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PANORAMA OF A RIVER IN ANTIQUITY: THE ARAXES

Yıl 2023, , 127 - 142, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1267160

Öz

Rivers are an indispensable part of life. For ancient societies, rivers served not only as sources of water that ensured the sustainability of life. The establishment of ancient settlements and the development of many civilizations around the rivers are important in terms of showing how crucial they are to human life. The Araxes (Ἀράξης) River, today known as Aras, one of the largest rivers of the Eastern Anatolia, also contributed to the rise of civilization. It was understood that the river was not only seen as a river in ancient times but was also used as a trade and travel route that reached from the Caspian Sea to Artaxata, and from there to Asia Minor, and was accepted as a natural border. From these points of view, the authors of ancient period, mentioned the regions through which the Araxes flows and the cities established around the river. In this way, they revealed the political, socio-economic and cultural structure shaped around the river. This study aims to examine, via ancient sources, how the river in question influenced the regions through which it flows and to draw attention to the misinterpretations about the Araxes by evaluating the relationship between the river and people.

Kaynakça

  • Apoll. Rhod. argon., Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica. Edited and translated by William H. Race, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 2009.
  • App. Mithr., Appianus, Mithridateios, Appian’s Roman History. With an English Translation by H. White, I-IV, Cambridge, Mass.-London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1912-1913.
  • Curt., Quintus Curtius Rufus. Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis, Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander. Translated by J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1946.
  • Diod., Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike, Diodorus of Sicily. With an English Translation by R. M. Geer, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1947.
  • Flor. Epit., Florus, Epitome of Roman History. Translated by E. S. Forster, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1929.
  • Hdt., Herodotus, Historiai, With an English Translation by A. D. Godley, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1920.
  • Mela, Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World. With an English Translation by F. E. Romer, Ann Arbor, 1998.
  • Plin. nat., G. Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historiae. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. With an English Translation by H. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones, D. E. Eichholz, I- X, Cambridge, Mass.-London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1938-1971.
  • Plut. Ant., Plutarkhos, Antonius, Plutarch’s Lives. With an English Translation by B. Perrin, I-XI, London-New York: The Loeb Classical Library, 1959.
  • Plut. Luc., Plutarkhos, Lucullus, Plutarch’s Lives. With an English Translation by B. Perrin, I-XI, London-New York: The Loeb Classical Library, 1959.
  • Ps.-Plut. de fluv., Pseudo-Plutarch, De Fluviorum et Montium Nominibus, Nehirler ve Dağ İsimleri Hakkında, Translated by Mesut Kınacı, Libri III (2017): 580-621.
  • Ptol. geogr., Claudios Ptolemaios, Geographike Hyphegesis, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia (lib. 4-8). Ed. C. F. A. Nobbe I-II, Leipzig 1845.
  • Sen. Phaed., Seneca, Phaedra, Tragedies. Volume I: Hercules. Trojan Women. Phoenician Women. Medea. Phaedra Edited and translated by John G. Fitch, Cambridge, MA: The Loeb Classical Library, 2018.
  • Steph. Byz. Ethnika., Stephanos Byzantios, Ethnika, Stephani Byzantii, Ethnikon. A. Westermann (ed). Libsae 1839. Strab., Strabo, Geographika, The Geography of Strabo. With an English Translation by H. L. Jones, I-VIII, New York: The Loeb Classical Library, 1917-1932.
  • Tab. Peut., Tabula Peutingeriana, Castori Romanorum Cosmographi. Recognovit K. Miller, Stuttgart 1887.
  • Verg. Aen., Vergilius, Aeneas, Virgil, Aenid: Books 7-12. With an English Translation by H. R. Fairclough, Cambridge, Mass.-London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1918.
  • Xen. Anab., Xenophon, Anabasis, With an English Translation by C. L. Brownson, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1922.
  • Abû Dulaf, er-Risâletü’s-Sâniye, İran Seyahatnamesi: 10. Yüzyılda Kafkasya’dan Fars Körfezine Yolculuk. Translated by Serdar Gündoğdu, İstanbul: Kronik, 2017.
