010).
  • [10] Herrmann J.J., Tykot R.H. “Some products from the Docimium quarries: craters, tables, capitals, and statues”, In Y. Maniatis (ed.), ASMOSIA VII. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Suppl. 51: 59–75, (2009).
  • [11] Dodge H. “Decorative stones for architecture in the Roman empire”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 7(1): 65–80, (1988).
  • [12] Rice C. “Shipwreck cargoes in the Western Mediterranean and the organization of Roman maritime trade”. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 29: 165–192, (2016).
  • [13. Bartoli D.G. “Marble transport in the time of the Severans:a new analysis of the Punta Scifo A shipwreck at Croton, Italy”, Doctor of Philosophy, Texas A&M University, (2008).
  • [14] Åhlfeldt J. “Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire”. http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/21261.html, (2013).
  • [15] Jones H.L. “The Geography of Strabo”, Volume 5. Book 10-12, English translation by HL Jones. Heinemann Ltd. London, (1961).
  • [16] Monna D., Pensabene P. “Marmi dell'Asia Minore”. Roma: C.N.R. (1977).
  • [17] Pensabene P. “Marmi pubblici e marmi privati. Note in margine ad un recente volume di Ben Russell”. Archeologia Classica, 66: 575-594, (2015).
  • [18] Antonelli F., Lazzarini L., Cancelliere S., Tesser E. “Study of the deterioration products, gilding, and polychromy of the stones of the Scuola Grande Di San Marco's façade in Venice”, Studies in Conservation, 61(2): 74-85, (2016).
  • [19] Waelkens M. “Docimium die werkstatt der reprasentativen kleinasiatischen Sarkophage. Choronologie und Typologie ihrer Produktion”. Berlin. (1982).
  • [20] Fant J.C. Cavum Antrum Phrygiae. “The organization and operations of the Roman Imperial marble quarries in Phrygia”, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 482, Oxford, 268, (1989).
  • [21] Quenemoen C.K. “The Portico of the Danaids: a new reconstruction”, American Journal of Archeology, 110(2), 229-250, (2006).
  • [22] Lazzarini L., Luppino S., Malacrino C.G. “The white and coloured marbles of the Roman Theatre of Copia (Cosenza, Italy)”. Materials, Technologies and Practice in Historic Heritage Structures, 71–92, (2010).
  • [23] Trimble J. “Women and Visual Replication in Roman Imperial Art and Culture”. Cambridge University Press, (2011).
  • [24] Columbu S., Antonelli F., Lezzerini M., Miriello D., Adembri B., Blanco A. “Provenance of marbles used in the Heliocaminus Baths of Hadrian’s Villa (Tivoli, Italy)”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 49: 332–342, (2014).
  • [25] Attanasio D., Boschi C., Bracci S., Cantisani E., Paolucci F. “Provenance studies of the marble of ancient sculptures in the tribune of the uffizi gallery”. Florence. Archaeom. 57(1): 74-89, (2015).
  • [26] Barker S.J. “The marble trade at Pompeii and Herculaneum”. ASMOSIA XI, Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones In Antiquity XI International Conference. 57, Split, Croatia, (2015).
  • [27] Bonetto J., Bueno M., Mareso N. “Polychrome marbles from the Pythion’s theatre in Gortyna (Crete)”. ASMOSIA XI, Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones In Antiquity XI International Conference, 70, Split, Croatia, (2015).
  • [28] Bruno M. “Unknown quarry inscriptions from the Bacakale quarry at Docimium (Turkey)”. ASMOSIA XI, Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones In Antiquity XI International Conference. 76, Split, Croatia, (2015).
  • [29] Bruno M. Attanasio D. Prochaska W. “The Docimium marble sculptures of the Grotto of Tiberius at Sperlonga”. American Journal of Archaeology, 119(3): 375-394, (2015).
  • [30] Boehm R., Master D.M., Le Blanc R. The Basilica, Bouleuterion, and Civic Center of Ashkelon. American Journal of Archaeology, 120 (2): 271-324, (2016).
  • [31] Al-Bashaireh K., Bedal L.A. “Provenance of white and colored marbles from the Petra garden and pool complex, Petra, South Jordan”. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9(5): 817–829, (2017).
  • [32] Berk,F.M. “Phrygian marble in Rome”. International Journal of Social and Educational Sciences, 4(8): 194–208. (2017).
  • [33] Edmund T. “Performance space, in The Oxford handbook of the Second Sophistic”. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 181–201, (2017).
  • [34] Taelman D., Delpino C., Antonelli F. “Marble decoration of the Roman theatre of Urvinum Mataurense (Urbino, Marche region, Italy): An archaeological and archaeometric multi-method provenance study”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 39: 238–250, (2019).
  • [35] Fioretti G., Acquafredda P., Calò S., Cinelli M., Germanò G., Laera A., Moccia A. “Study and Conservation of the St. Nicola's Basilica Mosaics (Bari, Italy) by Photogrammetric Survey: Mapping of Polychrome Marbles, Decorative Patterns and Past Restorations”, Studies in Conservation, DOI: 10.1080/00393630.2019.1614270, (2019).
  • [36] Anil M., Kiliç A., Kahraman S., Sandikçi M., Akyildiz M. “İscehisar (Afyon) mermerlerinin petrografik ve mekanik özellikleri”, K.T.Ü. Jeoloji Müh. Bölümü 30. Yıl Sempozyumu Bildirileri. 436–447 Trabzon, (1996).
  • [37] Çelik M.Y., Sabah E. “Geological and technical characterisation of Iscehisar (Afyon-Turkey) marble deposits and the impact of marble waste on environmental pollution”. Journal of Environmental Management, 87(1): 106–116, (2008).
  • [38] TS EN 1936, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Gerçek yoğunluk, görünür yoğunluk, toplam ve açık porozite tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2010).
  • [39] TS EN 13755, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Atmosfer basıncında su emme tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2014).
  • [40] TS EN 14579, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Ses hızı ilerlemesinin tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2006).
  • [41] TS EN 1925, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney metotları- Kılcal etkiye bağlı su emme katsayısının tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2000).
  • [42] TS EN 14157, “Doğal Taşlar-Aşınma direncinin tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2005).
  • [43] TS EN 1926, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Tek eksenli basınç dayanımı tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2013).
  • [44] TS EN 12372. “Doğal taşlar-Deney metotları-Yoğun yük altında bükülme dayanımı tayini”, TSE, Ankara. (2007).
  • [45] TS EN 12370, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney metotları-Tuz kristalleşmesine direncin tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2001).
  • [46] TS EN 12371. “Doğal taşlar-Deney metotları-Dona dayanım tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2003).