  • Abû al-Fida, Takvimü’l-Büldan, Ebü’l Fida Coğrafyası. Translated by Ramazan Şeşen, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2017.
  • Al-Makdisî, Ahsenü’t-Takâsîm (İslam Coğrafyası). Translated by Ahsen Batur, İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2015.
  • Avşin, Nurcan and Metin Aras. “Aras Nehri Vadisi ve Yakın Çevresinin Jeomorfolojisi (Kağızman-Gaziler Arası)”, Sosyal, Beşerî ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 4/5 (2021): 368-386.
  • Bennett, Julian. “The Origins and Early History of the Pontic-Cappadocian Frontier”, Anatolian Studies 56 (2006): 77-93.
  • Brentjes, Burchard and Treidler, Hans. “Araxes”, H. Cancik and H. Schneider (eds.), Der Neue Pauly Enzyklopädie der Antike, Band I, 962. Stuttgart-Weimar, 1996.
  • Bunbury, Edward Herbert. A History of Ancient Geography: Among the Greeks and Romans from the Earliest Ages till the Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Dover Publications, 1959.
  • Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan. The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1235). Leiden: Brill, 2011.
  • Davies, Benjamin. A New System for Modern Geography, or a General Description of the Most Remarkable Countries Throughout the Known World. Philadelphia: Jacob Johnson & Co, 1815.
  • Doğan Alican, Gür Barış and Yardimciel Ayhan. “Ağrı ve Iğdır İlleri “Orta ve Son Tunç Çağı Aras Boyalıları Kültürü Kale, Nekropol, Yerleşim Yeri ve Çanak Çömlekleri 2019-2020 Yüzey Araştırması”, Ed. Candaş Keskin, 2019-2020 Yüzey Araştırmaları, Cilt I, 229-244. Ankara, 2022.
  • Donner, Fred. “Xenophon’s Arabia”, Iraq 48 (1986): 1-14.
  • Farrell, William. “A Revised Itinerary of the Route Followed by Cyrus the Younger through Syria, 401 B.C.”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 81(1961): 153-155.
  • Forlong, James George. Rivers of Life, or Sources and Streams of the Faiths of Man in All Lands. Vol. II, London: Forgetten Books, 1883.
  • Herendeen, Wyman. “The Rhetoric of Rivers: The River and the Pursuit of Knowledge”, Studies in Philology 78/2 (1981): 107-127.
  • Hovsepyan, Roman. “On the Agriculture and Vegetal Food Economy of Kura-Araxes Culture in the South Caucasus”, Paléorient 41/1 (2015): 69-82.
  • Ibn Hawqal, Sûretu’l-Arz, 10. Asırda İslâm Coğrafyası. Translated by Ramazan Şeşen, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları, 2014.
  • Istahrî, Mesâlikü’l Memâlik, Ülkelerin Yolları (Değerlendirme-Metin). Translated by Murat Ağarı, İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2015.
  • Laroche, Emmanuel. Dictionnaire de la Langue Louvite. Paris: Librairie Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1959.
  • Marro, Catherine. “Where did Late Chalcolithic Chaff-Faced Ware Originate? Cultural Dynamics in Anatolia and Transcaucasia at the Dawn of Urban Civilization (ca 4500-3500 BC)”, Paléorient 36/2 (2010): 35-55.
  • Maziar Sepideh, Glascock Michael. “Communication Networks and Economical Interactions: Sourcing Obsidian in the Araxes River Basin”, Journal of Archaelogical Science: Reports 14 (2017): 31-37.
  • Miller, Konrad, Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana, Stuttgart, 1916. Minorsky, Vladimir. Hudûd al-Âlam, The Regions of the World, Translated and Explained by Vladimir Minorsky, London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
  • Palumbi, Giulio and Christine Chataigner. “The Kura-Araxes Culture from the Caucasus to Iran, Anatolia and the Levant: Between Unity and Diversity, A Synthesis”, Paléorient 40/2 (2014): 247-260.
  • Rathmann, Michael. “Die Tabula Peutingeriana, Stand der Forschung und Neue Impulse”, Philia, Supp. 1 (2016): 714-735.
  • Sagona, Antonio. “Social Identity and Religious Ritual in the Kura-Araxes Cultural Complex: Some Observation from Sos Höyük”, Mediterranean Archaeology, 11 (1998): 13-25.
  • Stoneman, Richard. The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
  • Syme, Ronald. “Exotic Names, Notably in Seneca’s Tragedies”, Acta Classica 30 (1987): 49-64.
  • Thomson, Oliver. History of Ancient Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.
  • Traina, Giusto. “Mark Antony’s Arrangements in the Roman East, 41-37 BCE”, G. Masalcı Şahin, A. Doğan (eds), War and Diplomacy in Ancient Times, 351-362. İstanbul, 2021.
  • Warmington, Eric Herbert. “Araxes”, S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 137. Oxford, 1996.
  • Weeda, Leendert and Marc van der Poel. “Vergil and the Batavians (“Aeneid” 8.727)”, Mnemosyne 67/4 (2014): 588-612.
  • Wellesley, Kenneth. “Virgil’s Araxes”, Classical Philology 63/2 (1968): 139-141.
  • Yardimciel, Ayhan. “Iğdır Ovası’nın Orta Tunç Çağı ve Transhümanist Yaşamdaki Rolü”, Amisos 1/Orta Aras Havzası Özel Sayısı (2022): 64-75.

Antik Çağ'da Bir Nehrin Panoraması: Arakses

Yıl 2023, , 127 - 142, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1267160

Öz

Nehirler yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir parçasıdır. Antik dönem toplumları için nehirler sadece canlı yaşamının devamını sağlayan su kaynakları olarak hizmet etmemişlerdir. Antik yerleşimlerin daha çok nehirler etrafında kurulması, birçok uygarlığın nehirler etrafında gelişmesi nehirlerin insan hayatında ne kadar belirleyici olduğunu göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Günümüzde Aras olarak bilinen ve Doğu Anadolu bölgesinin en büyük nehirlerinden biri olan Arakses (Ἀράξης) de uygarlığın gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Nehrin antikçağda sadece bir akarsu olarak değil, hem Kaspia Denizi’nden Artaksata’ya ve oradan da Küçük Asia’ya ulaşan bir ticaret ve seyahat güzergâhı olarak kullanıldığı hem de doğal bir sınır olarak kabul gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Bu açılardan bakıldığında, antik dönem yazarları eserlerinde, Arakses’in geçtiği bölgeler ve nehrin etrafında kurulan kentlerden bahsederek aslında bir bakıma nehir etrafında şekillenen siyasi, sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapıyı gözler önüne sermişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı antik kaynaklar temelinde söz konusu nehrin geçtiği bölgeleri nasıl etkilediğini incelemek, nehir ve insan arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirerek Arakses’e dair hatalı yorumlamalara dikkat çekmektir.