The significance of Afyon Violet marble (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) from the Roman Age until today, its characterisation, and evaluation of durability by salt crystallization and freezing-thawing tests

Year 2021, , 785 - 796, 01.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.673694

Abstract

Marble is one of the most important building materials of antiquity. Especially during the Roman Empire, the use of marble increased. In the Roman period, many marble quarries were opened due to the need for quality marble in important monumental buildings. One of these quarries is Docimium (Iscehisar-Afyonkarahisar) marble quarry. Fine-grained white (Afyon cream) and purplish-red colored (Afyon violet) marbles were extracted from this quarry. These marbles were sent from the port of Ephesus to many Roman cities and were used in many monumental and important buildings during the Roman period. In this study, Afyon violet (Pavonazzetto) marble, which has been of international importance since ancient times, was investigated. In the first stage, the importance of Afyon violet marble in the Roman period was explained and in the second stage the characterization study was made. For this purpose, chemical, mineralogical-petrographic (polarized microscope, XRD, SEM), physical and mechanical tests / analyzes were performed. In the third stage, the durability of Afyon violet (Pavonazzetto) marble was evaluated with the help of salt crystallization and freeze-thaw experiments. According to the experimental data, after the salt crystallization and freeze-thaw experiments, the ultrasonic wave velocity decreased by 23,83% and 13,3%, uniaxial compressive strength values decreased by 15,97% and 20,11%, respectively in the marble samples. It has been determined that the deterioration in the brecciated structure of the marble is caused by mica minerals such as phlogopite, muscovite and clay (illite) minerals.