Kaynakça

  • Apoll. Rhod. argon., Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica. Edited and translated by William H. Race, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 2009.
  • App. Mithr., Appianus, Mithridateios, Appian’s Roman History. With an English Translation by H. White, I-IV, Cambridge, Mass.-London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1912-1913.
  • Curt., Quintus Curtius Rufus. Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis, Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander. Translated by J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1946.
  • Diod., Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike, Diodorus of Sicily. With an English Translation by R. M. Geer, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1947.
  • Flor. Epit., Florus, Epitome of Roman History. Translated by E. S. Forster, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1929.
  • Hdt., Herodotus, Historiai, With an English Translation by A. D. Godley, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1920.
  • Mela, Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia, Pomponius Mela’s Description of the World. With an English Translation by F. E. Romer, Ann Arbor, 1998.
  • Plin. nat., G. Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historiae. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. With an English Translation by H. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones, D. E. Eichholz, I- X, Cambridge, Mass.-London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1938-1971.
  • Plut. Ant., Plutarkhos, Antonius, Plutarch’s Lives. With an English Translation by B. Perrin, I-XI, London-New York: The Loeb Classical Library, 1959.
  • Plut. Luc., Plutarkhos, Lucullus, Plutarch’s Lives. With an English Translation by B. Perrin, I-XI, London-New York: The Loeb Classical Library, 1959.
  • Ps.-Plut. de fluv., Pseudo-Plutarch, De Fluviorum et Montium Nominibus, Nehirler ve Dağ İsimleri Hakkında, Translated by Mesut Kınacı, Libri III (2017): 580-621.
  • Ptol. geogr., Claudios Ptolemaios, Geographike Hyphegesis, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia (lib. 4-8). Ed. C. F. A. Nobbe I-II, Leipzig 1845.
  • Sen. Phaed., Seneca, Phaedra, Tragedies. Volume I: Hercules. Trojan Women. Phoenician Women. Medea. Phaedra Edited and translated by John G. Fitch, Cambridge, MA: The Loeb Classical Library, 2018.
  • Steph. Byz. Ethnika., Stephanos Byzantios, Ethnika, Stephani Byzantii, Ethnikon. A. Westermann (ed). Libsae 1839. Strab., Strabo, Geographika, The Geography of Strabo. With an English Translation by H. L. Jones, I-VIII, New York: The Loeb Classical Library, 1917-1932.
  • Tab. Peut., Tabula Peutingeriana, Castori Romanorum Cosmographi. Recognovit K. Miller, Stuttgart 1887.
  • Verg. Aen., Vergilius, Aeneas, Virgil, Aenid: Books 7-12. With an English Translation by H. R. Fairclough, Cambridge, Mass.-London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1918.
  • Xen. Anab., Xenophon, Anabasis, With an English Translation by C. L. Brownson, Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1922.
  • Abû Dulaf, er-Risâletü’s-Sâniye, İran Seyahatnamesi: 10. Yüzyılda Kafkasya’dan Fars Körfezine Yolculuk. Translated by Serdar Gündoğdu, İstanbul: Kronik, 2017.
  • Abû al-Fida, Takvimü’l-Büldan, Ebü’l Fida Coğrafyası. Translated by Ramazan Şeşen, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2017.
  • Al-Makdisî, Ahsenü’t-Takâsîm (İslam Coğrafyası). Translated by Ahsen Batur, İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2015.
  • Avşin, Nurcan and Metin Aras. “Aras Nehri Vadisi ve Yakın Çevresinin Jeomorfolojisi (Kağızman-Gaziler Arası)”, Sosyal, Beşerî ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 4/5 (2021): 368-386.
  • Bennett, Julian. “The Origins and Early History of the Pontic-Cappadocian Frontier”, Anatolian Studies 56 (2006): 77-93.
  • Brentjes, Burchard and Treidler, Hans. “Araxes”, H. Cancik and H. Schneider (eds.), Der Neue Pauly Enzyklopädie der Antike, Band I, 962. Stuttgart-Weimar, 1996.
  • Bunbury, Edward Herbert. A History of Ancient Geography: Among the Greeks and Romans from the Earliest Ages till the Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Dover Publications, 1959.
  • Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan. The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1235). Leiden: Brill, 2011.
  • Davies, Benjamin. A New System for Modern Geography, or a General Description of the Most Remarkable Countries Throughout the Known World. Philadelphia: Jacob Johnson & Co, 1815.
  • Doğan Alican, Gür Barış and Yardimciel Ayhan. “Ağrı ve Iğdır İlleri “Orta ve Son Tunç Çağı Aras Boyalıları Kültürü Kale, Nekropol, Yerleşim Yeri ve Çanak Çömlekleri 2019-2020 Yüzey Araştırması”, Ed. Candaş Keskin, 2019-2020 Yüzey Araştırmaları, Cilt I, 229-244. Ankara, 2022.
  • Donner, Fred. “Xenophon’s Arabia”, Iraq 48 (1986): 1-14.
  • Farrell, William. “A Revised Itinerary of the Route Followed by Cyrus the Younger through Syria, 401 B.C.”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 81(1961): 153-155.
  • Forlong, James George. Rivers of Life, or Sources and Streams of the Faiths of Man in All Lands. Vol. II, London: Forgetten Books, 1883.
  • Herendeen, Wyman. “The Rhetoric of Rivers: The River and the Pursuit of Knowledge”, Studies in Philology 78/2 (1981): 107-127.
  • Hovsepyan, Roman. “On the Agriculture and Vegetal Food Economy of Kura-Araxes Culture in the South Caucasus”, Paléorient 41/1 (2015): 69-82.
  • Ibn Hawqal, Sûretu’l-Arz, 10. Asırda İslâm Coğrafyası. Translated by Ramazan Şeşen, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları, 2014.
  • Istahrî, Mesâlikü’l Memâlik, Ülkelerin Yolları (Değerlendirme-Metin). Translated by Murat Ağarı, İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2015.
  • Laroche, Emmanuel. Dictionnaire de la Langue Louvite. Paris: Librairie Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1959.
  • Marro, Catherine. “Where did Late Chalcolithic Chaff-Faced Ware Originate? Cultural Dynamics in Anatolia and Transcaucasia at the Dawn of Urban Civilization (ca 4500-3500 BC)”, Paléorient 36/2 (2010): 35-55.
  • Maziar Sepideh, Glascock Michael. “Communication Networks and Economical Interactions: Sourcing Obsidian in the Araxes River Basin”, Journal of Archaelogical Science: Reports 14 (2017): 31-37.
  • Miller, Konrad, Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana, Stuttgart, 1916. Minorsky, Vladimir. Hudûd al-Âlam, The Regions of the World, Translated and Explained by Vladimir Minorsky, London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
  • Palumbi, Giulio and Christine Chataigner. “The Kura-Araxes Culture from the Caucasus to Iran, Anatolia and the Levant: Between Unity and Diversity, A Synthesis”, Paléorient 40/2 (2014): 247-260.
  • Rathmann, Michael. “Die Tabula Peutingeriana, Stand der Forschung und Neue Impulse”, Philia, Supp. 1 (2016): 714-735.
  • Sagona, Antonio. “Social Identity and Religious Ritual in the Kura-Araxes Cultural Complex: Some Observation from Sos Höyük”, Mediterranean Archaeology, 11 (1998): 13-25.
  • Stoneman, Richard. The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
  • Syme, Ronald. “Exotic Names, Notably in Seneca’s Tragedies”, Acta Classica 30 (1987): 49-64.
  • Thomson, Oliver. History of Ancient Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.
  • Traina, Giusto. “Mark Antony’s Arrangements in the Roman East, 41-37 BCE”, G. Masalcı Şahin, A. Doğan (eds), War and Diplomacy in Ancient Times, 351-362. İstanbul, 2021.
  • Warmington, Eric Herbert. “Araxes”, S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 137. Oxford, 1996.
  • Weeda, Leendert and Marc van der Poel. “Vergil and the Batavians (“Aeneid” 8.727)”, Mnemosyne 67/4 (2014): 588-612.
  • Wellesley, Kenneth. “Virgil’s Araxes”, Classical Philology 63/2 (1968): 139-141.
  • Yardimciel, Ayhan. “Iğdır Ovası’nın Orta Tunç Çağı ve Transhümanist Yaşamdaki Rolü”, Amisos 1/Orta Aras Havzası Özel Sayısı (2022): 64-75.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Alican Doğan 0000-0001-5658-2183

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Doğan, Alican. “PANORAMA OF A RIVER IN ANTIQUITY: THE ARAXES”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 17, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 127-42. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1267160.