References

  • [1] Mrozek-Wysocka M. “Ancient marbles: Provenance determination by archaeometric study”. In Geoscience in Archaeometry. Methods and Case Studies; Michalska, D., Szczepaniak, M., Eds.; Wydawnictwo Naukowe Bogucki: Poznan, Poland, 99–122, (2014).
  • [2] Moropoulou A., Delegou E.T., Apostolopoulou M., Kolaiti A., Papatrechas C., Economou G., Mavrogonatos C. “The white marbles of the Tomb of Christ in Jerusalem: characterization and provenance”, Sustainability, 11: 2495, (2019).
  • [3] Yavuz A.B. “Mermer ocaklarında üretim verimliliğini etkileyen jeolojik parametreler ve bunların tespitinin üretim verimliliği üzerindeki etkileri”, Mermer Madenciliğinde Çevresel Yaklaşımlar, Muğla Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları – 6, (Ed. Güler, T ve Polat E), 1-22, (2018).
  • [4] Lazzarini L. “Archaeometric aspects of white and coloured marbles used in antiquity: the state of the art”, Periodico di Mineralogie, 73: 113-125, (2004).
  • [5] Koch G. “Sarkophage DerRömischen Kaiserzeit”, Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Lahitleri, (in Turkish), Çev. Z. Zühre İlkgelen, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, (2001).
  • [6] Röder J. “Marmor Phrygium; Die Antiken Marmorbrüche von İscehisar in Westanatolien”. JDL 86: 253–312, (1971).
  • [7] Attanasio D., Bruno M., Prochaska W., Yavuz A.B. “Analysis and Discrimination of Phrygian and other Pavonazzetto-like marbles”, Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference of ASMOSIA Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones in Antiquity Rome. (2012).
  • [8] Long L.E. “Extracting economics from Roman marble quarries”. Economic History Review, 70(1): 52–78, (2017).
  • [9] Hirt A.M. “Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World Organizational Aspects 27 BC–AD 235”. (Oxford Classical Monographs). Oxford University Press. 14: 551, (2010).
  • [10] Herrmann J.J., Tykot R.H. “Some products from the Docimium quarries: craters, tables, capitals, and statues”, In Y. Maniatis (ed.), ASMOSIA VII. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Suppl. 51: 59–75, (2009).
  • [11] Dodge H. “Decorative stones for architecture in the Roman empire”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 7(1): 65–80, (1988).
  • [12] Rice C. “Shipwreck cargoes in the Western Mediterranean and the organization of Roman maritime trade”. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 29: 165–192, (2016).
  • [13. Bartoli D.G. “Marble transport in the time of the Severans:a new analysis of the Punta Scifo A shipwreck at Croton, Italy”, Doctor of Philosophy, Texas A&M University, (2008).
  • [14] Åhlfeldt J. “Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire”. http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/21261.html, (2013).
  • [15] Jones H.L. “The Geography of Strabo”, Volume 5. Book 10-12, English translation by HL Jones. Heinemann Ltd. London, (1961).
  • [16] Monna D., Pensabene P. “Marmi dell'Asia Minore”. Roma: C.N.R. (1977).
  • [17] Pensabene P. “Marmi pubblici e marmi privati. Note in margine ad un recente volume di Ben Russell”. Archeologia Classica, 66: 575-594, (2015).
  • [18] Antonelli F., Lazzarini L., Cancelliere S., Tesser E. “Study of the deterioration products, gilding, and polychromy of the stones of the Scuola Grande Di San Marco's façade in Venice”, Studies in Conservation, 61(2): 74-85, (2016).
  • [19] Waelkens M. “Docimium die werkstatt der reprasentativen kleinasiatischen Sarkophage. Choronologie und Typologie ihrer Produktion”. Berlin. (1982).
  • [20] Fant J.C. Cavum Antrum Phrygiae. “The organization and operations of the Roman Imperial marble quarries in Phrygia”, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 482, Oxford, 268, (1989).
  • [21] Quenemoen C.K. “The Portico of the Danaids: a new reconstruction”, American Journal of Archeology, 110(2), 229-250, (2006).
  • [22] Lazzarini L., Luppino S., Malacrino C.G. “The white and coloured marbles of the Roman Theatre of Copia (Cosenza, Italy)”. Materials, Technologies and Practice in Historic Heritage Structures, 71–92, (2010).
  • [23] Trimble J. “Women and Visual Replication in Roman Imperial Art and Culture”. Cambridge University Press, (2011).
  • [24] Columbu S., Antonelli F., Lezzerini M., Miriello D., Adembri B., Blanco A. “Provenance of marbles used in the Heliocaminus Baths of Hadrian’s Villa (Tivoli, Italy)”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 49: 332–342, (2014).
  • [25] Attanasio D., Boschi C., Bracci S., Cantisani E., Paolucci F. “Provenance studies of the marble of ancient sculptures in the tribune of the uffizi gallery”. Florence. Archaeom. 57(1): 74-89, (2015).
  • [26] Barker S.J. “The marble trade at Pompeii and Herculaneum”. ASMOSIA XI, Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones In Antiquity XI International Conference. 57, Split, Croatia, (2015).
  • [27] Bonetto J., Bueno M., Mareso N. “Polychrome marbles from the Pythion’s theatre in Gortyna (Crete)”. ASMOSIA XI, Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones In Antiquity XI International Conference, 70, Split, Croatia, (2015).
  • [28] Bruno M. “Unknown quarry inscriptions from the Bacakale quarry at Docimium (Turkey)”. ASMOSIA XI, Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones In Antiquity XI International Conference. 76, Split, Croatia, (2015).
  • [29] Bruno M. Attanasio D. Prochaska W. “The Docimium marble sculptures of the Grotto of Tiberius at Sperlonga”. American Journal of Archaeology, 119(3): 375-394, (2015).
  • [30] Boehm R., Master D.M., Le Blanc R. The Basilica, Bouleuterion, and Civic Center of Ashkelon. American Journal of Archaeology, 120 (2): 271-324, (2016).
  • [31] Al-Bashaireh K., Bedal L.A. “Provenance of white and colored marbles from the Petra garden and pool complex, Petra, South Jordan”. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9(5): 817–829, (2017).
  • [32] Berk,F.M. “Phrygian marble in Rome”. International Journal of Social and Educational Sciences, 4(8): 194–208. (2017).
  • [33] Edmund T. “Performance space, in The Oxford handbook of the Second Sophistic”. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 181–201, (2017).
  • [34] Taelman D., Delpino C., Antonelli F. “Marble decoration of the Roman theatre of Urvinum Mataurense (Urbino, Marche region, Italy): An archaeological and archaeometric multi-method provenance study”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 39: 238–250, (2019).
  • [35] Fioretti G., Acquafredda P., Calò S., Cinelli M., Germanò G., Laera A., Moccia A. “Study and Conservation of the St. Nicola's Basilica Mosaics (Bari, Italy) by Photogrammetric Survey: Mapping of Polychrome Marbles, Decorative Patterns and Past Restorations”, Studies in Conservation, DOI: 10.1080/00393630.2019.1614270, (2019).
  • [36] Anil M., Kiliç A., Kahraman S., Sandikçi M., Akyildiz M. “İscehisar (Afyon) mermerlerinin petrografik ve mekanik özellikleri”, K.T.Ü. Jeoloji Müh. Bölümü 30. Yıl Sempozyumu Bildirileri. 436–447 Trabzon, (1996).
  • [37] Çelik M.Y., Sabah E. “Geological and technical characterisation of Iscehisar (Afyon-Turkey) marble deposits and the impact of marble waste on environmental pollution”. Journal of Environmental Management, 87(1): 106–116, (2008).
  • [38] TS EN 1936, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Gerçek yoğunluk, görünür yoğunluk, toplam ve açık porozite tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2010).
  • [39] TS EN 13755, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Atmosfer basıncında su emme tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2014).
  • [40] TS EN 14579, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Ses hızı ilerlemesinin tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2006).
  • [41] TS EN 1925, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney metotları- Kılcal etkiye bağlı su emme katsayısının tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2000).
  • [42] TS EN 14157, “Doğal Taşlar-Aşınma direncinin tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2005).
  • [43] TS EN 1926, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney yöntemleri-Tek eksenli basınç dayanımı tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2013).
  • [44] TS EN 12372. “Doğal taşlar-Deney metotları-Yoğun yük altında bükülme dayanımı tayini”, TSE, Ankara. (2007).
  • [45] TS EN 12370, “Doğal Taşlar-Deney metotları-Tuz kristalleşmesine direncin tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2001).
  • [46] TS EN 12371. “Doğal taşlar-Deney metotları-Dona dayanım tayini”, TSE, Ankara, (2003).
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Yavuz Çelik 0000-0002-9695-7370

Murat Sert 0000-0001-5376-9874

Publication Date September 1, 2021
Submission Date January 12, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Çelik, M. Y., & Sert, M. (2021). Afyon Menekşe mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, karakterizasyonu, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi. Politeknik Dergisi, 24(3), 785-796. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.673694
AMA Çelik MY, Sert M. Afyon Menekşe mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, karakterizasyonu, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi. Politeknik Dergisi. September 2021;24(3):785-796. doi:10.2339/politeknik.673694
Chicago Çelik, Mustafa Yavuz, and Murat Sert. “Afyon Menekşe Mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, Karakterizasyonu, Tuz kristalleşmesi Ve Donma-çözülme Testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi”. Politeknik Dergisi 24, no. 3 (September 2021): 785-96. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.673694.
EndNote Çelik MY, Sert M (September 1, 2021) Afyon Menekşe mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, karakterizasyonu, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi. Politeknik Dergisi 24 3 785–796.
IEEE M. Y. Çelik and M. Sert, “Afyon Menekşe mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, karakterizasyonu, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi”, Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 785–796, 2021, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.673694.
ISNAD Çelik, Mustafa Yavuz - Sert, Murat. “Afyon Menekşe Mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, Karakterizasyonu, Tuz kristalleşmesi Ve Donma-çözülme Testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi”. Politeknik Dergisi 24/3 (September 2021), 785-796. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.673694.
JAMA Çelik MY, Sert M. Afyon Menekşe mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, karakterizasyonu, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi. Politeknik Dergisi. 2021;24:785–796.
MLA Çelik, Mustafa Yavuz and Murat Sert. “Afyon Menekşe Mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, Karakterizasyonu, Tuz kristalleşmesi Ve Donma-çözülme Testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi”. Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 3, 2021, pp. 785-96, doi:10.2339/politeknik.673694.
Vancouver Çelik MY, Sert M. Afyon Menekşe mermerinin (İscehisarAfyonkarahisar) Roma döneminden günümüze önemi, karakterizasyonu, tuz kristalleşmesi ve donma-çözülme testleriyle dayanıklılığının değerlendirilmesi. Politeknik Dergisi. 2021;24(3):785-96.
 
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